YTUSchool of Foreign Languages

Basic English Department

2011–2012 Spring TermGrammar Pack

B and C Levels

We would like to thank our colleagues for their contribution in the preparation process of this Pre-Int. Material;Ali YıldızUğur AkpurEmre KutlaySevcan YılmazSermin TaşdelenAysel YapıcıGonca MahiroğluFiliz ÇobanAyşegül AlacaKürşat Gültekin

LANGUAGE LEADER PRE-INTERMEDIATE

UNIT 7

HAVE TO - DON’T HAVE TO - MUST - MUSTN’Thave to, don’t have to

+ She has to get up at 7.00 every day.You have to drive on the left in the UK.

- We don’t have to wear a uniform at this school.He doesn’t have to work on Saturdays.

? Do I have to buy a grammar book?Does she have to study tonight?

Don’t contract have or has. I have to go. NOT I’ve to go.

► We use have to + infinitive to talk about rules and obligations, or to say something is necessary. (external obligation)

► We use don’t have to + infinitive to say there is no obligation, or something is not necessary.

► Use do/does to make questions and negatives. Do I have to go?

must / mustn’t+ You must do your homework.

She must tidy her room before she goes out.- You mustn’t smoke in class.

They mustn’t leave their bags here.

Contraction : mustn’t = must not

► We use must + infinitive to talk about rules and obligations. (internal obligation) You must turn off your mobile phone before coming into class.

► must / mustn’t are the same for all persons. It is not often used in questions (have to is more common).

► We use mustn’t + infinitive to say something is forbidden. You mustn’t smoke here. ►You can use mustn’t or can’t to talk about rules. You mustn’t park here. You can’t park here.

!!! Must and have to are very similar, but there is a small difference.

We normally use have to when the authority comes from outside the speaker.

I have to be home by 10 o’clock. (My parents insist.)I have to go and see the doctor at 9.00 tomorrow morning.(I have an appointment.)You have to drive on the left in Britain.(That is the law.)

We normally use must when the authority comes from the speaker.You must be home by 10 o’clock. (I insist.)I have got a terrible pain in my back. I must go and see the doctor. (I think it is necessary.)

► Mustn’t and don’t have to have completely different meanings. Compare: You mustn’t go = You can’t go. It is forbidden. You don’t have to go = You can go if you want, but it is not obligatory/necessary.

► Must doesn’t have a past form. To express an obligation in the past we use had to + infinitive in affirmative sentences and didn’t have to + infinitive in negative sentences. I had to walk home last night because there weren’t any buses at that hour.I didn’t have to see the doctor, my stomach ache passed very quickly.

SHOULD You should do something = it’s a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use

should to give advice or to give an opinion.

You look tired. You should go to bed.The government should do more to reduce crime.“Should we invite Susan to the party?” “Yes, I think we should.”

You shouldn’t do something = It’s not a good thing to do:

Tom shouldn’t go to bed so late. You watch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so much.You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.

We often use think with should:- I think…. should….

I think Carol should buy some new clothes. ( = I think it’s a good idea.)It’s late. I think I should go home now.

- I don’t think… should…

I don’t think you should work so hard. ( = I don’t think it’s a good idea.)I don’t think we should go yet. It’s too early.

Should is not as strong as must and have to.

You should apologize. (It would be a good thing to do.)You must apologize. / You have to apologize. (You have no alternative.)1. Choose the correct option.

Section A: Pizza!

1. When you make pizza, you ___ have some a) have to c) don't have to

pizza sauce. b) has to d) doesn't have to

2. You also ___ have some cheese on top of the

pizza.

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

3. You ___ have peppers on your pizza, but you

can if you want to.

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

4. A good pizza ___ taste good.a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

5. So, you ___ choose the pizza toppings that you

like best.

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

6. Personally, I love tomatoes, so I always ___

have tomatoes on my pizza!

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

7. You ___ make your own pizza, you can buy a

pizza from a pizza shop if you want to.

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

8. Pizza tastes best when it's hot, but you ___ eat

hot pizza. You can eat it cold too.

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

Section B: On Health...

9. People ___ eat food to stay alive.a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

10. People ___ eat pizza and candy to stay alive. They

can choose healthy food.

a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

11. A person ___ drink water to stay alive.a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have to

12. A person ___ smoke cigarettes to stay alive.a) have to

b) has to

c) don't have to

d) doesn't have

to

2. Fill in the blanks with ‘ must, have to, had to, should’ either positive or negative

1. I really think you…should……….get your hair cut.

2. Careful darling! You……mustn’t……….play with matches. They are too dangerous.

3. My wife suddenly became ill in the middle of the night and we……had to…….call

the doctor.

4. I’m overweight! The doctor said I……mustn’t……….eat too many sweets or

potatoes.

5. I like Saturdays because I……don’t have to……..get up early.

6. A: Why have you got so much money on you? You…should……..keep it in the bank.

B: I know but today’s the day I……must………pay my employees.

7. When I was at school we……had to……….wear a uniform. Everybody hated it.

3. Fill in the blanks with must / mustn’t or don’t have to .

1. A: You .......don’t have to .........do the washing up. I’ll do it.

B: Thanks, Mum.

2. A: Paul.....must.............. go to the dentist more often.

B: I know. His teeth are in terrible condition.

3. A: If we want to see the beginning of the film, we......must........leave, now.

B: Alright, I am ready.

4. A: You........mustn’t .......speak with your mouth full.

B: I know. It’s very rude.

5. A: Shall I cut the grass?

B: No, you...don’t have to ..... I did it earlier.

6. A: John and I are going to the theatre on Friday night.

B: You......don’t have to ........get a babysitter. I’ll take care of the children for you.

7. A: You.....mustn’t ........forget to post these letters.

B: I’ll post them on my way to work.

4.Complete the sentences with mustn’t or don’t/ doesn’t have to .

1. You……mustn’t………swim in the river. It’s very dangerous.

2. We………don’t have to……….stand up when the teachers come into the room, but we

usually do.

3. We……don’t have to……………do sports after school but we can if we want to.

4. You………mustn’t………….make a noise. There’s an exam in room fifteen.

5. It’s Saturday tomorrow so he…doesn’t have to……..get up early. He can sleep until

ten.

6. You……mustn’t……….go into the laboratory without a teacher. Please wait outside.

7. Mark’s lucky. He……doesn’t have to……….wear a uniform at his school.

8. You……mustn’t……………tell anybody. It’s a secret.

9. Don’t worry. There’s plenty of time. We………don’t have to………………run.

10. She can bring James if she likes, but she……doesn’t have to……………..bring him.

11. Registration is at eight twenty. You………mustn’t………..be late.

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: Simple present, present cont., simple

past, ‘going to’ future, present perfect:

I…work…(work) for a construction company. We …build…. (build) roads, dams, bridges,

and things like that. At the moment, my company…is producing…. (produce) a plan for a

new motorway. I usually…work…(work) in the roads department, but this month I…am

working………..(work) in the department that build bridges. So my whole working day …is

……(be) different just now. I normally …spend…(spend) a lot of time outdoors, because I …

go…(go) to the construction sites. But since this new project started I…have spent……….

(spend) a lot of time in the workshop. At the moment, we …are testing………..(test) a model

of one of the new bridges. I …enjoy…………(enjoy) it a lot, because I …am learning…

(learn) a lot of new things.

Last week, we …were…(be) very busy. So my whole week…was…(be) very tiring. We …

met…(meet) some other engineers from different construction companies. We …discussed…

(discuss) on our previous and future projects. One of those engineers…is going to give….

(give) a lecture next week. The other one …is going to…(talk) about his new plan for a new

dam 3 weeks later.

VOCABULARY

1. Fill each gap with a preposition from the box. Some are used more than once.

of about by back on

to in with for without

1. I think you’re wrong. I don’t agree.........with......................you at all.

2. I’m not interested................in.................what you think or what you want.

3. We might have a picnic. It depends........on..................the weather.

4. “Dolls” was directed.......by........Takeshi Kitano.

5. If you have a problem, talk........to..............the teacher.

6. “What did you talk.........about................?” “Oh, this and that”

7. She promised to marry him when he comes......back...........from the USA.

8. It’s not possible to translate this complex text properly.....without............a dictionary.

9. Where’s the cash desk? I’d like to pay.........for...................this book.

10. “I’ve lost your pen, sorry....” “It’s all right. Don’t worry......about...............it.”

2. . Fill the blanks with the correct form of the words below.

burglary fingerprints commit evidence reveal

1- Most burglaries happen at night.

2- His fingerprints were all over the gun.

3- Brady committed a series of brutal murders.

