Language maintenance and shift
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Transcript of Language maintenance and shift
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Language Maintenance and Shift
Muhammad AzamResearch Scholar
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore, Pakistan
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Introduction
• What happens when people with different mother tongues meet each others?
• 1. They simply maintained their mother tongue. That’s called “Language Maintenance”
• 2. They shift to the new L2 as their main (or only) language. It is “ Language Shift”
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Introduction
• There are three main possible outcomes when speakers are exposed to a second language:
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Introduction
• How much time is required for language shift?
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Introduction
• However, a ‘three generation shift‘ is not the only possible pattern. Paulston (1994) cites the Greeks in Pittsburgh as experiencing a four generation shift. She attributes this slower shift to the use of a standardized, prestigious written language; access to an institution teaching Greek language and literacy (i.e. Greek churches in Pittsburgh); and arranged marriages with one partner being a monolingual Greek speaker from Greece.
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Introduction
• A five stage shift from minority language monolingualism to majority language monolingualism was found by Von Gleich and Wölck (1994) in Peru:
– (1) mono-lingualism in Quechua (Quichua),– (2) bilingualism but Quechua stronger than Spanish,– (3) bilingualism with Quechua and Spanish approximately
balanced, – (4)bilingualism but Spanish dominant over Quechua,– (5) mono-lingualism in Spanish.
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Introduction
• Amongst Panjabi, Italian, Gaelic and Welsh communities in Britain, there are occasional ‘fourth generation’ individuals who sometimes wish to revive the language of their ethnic origins.
• The pressure to become part of a larger whole seems to result in a counter-balancing need to have secure roots within a smaller and more domestic community.
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Political, Social and Demographic Factors
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Political, Social and Demographic Factors
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Cultural Factors
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Cultural Factors
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Linguistic Factors