4- Murrow's evidence was enough to convict Hayes of murder.

5- He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.

UNIT 8

FUTURE INTENTIONS

We use the form be going to when we have a definite intention to do something, i.e we are sure that we will do it , but it is not 100% fixed.

-They are going to get married. -I’m going to buy a motorbike when I’m twenty. -Next year, I’m going to visit my French pen friend.

We can also talk about plans with hope to and would like to. These are less certain than going to- we use them for ambitions and desires.

-I hope to have children one day. -I would like to travel round the world. -I wouldn’t like to work at night. -Would you like to travel round the world? -Do you hope to have children one day? -I hope not to be late tomorrow.

SHALL Will or shall + infinitive is used to give (or ask for) information about the future.

It’ll be spring soon.Will all the family be at the wedding?We shall need the money on the 15th.

Shall is mostly used in questions shall I…? / shall we…? Such usage implies requests, offers, orders, threats and promises.

Shall I open the window? (= Do you want me to open the window?)I’ve got no money. What shall I do?“Shall we go?” “Just a minute. I’m not ready yet.”Where shall we go this evening?

Normally we use shall with only I and we. You can say:

I shall or I will (I’ll) we shall or we will (we’ll)I shall be late this evening.

Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they:

She will be very angry. (not She shall be)

1. Fill in the blanks with will , be going to or shall .

1. A: Can I see you tomorrow afternoon?

B: Of course, I…am going to …………take the afternoon off work, so we can go out for a

coffee.

2. A: Are you going on holiday this summer?

B: I haven’t decided yet, but I hope I…will…………..know after I talk to the boss.

3. A: …Shall…………….we go to the cinema or rent a video?

B: I would like to rent a video and relax at home.

4. A: Do you know what the weather will be like tomorrow?

B: According to the weather forecast it……will………..be sunny.

5. A: Are you coming with us tomorrow?

B: No, I…am going to ……attend a jazz concert with Philip.

6. A: Have you got any plans for the evening?

B: Yes, I……am going to … see “Where are you Firuze?” in town.

7. A: I can lend you twenty million TL.

B: Thank you. I…will………….pay you back as soon as I can.

8. A: Have you heard that Mrs Potts is ill?

B: Yes, actually we…are going to …….visit her this afternoon.

9. A: Peter is taking his driving test this afternoon.

B: Oh, I am sure he…will………………..pass.

10. A: Is Tom coming tonight?

B: I don’t know. I……will .…..phone him and see.

11. A: …Shall……………we have a picnic on Sunday?

B: Yes, let’s! I hope the weather…..will….…….be fine.

12. A: Has Alan decided what to study?

B: Yes, she....…is going to……….study Art Management.

13. A: It’s quite cold today.

B: Yes, I think winter....…will……… be here soon.

2. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. Don’t wait for me. I’ll be / I may be late. It depends on the traffic.

2. A: What are you doing tonight?

B: I don’t know. I’m going / I might go out, or I’m staying / I might stay at home.

3. We have guests coming for Sunday lunch. I’m going to cook / I might cook roast beef

and Yorkshire pudding. I’ve bought all the ingredients.

4. A: I’m going to buy George a green shirt.

B: I wouldn’t, if I were you.

A: Why not?

B: He isn’t going to like / He might not like the colour green.

5. A: Goodbye, darling! I’ll phone / I may phone as soon as I arrive.

B: Thanks. Bye!

6. Catherine wants to be a politician. Who knows? One day she’ll be / she might be

Prime Minister!

7. ‘What’s for supper?’ ‘We’re having / we may have lamb. It’s in the oven.’

8. ‘What time are we eating?’ ‘Don’t worry. It’ll be / it might be ready before your TV

programme.’

9. I’m going into town tomorrow. I’m having / I might have lunch with Jo at 1.00.

10. ‘Are you going to have a winter holiday this year?’ ‘I am / I might. I haven’t decided

yet.’

VERB PATTERNSVerb + ing form Verb +to +inifinitiveavoid miss agree offer can’t stand not mind decide promiseenjoy practise hope seemhate prefer learn wantlove start manage wishlike stop need would like

When the two words are used together the first verb often decides the form of the second one. The three verb patterns are:

Verb+ ing form :

I hate getting up early for school.I enjoy watching TV in the evening.

Verb + to + infinitive :

I want to study Biology.We decided to talk to them later.

Verb + infinitive without to:Can could must should might

You should be more polite to your grandmother.I can read French.Sentences with begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer and start can use either verb + ing or to + infinitive and the meaning is the same.

We started walking to the station. = We started to walk to the station.

Some verbs can be used in more than one pattern, but they change their meaning: I remember posting her birthday card. =I remember putting the card in a letter box. I remember to post her birthday car. = Each year I remember to post the card, I don’t

forget. I stopped speaking to her. = I stopped being her friend. I stopped to speak to her. = I stopped what I was doing and we had a conversation.

1. Put the verbs in the right form ( the –ing form, to infinitive form or infinitive without to )

1. I hate working (work) at weekends.

2. Would you like to come (come) to a disco this evening?

3. What time do you need to leave (leave) to catch your bus?

4. I hoped to see (see) the musical “Rainbow”, but I couldn’t get (get) a ticket.

5. We are very much looking forward to seeing (see) you next week.

6. Sarah has decided to go (go) away on holiday this summer.

7. I don’t mind opening (open) the window. I’m not cold.

8. We are planning to go (go) abroad this summer.

9. She wanted to have (have) an interview with the boss.

10. I don’t have to work (work) until 6 o’clock on Saturdays.

11. She enjoys cooking (cook) pizza.

12. I think reading (read) is a very useful activity to improve the writing skill.

13. She is afraid of going (go) out at night.

14. Do you prefer watching (watch) TV or reading (read) at home after work?

15.

WOULD LIKE I’d like … is a polite way to say “I want.” I’d like = I would like.

I’d like to see the film on television this evening.I’d like some information about hotels, please.

Would you like …? = Do you want …?

“Would you like some coffee?” “No, thank you.” We use Would you like to… ? to invite somebody.

“Would you like to have dinner with us on Sunday?” “Yes, I’d love to.” (=I’d love to have dinner with you.)What would you like to do this evening?

ATTENTION! Would you like some tea? = Do you want some tea?

BUT Do you like tea? = Do you think tea is nice?“Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?” “Yes, I’d love to.”“Do you like going to the cinema?” “Yes, I go to the cinema a lot.”

MAY and MIGHT Situation: You are looking for Bob. Nobody is sure where he is, but you get some

suggestions.

“Where is Bob?” “He may be in his office.” (=Perhaps he is in his office.)“He might be having lunch.” (=Perhaps he is having lunch.)“Ask Ann. She might know.” (=Perhaps she knows.)

We use may or might to say that something is a possibility. Usually you can use may or might, so you can say:

It may be true. or It might be true.She might know. or She may know.

The negative forms are may not and might not.

It may not be true. (=Perhaps it isn’t true.)She might not work here anymore. (=Perhaps she doesn’t work here.)

We can use may and might to talk about possible actions or events in the future.

I haven’t decided yet where to go for my holidays. I may go to Ireland. (=Perhaps I will go there.)Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later. (=Perhaps it will rain)The bus isn’t always on time. We might have to wait a few minutes. (=Perhaps we will have to wait.)

Compare will and may/might:

I’ll be late this evening. (for sure)I may/might be late this evening. (possible)

1. Underline the correct form of the verb in the questions.

1. A. Would you like to go / Do you like going to the cinema?

B. No, not tonight. I have to study.

2. A. Would you like to play / Do you like playing tennis?

B. Oh, I’d like to but I can’t today.

3. A: Would you like to go / Do you like going out to eat ?

B: No, I like eating at home with my family.

1. A: Would you like to dance / Do you like dancing?

B: Yes, I would. Thank you.

2. A: Would you like to go to a rock concert? / Do you like going to rock concerts?

B: Yes, I often go with friends.

2. Use the verbs in parentheses in the correct form: simple past, past continuous, present

continuous, present perfect, “be going to”

Dear Bert,

I.’m writing (write) to tell you what a great time we had (have) at the Smoke’s concert last

weekend. It’s a pity you.didn’t come (not/come).

The concert took (take) place in the football stadium near the university. There were (be)

about 80,000 people in the stadium.While we were waiting (wait) to get in, we saw (see) the

group members arrive in a big limo.They had (have) bodyguards with them. Anyway, we

found (find) our seats and waited (wait) impatiently for the concert to begin. The Smoke has

recently recorded (recently/record) an album which has become (become) very successful.

The concert lasted (last) for two and a half hours.I. am sending (send) you some photos that

Alex took (take) when we. were(be) there. We hear (hear) that Smoke is going to give

(give) a big concert in London next month. Perhaps you can see them there.

Best wishes,

Roger

3. Rewrite the following sentences by using the word/s in bold in the correct form.

1. I advise you to look for another job. (SHOULD)

You should look for another job.

2. Let’s leave the party now. (SHALL)

Shall we leave the party now?

3. Why don’t we eat out tonight? (SHALL)

Shall we eat out tonight?

4. How about making some sandwiches? (SHALL)

Shall we make some sandwiches?

5. Would you like me to carry the shopping for you? (SHALL)

Shall I carry the shopping for you?

6. It is necessary for the management to make an urgent announcement. (HAVE TO)

The management has to make an urgent announcement.

7. It isn’t necessary for him to wear a suit at the office. (HAVE TO)

He doesn’t have to wear a suit at the office.

-ing AND –ed ADJECTIVES We use –ed adjectives to describe how people feel.

Many people are worried about how much TV children watch. We use –ing adjectives to describe the thing, situation, place or person that causes the feeling.

TV can sometimes be fun and exciting.

TIP! People can be bored or boring and interested and interesting.George always talks about the same things. He is really boring.George’s friends are bored because he always talks about the same things.

1) My job is interesting/satisfying/boring/depressing. In these examples, the –ing adjective tells you about the job.

2) I’m bored with my job./ I’m not interested in my job anymore./ I get very tired during my job./ I’m not satisfied with my job./ My job makes me depressed. In these examples, the –ed adjective tells you how somebody feels (about the job).

Julia thinks politics is interesting. Julia is interested in politics. The news was shocking. I was shocked when I heard the news.

A . Decide if the -ed and -ing adjectives in the following passage are correct or not.

Correct the false ones.

Shelley had an interested (interesting) day yesterday. Three of her favourite cousins dropped

in for an unexpected visit, and they had a very stimulating conversation. They told each other

surprised (surprising) stories about some of their relatives. Shelley was shocking (shocked)

by some of these stories. For example, when their great aunt- their grandmother's sister was

quite young, she travelled around the world, fell in love with a Dutch sailor; and had a baby

but didn't get married. Her embarrassing (embarrassed) parents disowned her, but many

years later they helped her raise the child. Another distant member of the family was a drug

addict in New York in the thirties, and according to Shelley's cousins' mother he was quite a

rude and disgusting fellow. After hearing all of these stories, Shelley realized that her family

history was certainly not bored (boring ) !

B . Put in a preposition

1. Helen is studying law...........at................university.

2. What is the longest river.........in.................Europe?

3. Is there anything........on..............television this evening?

4. We arrived.........at.............the hotel after midnight.

5. “Where is Mike?” “He’s.........on...........holiday.”

6. Tom hasn’t got up yet. He’s still....in.................bed.

7. The next meeting is........on...........15 April.

8. I usually go to work.......by...........car.

9. There’s too much sugar.....in.............my coffee.

10. Were there a lot of people.....at.............the party?

11. What are you doing........at........the moment? Are you working?

12. I don’t know any of the people......in.............this photograph.

13. The train was very slow. It stopped.....at..........every station.

14. Silvia has gone.......to..........Italy. She’s.......in............Milan at the moment.

15. Ann left school......at...........fifteen and got a job..........in............a shop.

16.

UNIT 9

USED TO

We use used to talk about habits and states in the past which are now finished. For example, -I used to read children’s comics. (Now, I read newspapers.) -I used to hate spinach. (Now, I like it.) -She used to have long hair. (Now, she has short hair.)

Question form: -Did you use to have a good job? Yes, I did. -Did you use to earn 150 000 dollars a year? No, I didn’t.

Negative Form: -I didn’t use to eat cheese but now I love it. -We didn’t use to live with my dad’s parents. (Now , we live with them.)

Don’t confuse the past simple and past participle of the verb use with used to. -We used to spend our summer holidays by the sea. -I used the phone while you were out.

1. Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the simple present or used to.

1. I didn’t use to play (not play) computer games when I was a child, but now I plays  (play)

a lot of games in the evenings.

2. Mike didn’t use to smoke (not smoke) before going to the army.

3. There used to be (be) three parks in our village, but now now there is  (be) only one.

4. Murat used to like   (like) cheeseburgers, but now he eats (eat) healthty food.

5. She didn’t use to cook  (not cook) before she got married, but now she cooks (cook) every

evening.

6. Alex didn’t use to have (not have) a mobile phone, but now he sends (send) text

messages easily.

7. When I was single, I used to have (have) big parties in my house, but now I watch 

(watch) TV in the evenings.

8. When I was in Istanbul, I used to watch (watch) Fenerbahçe’s matches at the stadium.

Now I watch (watch) on TV every weekend.

9. A: Did you use to drink   (drink) a glass of milk every morning when you were a child?

B: Yes, I did, but now I drink  (drink) a cup of coffee every morning.

10. My sister loves (love) classical music, but she used to hate (hate) it when she was

younger.

PASSIVE VOICE

When you want to change an active sentence into passive:1. Take the object of the active sentence, and place it to the beginning of the sentence

as the new subject. 2. Add the correct form of TO BE depending on the ‘tense’ of the sentence. (eg. am, is,

are, has been, have been, was, were)3. Change the main verb of the active sentence to V3 / past participle form. (eg.

change changed, go gone)4. If you think the subject is important and you need to mention it, place it in the

passive sentence using the preposition BY (by+ subject).

►You can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the passive. Leonardo da Vinci painted Mona Lisa. (active) Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. (passive)

In the active sentence, the focus is more on the person (e.g. Leonardo da Vinci).In the passive sentence the focus is more on the painting (Mona Lisa).

Two teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night. (The action is more important than the doer. We find such sentences in newspaper headlines.)

►We make the present passive with am (am not) / is (isn’t) / are (aren’t) + the past participle.

Risotto is made with rice. It isn’t made with pasta. These offices are cleaned every morning. They aren’t cleaned on Saturdays.

►We make the past passive with was (wasn’t) / were (weren’t) + the past participle (V3).

The Pyramids were built by the Egyptians. They weren’t built by the Romans.

► We use by to say who did the action. We call this the agent. The Lord of the Rings was written by J.R.R. Tolkien. (Tolkien is the agent of this action.)

► We can also use the passive when it’s not known or not important who does or did the action. My car was stolen last week. (I don’t know who stole it.) Rolls Royce cars are made in England. (It is not important to know who makes the cars.)

► Some verbs can have two objects. Someone gave Jimmy the money. (The two objects are Jimmy and the money.)

In this case we can make two different passive sentences. Jimmy was given the money. OR The money was given to Jimmy.

Other verbs which can have two objects include send, offer, show, pay, teach, promise, tell, ask, etc…

They showed her the plans for the house.1 2

She was shown the plans for the house. OR The plans for the house were shown to her. 1 2

Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.1- Normally, they pay me my salary every month.Normally, my salary is paid to me every month.Normally, I am paid my salary every month.

2- They promised the winner a large amount of money. A large amount of money was promised to the winner. The winner was promised a large amount of money.

1. Everyone in the house has a task that he or she normally does. Describe what

everyone does, changing each active voice sentence into a passive voice sentence:

EX: John buys the food. --> The food is bought by John.

1. Thomas washes the dishes. --> The dishes ____ are washed _______________ by

Thomas.

2. Frank feeds the dogs. --> The dogs ___ are fed ________ by Frank.

3. Maria prepares the food. --> The food _______ is prepared ________________ by Maria.

4. David cleans the kitchen. --> The kitchen _____ is cleaned ___________ by David.

5. My father pays the bills. --> The bills ________ are paid ____________ by my father.

6. The gardener trims the bushes. --> The bushes _____ are trimmed _____ by the gardener.

7. Helen sets the table. --> The table ________ is set __________________ by Helen.

8. My mother waters the plants. --> The plants ____ are watered ___________ by my

mother.

9. Arthur does the laundry. --> The laundry ______ is done ________ by Arthur.

10. My uncle drives us to school. --> We ____ are driven _________ to school by my uncle.

2.Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. He opens the door. - The door is opened by him.

2. We set the table. - The table is set by us.

3. She pays a lot of money. - A lot of money is paid by her.

4. I draw a picture. - A picture is drawn by me.

5. They wear blue shoes. - Blue shoes are worn by them.

6. They don't help you. - You are not helped by them.

7. He doesn't open the book. - The book is not opened by him.

8. You do not write the letter. - The letter is not written by you.

9. Does your mum pick you up? - Are you picked up by your mum?

10. Does the police officer catch the thief? - Is the thief caught by the police officer?

3. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive:1. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people______are employed_________________(employ)

there.2. ____Did somebody clean___________________(somebody/clean) this room yesterday?3. Water___covers____________________(cover) most of the earth’s surface.4. How much of the earth’s surface______is covered_________________(cover) by water?5. The park gates______are locked_________________(lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening.6. The letter____was posted___________________(post) a week ago and it

_____arrived__________________(arrive) yesterday.7. The boat hit a rock and____sank___________________(sink) quickly. Fortunately

everybody_______was rescued________________(rescue).

8. Richard’s parents _____died__________________(die) when he was very young. He and his sister_____were brought up__________________(bring up) by their grandparents.

9. I was born in London, but I______grew up_________________(grow up) in Canada.10. While I was on holiday, my camera_____was stolen__________________(steal) from my

hotel room.11. While I was on holiday, my camera___disappeared____________________(disappear) from

my hotel room.12. Why _____did Sue resign__________________(Sue/resign) from her job? Didn’t she enjoy

it?13. Why ___was Bill sacked____________________(Bill/sack) from his job? What did he do

wrong?14. The company is not independent. It___is owned____________________(own) by a much

larger company.15. I saw an accident last night. Somebody____called___________________(call) an ambulance

but nobody_____was injured__________________(injure), so the ambulance_____wasn’t needed__________________(not/need).

16. Where____were these photographs taken___________________(these photographs/take)? In London? ___Did you take____________________(you/take) them, or somebody else?

17. Sometimes it’s quite noisy living here, but it’s not a problem for me – I___am not bothered____________________(not/bother) by it.

Vocabulary

1. Put the correct word in the gaps.

1. She was offered ................... in the sales office.

1. Which company do you work for?

2. I saw it as a golden opportunity - the chance I'd been waiting for all along.

3. She's now assistant marketing manager for the south east area.

4. She discussed the idea with some of her colleagues .

5. They employ a total of 150 staff .

6. It is the most successful organization in textile business.

7. Private universities are universities not operated by governments.

8. If you want to get a promotion you should work hard.

9. I work in the oil industry .

manager promotion company private staffopportunity colleagues industry organization

2. Match the word parts.

orange

chat

credit

space

perfume

sea

glass

air

suit

training

market

job

well

juice

room

card

craft

bottle

bed

maker

line

case

course

leader

interview

-known

UNIT 10

FUTURE: GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

We use be going to for actions that we intend or plan to do in the

future. e.g. He is going to work in the summer.

Time expressionstomorrow, tonightnext month/year/week/Tuesday ,

I’m going to buy a new mobile phone next week. The present continuous can have a very similar meaning to be going to. A future meaning is indicated either by future time words or by the situaton.e.g. I’m going to meet my friend on Saturday evening. I’m meeting my friend on Saturday evening.

etc.this weekend/ month/ week, etc.in an hour/year, etc.soon

We can use be going to with the verbs go, come, meet, see, leave and arrive but present continuous is more usual.

for predictions based on evidence.e.g.The sky is black. It is going to snow. It’s 8.30. You are going to miss the train. I crashed the company car. My boss isn’t going to be happy.

NOTE: We do not use the present continuous for predictions.

1. Complete the sentences using the present continuous or going to. Sometimes either structure is possible.

EXAMPLE: I’ m seeing /’m going to see (see) Sarah this afternoon.

1. It is going to snow(snow) later tonight.2. She is going to meet/ is meeting(meet) them tomorrow morning.3. What are you going to do/ are you doing(you/do) this afternoon?4. Be careful! You are going to break (break) that glass.5. He is not coming/ is not going to come (not/ come) next Saturday. 6. Look out! You are going to hurt (hurt) yourself with that knife.

2. Choose A or B

1. Look! That tree is going to fall down.A) Plans / intentionsB) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment2. Next year, I’m going to study FrenchA) Plans/ intentionsB) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment 3. I’m going to start a new life in Barcelona.A) Plans/intentionsB) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment. 4. Those cars are going too fast. They’re going to crash.A) Plans/intentionsB) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment.5. My boyfriend is going to start a new business.A) Plans/intentionsB) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment6. Be careful! You are going to fall.A) Plans/intentionsB) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment

3. A friend of yours is planning to go on holiday soon. You ask her about her plans. Use the words in brackets to make your questions.

1. (where/go?) “Where are you going?” “Scotland.”

2. (how long/go for?) “_____How long are you going for” “Ten days.”3. (when/leave?) “_____When are you leaving” “Next Friday.”4. (go /alone?) “______Are you going alone” “No, with a friend.”5. (travel /by car?) “_____Are you traveling by car” “No, by train.”6. Where/stay?) “____Where are you staying” “In a hotel.”

4. Read the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to.1. You have decided to tidy your room this morning.

Friend: Are you going out this morning? You: No, ___ I’m going to tidy my room .______ 2. You bought a sweater, but it doesn’t fit you very well. You have decided to take it back.

Friend: That sweater is too big for you.You: I know. ________I’m going to take it back.3. You have been offered a job, but you have decided not to accept it.

Friend: I hear you have been offered a job.You: That’s right, but_____I’m not going to accept it 4. You have to phone Sarah. It’s morning now, and you have decided to phone her tonight.

Friend: Have you phoned Sarah yet?You: No, ___but I’m going to phone her tonight.5. You are in a restaurant. The food is awful and you’ve decided to complain.

Friend: The food is awful, isn’t it?You: Yes, it’s disgusting. ______I’m going to complain

5. What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets.Exercise: What is going to happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets.1. There are a lot of black clouds in the sky.

(rain) ______It’s going to rain_____________________________________________2. It is 8:30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8:45, but the journey takes 30

minutes.

(late) He_____is going to be late for work

3. There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. A lot of water is coming in through the hole.

(sink) The boat_______is going to sink____________________________

4. Lucy and Chris are driving. There is very little petrol left in the tank. The nearest petrol station is a long way away.

(run out) They are going to run out of petrol soon.

6. Complete the sentences using will or going to.1. A: Why are you turning on the television?

B: ______I’m going to watch___________________________the news. (I/watch)2. A: Oh, I’ve just realize. I haven’t got any money.

B: Haven’t you? Well, don’t worry. ________I’ll lend___________________________ you some. (I/lend)

3. A: I’ve got a headache.

B: Have you? Wait a second and _____I’ll get______________________________an aspirin for you. (I/get)

4. A: Why are you filling that bucket with water?B: ______I’m going to wash______________________________ the car. (I/wash)

5. A: I’ve decided to repaint this room.B: Oh, have you? What colour_____are you going to paint_______________________it? (you/paint)

6. A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?B: Yes, ________I’m going to buy__________________________________something for dinner. (I/buy)

7. A: I don’t know how to use this camera.B: It’s easy. ________I’ll show___________________________ you. (I/ show)

8. A: What would you like to eat?B: _______I’ll have_________________________________a sandwich please. (I/have)

9. A: Did you post that letter for me?B: Oh, I’m sorry. I completely forgot. ______I’ll do________________________________it now. (I/do)

10. A: The ceiling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does it?B: No, it looks as if ________it’s going to fall____________________________down. (it/fall)

11. A: Has George decided what to do when he leave school?B: Yes, everything is planned. ____He’s going to have______________________ a holiday for two weeks. (he/have) Then, ______he is going to do___________________ a computer programming course (he/do).

PASSIVE VOICE

Stonehedge was built in prehistoric times. It is visited by a lot of tourists every year.

We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle (V3) of the main verbs.

to be + past participle

Some of the passive forms are : Present simple: am/is/are + past participleMy car is serviced twice a year.Films are developed here.Past simple: was/were + past participleMy car was serviced last month.These films were developed here yesterday.

The passive is used:a) when the person who carries out the action is unknown, unimportant or obvious from

the context.Mrs Archer’s ring was stolen from her house last night. (We do not know who stole the ring.)

Rolls Royce cars are made in England .(It is not important to know who makes the cars.)The cows are milked once a day. (It is obvious that the farmer milks the cows.)

b) when the action itself is more important than the person who carries it out, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, instructions, advertisements, etc.

Two teenagers were seriously injured in a car accident last night.The new wing of the hospital was opened by the President yesterday morning.

Changing from active into passive:

a) The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.b) The active verb remains in the same tense, but changes into passive form.c) The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with

the preposition by or omitted.

subject verb object subject verb agentactive Sharon wrote the report. passive A

reportwas written by Sharon.

Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be changed into the passive.

e.g. active: Peter feeds the cows. (transitive verb) passive:The cows are fed by Peter.

But: They leave for work early every day. (The verb “leave” in this sentence is intransitive; that is, it is not followed by an object. The sentence cannot be changed into passive.)

We use by+agent to say who or what carries out the action. We use with+instrument/material/ ingredient to say what the agent used.

The old lady was rescued by a firefighter.A number of trees were blown down by the strong winds.The omelette was made with eggs, milk and cheese.The wood was cut with an axe.

1.Put the verb into the correct passive forms and the Simple Present Tense: 1. English is spoken (speak) all over the world. 2. The President of Turkey is elected (elect) by Turkish people. 3. This programme is watched_ (watch) by almost everybody in Turkey. 4. Our house is painted (paint) every spring.5. My shirts are always ironed (always iron) by my sister. 2.Put the verb into the correct passive forms and the Simple Past Tense.1. America was discovered (discover) by Christopher Columbus in 1492. 2. The fire was caused (cause) by an electrical fault in the television yesterday.3. The Statue of Liberty was given (give) to the United States by the French Government. 4. The airplane was invented (invent) by the Wright Brothers. 5. The Mona Lisa was painted (paint) by Leonardo Da Vinci.

3. Put the following sentences into passive:1. The police protect the city day and night.

The city is protected day and night by the police.2. Turkish people elect the Members of Parliament every five years.

The members of Parliament are elected every five years by Turkish people. 3. The traffic police fined my father for driving dangerously.

My father was fined for driving dangerously by the traffic police.

4. The prisoners of war built this bridge in 1943.This bridge was built in 1943 by the prisoners of war.

5. Atatürk founded the Turkish Republic on 29th October, 1923.The Turkish Republic was founded on 29th October, 1923 by Atatürk.

4. Complete the sentences with by or with.1. These photos were taken with a cheap camera.2. These photos were taken by my sister.3. This cake was made with dried fruit.4. This cake was made by my aunt.

5. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form, present or past:cause --- damage --- hold --- invite --- make --- overtake --- show --- surround --- translate --- write

1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.2. Cheese________is made___________________________________ from milk.3. The roof of the building _____was damaged__________________________in a storm a few

days ago.4. You___________were invited____________________ to the wedding. Why didn’t you go?5. A cinema is a place where films_______are shown_____________________________.6. In the United States, elections for president ________are held__________________ every

four years.7. Originally the book________was written_____________________ in Spanish, and a few

years ago it ________________was translated______________ into English.8. Although we were driving quite fast, we____________were overtaken_______________ by

a lot of other cars.9. You can’t see the house from the road. It __________is surrounded_________________ by

trees.

6. Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.1. Ask about glass. (how/make?)2. _________how is it made?________________________3. Ask about television. (when/invent?)

_________When was it invented?__________________________________4. Ask about mountains. (how/form?)

______How are they formed?_____________________________________________5. Ask about Pluto. (when/discover?)

_______When was it discovered?____________________________________________6. Ask about silver. (what/use for?)

__________What is it used for?_________________________________________

7. Active vs. Passive. Complete the sentences with the words in parenthesis. Some of the sentences are active and some are passive. Use any appropriate tense.

1. Last night, I (remember, not) __didn’t remember____________ to lock my front door.2. A: What a beautiful old wooden chest!

B: It (build) ___was built__________________ by my grandfather over fifty years ago.

3. At one time, the entire world (rule) __was ruled_______________________ by dinosaurs. Some dinosaurs (walk) __walked_______________________on their legs and some of them (fly) ___flew______________________.

4. Disneyland is a world famous amusement park in California. It (visit) ________is visited_________________ by more than ten million people every year.

5. Many of us forget in our daily lives, but people who live in the desert (use, not) _____don’t use____________________ water carelessly. For them, every drop of water is valuable.

6. I (agree, not) ___don’t agree______________________ with people who say space exploration is a waste of money. What do you think?

7. Most insects (live) ___live______________________ for less than a year. The housefly (live) ________lives_________________ from 19 to 30 days.

8. I got into a taxi quickly because I (follow) ____was followed_____________________by two strange men. As soon as I got in the taxi, I (feel) ___felt______________________ safer.

9. When Alex was only ten, his father (die) ___died______________________.10. The little boy ______was killed_________________ by a violent murderer.11. A few days ago, my car (steal) ___was stolen______________________ by one of the

teenagers in my neighbourhood. He (catch) ____was caught_____________________ by the police a few buildings from my house. He just wanted to take it for a drive, but he is in trouble now.

8. Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1. The athletes’ venue/ accommodation will be single rooms in large flats.2. The main stadium/ accommodation will have 20,000 seats.3. There will be a comprehensive/ magical transport system, including buses and trains.4. Half of the ten sports venues/ stadiums need to be built.5. We want to create a comprehensive/ magical atmosphere.6. We want to encourage/ modern children to play sport.7. We already have many world-class/ comfortable sports facilities.8. The rooms will be modern and comfortable/ comprehensive.

UNIT 11

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORM

I/You have (’ve) been reading.He/She/It has (’s) been reading.Have you been reading? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.Has he/she/it been reading?You have not (haven’t) been reading.He/She/It has not (hasn’t) been reading.

A. We use the present perfect continuous for a continuous or repeated activity that began in the past and continuous into the present. It emphasizes the activity itself and its duration.

I have been studying for two hours. I’ll take a break in an hour. (He started studying two hours ago and he is still studying now.)

She has been teaching in high school since last year. (She started teaching in high school last year and she is still teaching there now.)

More examples: They’ve been travelling in Europe for a month. They are having a great time. Jack’s been waiting since three o’clock. How long have you and Peter been writing to each other? It has been more than five

years, hasn’t it?

B. We use the present perfect continuous for an action which started in the past, lasted for some time and has finished recently. The result of the action is visible or has effect in the present.

He is dirty. He has been playing football. (He is no longer playing football, but the fact that his clothes are dirty is visible now.)

She’s been smoking again. I can smell the cigarettes on her breath. (She is not smoking now but I can smell the cigarettes on her breath because the action has recently finished.)

More examples: You look hot. Have you been running? It has been raining. All the clothes I hung out are wet. Her eyes are red. She’s been crying.

C. The present perfect continuous is also used to express anger, annoyance or irritation. Who has been reading my business papers? (The speaker is irritated.) Has the dog been chewing on my slippers? (The speaker is angry.) Somebody has been giving away our plans. (The speaker is irritated.)

Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect continuous.1. How long has she been driving (she / drive)? Has it been a year already?2. Our dog has been barking (bark) a lot for the past few days, hasn’t he? I think something is wrong with him.3. You have been watching (watch) television for hours. Come and help me in the kitchen.4. I have been going (go) to the same dentist since I was a child.5. He hasn’t been talking (not / talk) to his brother lately.6. What has Larry been doing (Larry / do) since we last saw him? Is he still a teacher?7. That choir hasn’t been performing (not / perform) recently.8. The telephone has been ringing (ring) all evening. Why is everyone calling us tonight?9. Have the children been bothering (the children / bother) you since they came to stay with us?10. Why have you been using (you / use) the phone so much lately? Please stop it for a while because it costs me a fortune.

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

A. The Present Perfect Simple is used when the present result, not the activity itself, is important. The emphasis is on completion. The Present Perfect Continuous is used when the activity is important. It does not matter if the action has been completed or not.

Tom has walked all the way home from work. That’s why he is very tired. Tom has been walking for hours. Although he is very tired, he’s still walking.

I’ve been looking for my wallet all day. Have you looked in all your pockets?

Who has eaten my chips? There are none left. Who has been eating my chips? Soon I’ll have none left.

B. Both tenses are used for activities that began in the past and continue to the present. The Present Perfect Simple is used to describe how much, how many or how many times something has been done. The Present Perfect Continuous is used to describe how long something has been happening. How long has she been reading? – She’s been reading since she came home. How much has she read? – She’s read half the book.

I’ve been typing letters all morning. – I’ve typed four letters so far this morning. How long have you been having – How many driving lessons have you had? driving lessons?

C. Both tenses are used when the exact time in the past is not mentioned. When the Present Perfect Simple is used, the unstated time could be any time in the past, even long ago. When the Present Perfect Continuous is used, the unstated time is very recent. I’ve read that book. (unstated time, maybe even long ago) I’ve been reading that book. (has been happening recently)

D. Non-continuous verbs are not used in Present Perfect Continuous. (know, believe, see, like, love, want, taste, understand etc.) I’ve known her since 1985. (Not: I’ve been knowing her since 1985.)

E. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for situations which are more temporary (continuing for a short time.)

He’s been living there for just a few weeks. I’ve been working very hard recently. We use the Present Perfect Simple for situations which are more permanent (continuing for a longer time.) He’s always lived there. You’ve worked hard all your life.

F. Sometimes there is no difference in meaning between the two forms with the verbs like live, work, etc.

I’ve been living / I’ve lived in this flat for ten years. How long has she been working / has she worked for the company?

Both the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous are used with the following time expressions. how long How long have you known Jack? How long have you been learning English? How long can also be used with the Past Simple, but only when the action occurred and was completed in the past.

How long have you been running? I’ve been running for over an hour and I don’t feel tired.

How long did you run yesterday? I ran for almost two hours.

for (duration) I’ve known Jack for five years. I have not seen Emily for a long time. She has been working here for twenty years. For can be used with the Past Simple as well as with the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous.

Ken has worked / has been working here for five years. (and is still working here)Ken worked here for five years. (and now works somewhere else)

since (starting point) They have been married since last April. We have been living here since 1980. I have not talked to Ann since last Sunday.

lately/recently Have you been to the cinema lately/recently? She has been going out a lot lately/recently.

1. Underline the correct answer.

1. We have been driving around / drive / drove around for an hour and we are still lost. Let’s stop and ask somebody.2. I am / have been / was here since Tuesday and I still can’t find my way around.3. Be careful! Somebody has broken / has been breaking / broke the window and there’s glass all over the floor.4. How long have you been / were you / did you in Rome last year?5. I read / I have read / I have been reading this book for over a month. I’ll be finished soon.6. Have you been / Have you gone / Did you go to the concert in the park last week?7. Dan has been / has gone / was out and I don’t know when he’ll be back.8. Mr. Clark worked / has been working / works in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. 9. We just came / have just come / have just been coming in. We’d like to rest for a while.

2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.

1. A: You look hot. What have you been doing (you / do)? B: I have been playing (play) tennis with Sarah. A: Oh yes. I have seen (see) her play before. She’s good, isn’t she? B: Yes, she is. She has beaten (beat) me five times since the start of the summer.

2. A: I have always believed (always / believe) that exercise is good for you. B: Of course, it’s good to keep fit.3. A: Fred has opened (open) a new shop. B: Really? Where is it?4. A: You look exhausted. B: Well, I have been cleaning (clean) the windows since 8 o’clock this morning.5. A: Have you found your umbrella yet? B: No, I have been looking (look) for it for an hour now.6. A: How long have you known (you / know) Alison? B: We have been (be) friends since we were children.

3. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1-) I’m hot because I’ve run / I’ve been running! 2-) I’ve cut / I’ve been cutting my finger! 3-) Have you heard / Have you been hearing Paul Simon’s latest record? 4-) There’s my wallet! I’ve looked / I’ve been looking for it for ages. 5-) Sorry. I’ve broken / I’ve been breaking one of your glasses. 6-) How long have you had / have you been having this book? 7-) They live / They have been living here for three years. 8-) I’ve painted / I’ve been painting the living room, but I haven’t finished it. 9-) I’ve lost / I’ve been losing my wallet. Where did I last have it? 10-) Look what Pat has given / has been giving me for my birthday! A bike!

4. Look at these conversations and put in the correct form of the verbs. Use the present perfect continuous or simple.

1. Sarah : I feel really tired. Mark : It’s because you have done (you/do) too much. Sarah : Well, at least I’ve finished (I/finish) that report and now I can relax.2. David : Someone has left (leave) the ladder outside, look.Harriet : I expect that’s Mike. He has been cleaning (he/clean) the windows. I don’t think he has finished (he/finish) yet.3. Laura : You’ve got mud on your shoes. Trevor : It’s all right, I’ll take them off. I have been working (I/work) in the garden. Laura : Yes, it looks a lot tidier. Well done. You have done (you/do) a good job.4. Tom : I’ve heard (I/hear) that you and Harriet are building a garage. How long have you been doing (you/do) that? Mike : Oh, for about a month now. We have done (we/do) about half of it.

5. Complete the conversation. Put the verbs in the present perfect continuous or simple.

LAURA: What are you doing, Trevor? You have been (you/be) in here for ages. You are making an awful mess.TREVOR: I have been cleaning (I/clean) out this cupboard most of the afternoon. There is a lot of old stuff in here. I have found (I/find) these, look. LAURA: You have been sitting (you/sit) there staring at those old boots for the last five minutes. I’ve been watching you (I/watch) you. You have been (you/be) in a dream.TREVOR: They’re football boots. I’ve had (I/have) them since I was about sixteen. They have been (they/be) in here for years.LAURA: Well, throw them away. And what about that tennis racket? Is that yours?TREVOR: No, it must be yours. I have never had (I/never/have) a tennis racket.

6. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.

Mike: At last! Where have you been (you / be)? I have been waiting (wait) for an hour!Helen: Sorry, I have been talking (talk) to an old friend. I haven’t seen (not / see) her for years.Mike: What has she been doing (she / do) since you last saw her?Helen: She has been working (work) for a computer company for five years but she wants to change her job. She hasn’t been getting on well (not get on) well with her boss recently.Mike: There is a vacancy in my office for a computer analyst. Has she had (she / have) any interesting offers yet? Helen: I don’t think so. She hasn’t been looking (not look) for a long time. She has just started (just / start).Mike: Then tell her about this offer. She might be interested.

QUESTION TAGS

Question Tags are short questions which we add at the end of a statement. We use them to ask for confirmation of, or agreement with our statement.

It is hot today, isn’t it? Question tags are formed with an auxiliary verb and an appropriate pronoun. They

take the same auxiliary verb as in the statement if there is one, otherwise they take do/does (Present Simple) or did (Past Simple).

She was at home, wasn’t she?He left late, didn’t he?

A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag, whereas a negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.

She plays tennis well, doesn’t she?He hasn’t come yet, has he?

When the sentence contains a word with a negative meaning like never, hardly, seldom or rarely, the question tag is positive.

She never goes anywhere alone, does she?She hardly ever goes to parties, does he?

Everyone, someone, anyone, no one form their question tags with an auxiliary verb + they.

Someone should help her, shouldn’t they?No one can her us, can they?

Ouestion tags can be said with a rising intonation (when we are not sure and we expect an answer) or a falling intonation (when we don’t expect an answer).

He works in a bank, doesn’t he? (not sure)He looks horrible, doesn’t he? (sure)

Look at the example sentences:

I am your best friend, aren’t I?Let’s go dancing, shall we?Leave the window open, will you/won’t you/can you/ could you/ would you?

Don’t forget to buy some groceries, will you?This/That is an amazing story, isn’t it?There’s no reason for him, is there?There are some seats left, aren’t there?They’ve got two children, haven’t they?She has breakfast every morning, doesn’t she?Nothing is wrong, is it?Everyone agreed with his proposal, didn’t they?Somebody must take care of the situation, mustn’t they?No one would ever trust him, would they?They used to work here, didn’t they?That pen is Mary’s, isn’t it?

A. Fill in the correct question tags and short answers.1. You’ve seen that film, haven’t you_?2. He’ll probably be hungry when he comes in, won’t he?3. I’m a bit younger than Saly, aren’t I?4. He knows I’m planning a party for him, doesn’t he?5. You didn’t use to smoke, did you?6. Don’t do that again, will you?7. She had an operation yesterday, didn’t she?8. Please help me, will you?9. She had never been abroad before she went to London, had she?10. This is the second time you have come to school late this week, isn’t it?

B. Belinda’s mum is angry with Belinda. Fill in the question tags.Mum: You realize it’s 2.00 a.m, don’t you?Belinda: I told you I was going to the disco, didn’t I?Mum: You didn’t say you’d be this late, did you? And you’ve been smoking haven’t you?Belinda: Well, I am eighteen, aren’t you?Mum: But you aren’t very responsible, are you?Belinda: Let’s talk about it tomorrow, shall we?

VOCABULARY

PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal Verbs are formed by adding “particles”. e.g. away, up, down, out, off, after, in, on to verbs.I’ll turn down the radio.Put on your jacket!

Group 1. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive and do not take an object. verb + particle Sit down!

Look out! Group 2. These phrasal verbs are transitive and take an object. When the object is a noun, it can go after or before the particle.

verb + particle + object verb + object + particle I’ll throw away the rubbish. I’ll throw the rubbish away. Take off your shoes. Take your shoes off.

But when the object is a pronoun eg it, them, it(object) can only go before the particle, not after it(particle)I’ll throw it away.(NOT: I’ll throw away it.)Take them off. (NOT: take off them.)

Group 3. These phrasal verbs take an object, but we cannot separate the verb from the particle. verb + particle + object Sue takes after her mother. (NOT: Sue takes her mother after.)

Looking after a baby is hard work. (NOT: Looking a baby after...)

Group 4. These phrasal verbs have three parts: a verb + particle + preposition e.g. Look forward to. We cannot separate the verb from the other parts.verb + particle + preposition + object I’m looking forward to the weekend.

I get on well with my neighbours. They are very friendly.

A. Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs: get up, take off, look after, grow up. Make any necessary changes.

1. Our plane took off New York at 6 o’clock yesterday evening.2. My younger sister wants to be a doctor when she grows up3. Do you like getting up early?4. Who is going to look after the children while you are at the pub?

B. Complete the sentences using phrasal verbs in brackets. Write them in two ways if possible.

1. Could you / the light? (switch on)Could you switch the light (it) on? / Could you switch on the light?2. Would you like to / this jacket? (try on)

Would you like to try on this jacket? / Would you like to try this jacket on?3. I don’t enjoy playing football any more. I think I’ll / it. (give up)

I think I’ll give up playing football. / I think I’ll give it up. 4. I have to speak to Mr. Mason. I’d better / him. (ring up)

I’d better ring up him. / I’d better ring him up.5. That music is rather loud. Would you / it?(turn/down)

Would you turn it down?

C. Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box. Make necessary changes.

go up cut down pick up write down find outgive back throw away set up carry out give out

1. I haven’t given up drinking but I’m trying to cut down.2. I won’t tell you. You will have to find out yourself.3. Can you please give back my book if you have finished reading.4. You shouldn’t throw away all those clothes you never wear. Instead give them to a

charity.

5. Please pick up all your toys when you have finished playing.6. We need a great amount of fund to set up our own business.7. Prices have gone up because of the inflation.8. She is an absent-minded person. That’s why she always gives out everything.9. The teacher will write down the exam papers tomorrow.10. A person needs to work a lot to carry out his or her dreams.

Vocabulary study (containers)

a bottle of milk, beer, tomato ketchup, olive oil, lemonade, apple juice a bag of sweets, potatoes, crisps (US: chips)a tin of tuna, biscuits, cat food, soup, beansa box of chocolates, tissuesa can of beer, lemonadea carton of milk, orange juice, soup, apple juicea jar of honey, jam, marmaladea packet of biscuits, sweets, soup, tissues, beans, crisps, butter

TIPS! We usually use a tin for food (a tin of tomatoes) and a can for drink (a can of cola). Marmalade is made from citrus fruit (oranges, etc.). Jam is made from soft fruit (strawberries, etc.)

1. Exercise: Which container can we use for each group of things? Use the containers below.bottle --- tin --- box --- can --- bag --- jar --- packet --- carton

1. ______a bottle of ___________________ milk, orange juice, wine2. _____a bag of____________________sweets, chips, shopping3. _____a tin of ____________________tuna, beans, cat food4. _____a box of____________________tissues, chocolates5. _____a can of____________________cola, lemonade, beer6. _____a carton of____________________orange juice, milk, soup7. ______a_jar of__________________coffee, marmalade, honey8. ______a_packet of__________________tissues, crisps, sweets

2. Exercise: Read the shopping list. Tick the usual containers. Correct the unusual containers.Shopping

1. A can of olive oil bottle2. A box of washing powder Correct3. A box of potatoes bag4. A tube of soup packet/tin/carton5. A packet of biscuits Correct6. A tin of honey jar7. A carton of milk Correct8. A bag of butter packet

3. Exercise: Complete the blanks using the words below:the Arctic --- rainforests --- glaciers --- sea ice --- sea levels --- coral reefs --- temperature ---- drought --- extreme weather

1. ____The Arctic___________________ has a cold climate.

2. ____sea levels________________ are rising twice as fast as was predicted by the United Nations only two years ago. This threatens hundreds of millions of people and animals in the world.

3. Heat waves, floods, and other _______extreme weather____________________ become worse with global warming.

4. ___coral reefs________________ are warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats that are rich in life.5. Warmer weather and increased rain are reducing the size of

____glaciers__________________.6. All of the country’s potato harvest was hit by _________drought_____________________ .7. _____rainforests__________________ are disappearing very quickly. The good news is

there are a lot of people who want to save them.8. ____temperature___________________ has risen by five degrees.9. ______________sea ice_________ is formed by sea water that freezes.

UNIT 12

FIRST CONDITIONAL

CONDITIONALS are clauses introduced with if. They consist of two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause (the result). The if-clause can come before and after the main clause.

When it comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated with a comma.If you drive carefully, you won’t have an accident. or You won’t have an accident if you drive carefully.

Type 0 conditionals are used to express habits, a general truth or a scientific fact. We can use when(=whenever) instead of if in this case.

If-clause Main clause If + present simple present simple If/When/Whenever you mix red and yellow, you get orange.

Type 1 conditionals (real present) are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future.

If-clause Main clauseIf + present simple /present continuous future/imperative/can + infinitiveIf I finish the project on time, I will take a few days off.If the alarm goes off, evacuate the building.If we have enough time, we can visit Robert.If you are working now, I will come back later.

Underline the correct verb form.1. If I don’t feel well tomorrow, I couldn’t/won’t go to work.2. If you will behave/behave yourself, Dad will take you to the park.3. Does water turn into ice if it will freeze/freezes?4. If Sam will lay/is laying the table, I can serve dinner.5. If I get a headache, I usually take/will take an aspirin.6. If the alarm goes off/is going off, press this button.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

Type 2 conditionals (unreal present) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future.

We often use were instead of was after if, especially in a more formal style.I would (’d) come out for a walk with you if I weren’t so busy.If she were more efficient, she would get a promotion.

If-clause Main clauseIf + past simple /past continuous would/could + infinitiveIf I had a lot of money, I would (’d) travel round the world.(But I do not have a lot of money.)If I didn’t feel so tired, I would (’d) come out with you. (But I feel very tired.)If the weather were nice, I would (’d) go to the beach. (But the weather is not nice.)If we were earning more money, we could buy a house by the sea. (But we aren’t.)

We often use If I were you to give advice.If I were you, I would (’d) apply for the job.If I were you, I would (’d) attend a computer course.

Jimmy is in prison. Read about his life in prison, then complete the sentences about his dreams.

REALITY DREAMHe is in prison. He … If he weren’t in prison, …-gets up at 5.00. he would (’d) get up at 7.30.-wears a prison uniform. he would wear a suit.-has cold toast for breakfast. he would have coffee and croissants for

breakfast.-works in a factory. he would work in an office.

We use first conditionals to talk about possible present or future situations.

If you need money, I’ll lend it to you. (Perhaps you need the money.)If we leave at 1.30, we’ll arrive at 2.30. (Perhaps we will leave at 1.30.)

We use second conditionals to talk about unreal or unlikely present or future situations.If you needed money, I’d lend it to you.(But you don’t need the money, or you probably don’t need it.)If we left at 2.00, we’d arrive at late. (But we won’t leave at 2.00, or we probably won’t leave then.)

A. Rewrite the following as first or second conditional sentences.

1- This jacket is expensive, so I won’t buy it. If this jacket weren’t / wasn’t expensive, I would buy it.2- You need to pass your driving test before you can drive.If you pass your driving test, you can drive.3- I can’t understand their French because they speak so fast.If they weren’t speaking so fast, I would understand their French.4- Ann has a lot of homework, so she won’t go out tonight. If Ann didn’t have a lot of homework, she would go out tonight.5- You must study harder to pass your exams. If you study harder, you will pass your exams.6- I don’t go to the movies often because I’m so busy. If I weren’t so busy, I would go to the movies often.

B. Read and complete the text about Laura’s real life and her dream. Use the Present Simple and the Second Conditional.

Laura lives (live) in a big city. If she lived in the country, she would have (have) a dog. Laura shares _(share) a flat with three other girls, but if it was (be) possible, she would live (live) on her own. If she lived (live) in the country, she would buy (buy) a little cottage, and she would grow (grow) her own flowers and vegetables. In town, she travels (travel) by Underground and goes _(go) shopping in big department stores, but she does not like (not like) this at all. If she were (be) in the country, she would ride (ride) her bike, and she

would buy (buy) things in the little village shop. She loves _(love) walking, and often goes _(go) for a walk in town, but the streets are noisy. In the country, she would walk (walk) across the fields with her dog.

C. Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

If I were world leader, I would try (try) to stop the destruction of the earth and I would make (make) the world a better place for all people. First of all, I would try to bring about peace in the world. As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of people will continue (continue) to suffer and die. If wars continue, children will be (be) without parents and will grow up (grow up) in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting will go on (go on). Therefore, I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunities in life. It would also help if all countries stopped _(stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, I would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If I had (have) the power, I would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe would be (be) cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it will be (be) too late both for ourselves and children.

FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALSExercise 1: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Some of the sentences are contrary to the fact, and some are not.

1. I’m not an astronaut. If I (be) ____were___________ an astronaut, I (take) _would take______________ my camera with me on the rocket ship next month.

2. That sounds like a good job offer. I (accept) __would accept_____________ it if I (be) _____were__________you.

3. Don’t throw aerosol cans into a fire. An aerosol can (explode) __explode_____________ if you (throw) ___throw____________ it into a fire.

4. It is expensive to call across the ocean. However, if transoceanic telephone calls (be) __were_____________ cheap, I (call) _would call______________ my family every day and (talk) ___would talk____________ for hours.

5. The teacher was absent today, so class was canceled. If she (be) __is_____________ absent again tomorrow, class (cancel) _will be cancelled______________ tomorrow, too.

6. Sea water is salty. If the oceans (consist) ___consisted____________ of fresh water, there (be) __would be_____________plenty of water to irrigate all of the deserts in the world to provide an abundant food supply for the entire population of the earth.

Exercise 2: Answer the questions with yes or no.1. If I had an envelope and a stamp, I would mail this letter right now.

a. Do I have an envelope and a stamp right now? __No_____________b. Do I want to mail this letter right now? _____Yes__________c. Am I going to mail this letter right now? ___No____________

2. If I were a carpenter, I would build my own house.a. Do I want to build my own house? ___Yes____________b. Am I going to build my own house?_______No________c. Am I a carpenter? ____No___________

3. If I didn’t have any friends, I would be lonely.

a. Am I lonely? ____No___________b. Do I have friends? __Yes_____________

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parenthesis.1. Situation: I may have enough time to write my parents a letter later tonight. I want to write

them a letter tonight. Both of those things are true. ın other words: If I (have) _____have__________ enough time, I (write) ___’ll write____________ my

parents a letter later tonight.2. Situation: I don’t have enough time right now, so I won’t write my parents a letter. I’ll try to

do it later. I want to write them, but the truth is that I just don’t have enough time right now. In other words:

If I (have) ____had___________ enough time right now, I (write) ___’d write____________ my parents a letter.

3. Situation: I won’t have enough time tonight, so I won’t write my parents a letter. I’ll try to do it tomorrow. I want to write them, but the truth is that I just won’t have enough time. In other words:

If I (have) __had_____________ enough time later tonight, I (write) __’d write___________ my parents a letter.

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parenthesis.

1. If I have enough apples, I (bake) _’ll bake______________ an apple pie this afternoon.2. If I had enough apples, I (bake) ___’d bake____________ an apple pie this afternoon.3. I will fix your bicycle if I (have) _have______________ a screwdriver of the proper size.4. I would fix your bicycle if I (have) ___had____________ a screwdriver of the proper size.5. Sally would answer the phone if she (be) _were______________ in her office right now.6. I (be, not) _wouldn’t be______________ a student in this class if English (be)

___were___________ my native language.7. I’m almost ready to plant my garden. I have a lot of seeds. Maybe I have more than I need. If I

(have) __have_____________ more seeds than I need, I (give) ____’ll give___________ some to my neighbor.

8. It’s been a long drought. It hasn’t rained for over a month. If it (rain, not) _doesn’t rain______________ soon, a lot of crops (die) ___will die____________. If the crops (die) ____die___________, many people (go) ____will go___________ hungry this coming winter.

9. I don’t have a pen, but if I (do) __did_____________, I would lend it to you.10. “Are you coming to the party?” “I’m not sure, but if I (change) ____change___________ my

mind, I (tell) ____’ll tell___________ you.

TOO/ENOUGH

Too comes before adjectives and adverbs. It shows that something is more than enough, necessary or wanted, and has a negative meaning.

e.g. Tim is too old. He cannot run. They run too fast. I cannot catch them.

Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs, but before nouns. It shows that there is as much of something as is wanted or needed and it has a positive meaning.

e.g. He’s clever enough to solve the problem. We’ve got enough money to go on holiday.

Too many is used with plural countable nouns. It has a negative meaning and shows that there is more of something than is wanted or needed.

e.g. She’s got too many books. She doesn’t know where to put them all. Too much is used with uncountable nouns. It has the same negative meaning as too

many.e.g. You have put too much salt in the soup. We can’t eat it.

A. Complete the sentences with too.1. A: Would you like to come to the disco? B: Oh, no. I’m too tired to go to a disco. (tired)2. A: Can you reach that top shelf? B: No, I’m not tall enough to reach it. (tall)3. A: Did they go on a picnic yesterday? B: No. It was too cold to go on a picnic.(cold)4. A: Take a photograph of me! B: I can’t. It isn’t bright enough in here. (bright)5. A: Did she like the dress you bought? B: Yes, but it was too big (big)6. A: Did Jane enjoyed the horror film? B: No. She was too scared to enjoy it. (scared)

B. Complete the following with too, too + to, enough, not enough, or too much, too many, little, few as appropriate.

Dear Tom and Wendy, I am writing to answer your questions about life in New York. In fact this is quite hard to do, because my opinions keep changing. My apartment is nice, but the rent is very high. Luckily, I earn a good salary, and I can afford it. The main problem is that the apartment just is (1)not big enough. I had to sell about half my furniture because I didn’t have (2)enough room for everything. I can’t invite people for dinner because the kitchen is (3)too small to eat in. Luckily, the apartment has a lot of windows, so all my plants are getting (4) enough light. I live very close to a subway station; it only takes me a couple of minutes to get there. However I never take the subway to work because it’s (5) too crowded. You wouldn’t believe it!There are just (6) too many people crammed like sardines, and you can’t breathe because there is (7)little air. I haven’t had the courage to ride my bike yet because there’s just (8) too much traffic. Mostly I walk everywhere, so the good news is that I am getting (9) exercise!Despite all this, there are lots of wonderful things about living here. There are (10) enough museums and art galleries to keep me happy for years! However at the moment, I have (11)little time to enjoy them because my job is driving me crazy. It’s impossible to get all the work done because there are (12) too many projects and (13) few people work on them. As a result I am (14) too busy to make new friends and meet people. I don’t sleep (15)enough, and so I’m always tired. Worst of all, I don’t even have (16) enough time to stay in touch with friends like you! Nevertheless, I’m certain things will get better soon! Why don’t you come and visit? That would really cheer me up!

Love,Mary

Circle the correct answer for each gap.

A After four years in government, what have you done? Look at the state of the country: there isn’t (1)………….. money for pensions, there’s (2)………….. unemployment, and(3)………….. children are failing at school.

1. no / enough2. too many / too much3. a lot of / a lot

B Our problem is that we have had very (4)………….. time to repair the damage that your government did before us.(5)………….. people were happy with the Education systemWhen you were in government? (6)………….. !

4. few / little

5. How much / How many

6. any / noneA Nonsense! You don’t know what you’re doing! And

(7)………….. people in your own party are now saying that, too. You say you haven’t had (8)…………..? I say you don’t have (9)………….. ideas!

7. much / a lot of8. enough time / time

enough9. any / no

B We have (10)………….. of ideas, and they’re working!(11)………….. years ago our economy was getting worse; not any more. We have very (12)………….. unemployment now, compared to when you were in government. The people of this country are (13)………….. intelligent to believe your ideas again.

10. a lot / many11. a few / a little12. few / little

13. enough / tooA Really? Well, I think very (14)………….. of them will

be convinced by your arguments.14. few / little

B The problem is that your party spends (15)………….. time insulting the government, and not (16)………….. time thinking of new ideas.

15. too much / too16. many / enough

C Thank you very much, gentlemen I’m afraid we have (17)………….. more time today…

17. any / no

Vocabulary

1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of do, go, and play.

1. I used to play hockey at school.2. I’ve never done archery, but I’d like to try it.3. He’s going to go dragon boat racing next week.4. We’d play table tenis If we had a table!5. They do fencing every weekend.6. Last year on holiday, I went sailing.7. She’s playing badminton tonight.8. You should do judo; it builds self- confidence.9. He watches a lot of football, but I’ve never seen him play it!10. Did you do gymnastics at school?

2. Complete the personality adjectives.

Cautious, individualistic, competitive, non- competitive, sociable, risk-seeing

1. Going out with friends would suit a sociable person.2. White-water rafting would suit a risk-seeking personality.3. Yoga would suit a non-competetive personality.4. Team sports wouldn’t suit an individualistic personality.5. Football would suit a competetive personality.6. Snowboarding wouldn’t suit a cautious personality.