Language in Exceptional Circumstance
Transcript of Language in Exceptional Circumstance
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
1/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat1
TOPIC: LANGUAGE IN EXCEPTIONALCIRCUMSTANCE
Why do some infants
grow up with language
impairment such as
dyslexia and stuttering?
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
2/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat2
Whata dyslexia is
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that manifests
itself as a difficulty with reading, spelling,writing, speaking, or listening .
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
3/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat3
Etymologically
Greek word, dys (meaning poor or
inadequate) and the word lexis (meaningwords or language).
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
4/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat4
Who suffers it
Dyslexia is diagnosed in people of all levels
of intelligence (normal to above).
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
5/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat5
In fact
Many persons with dyslexia have unusual
talents in art, athletics, architecture, graphics,drama, music, or engineering.
These special talents are often in areas that
require the ability to integrate sight, spatial
skills, and coordination.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
6/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat6
Some ofthese symptoms are
Dyslexia symptoms vary according to the severity of thedisorder as well as the age of the individual.
The symptoms include the problems of: identifying single words
understanding sounds in words, sound order, or rhymes
spelling
transposing letters in words
handwriting reading comprehension
delayed spoken language
confusion with directions, or right/left handedness
confusion with opposites (up/down, early/late, and so on)
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
7/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat7
The causes
Genetic Those who suffers from dyslexia usually share the same
family with the left-handed.
Neurological neurological defect/difference.
Physiological
Auditory problems. Visual problems.
Brain Structure.
Combination
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
8/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat8
Treatment
Educational approach and phonic lessons
Need special education. Their IQ may be higherthan normal
Multi-sensory method
Use visual beside audio
Building self-confidence
Convince them not to be pessimistic
Encourage them to improve their talent
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
9/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat9
Stuttering
The occurring of repetition of unit of speech,
such as syllable in words.For example, "to-to-to-tomorrow".
Prolongations or unnatural lengthening of
sounds.
For example,"mmmmmmmmmilk".
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
10/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat10
Who stutters?
Stuttering affects people of all ages
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
11/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat11
The causes
Psychogenic stuttering, can be caused by emotional trauma orproblems with thought or reasoning.
Neurogenic stuttering may occur after a stroke, head trauma, or othertype of brain injury.
From recent researches there are evidences that:
Stuttering has a genetic basis.
Children who have first-degree relatives who stutter are three times aslikely to develop a stutter.
Genetic factors interact with environmental factors for stuttering tooccur, and forty to seventy percent of stutterers have no family historyof the disorder.
Stuttering is more common in children who also have speech,language, learning or motor difficulties.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
12/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat12
Treatment
Provide a relaxed home environment
Refrain from reacting negatively when the child stutters
Be less demanding on the child to speak when speaking underpressure
Speak in a slightly slowed and relaxed manner
Listen attentively when the child speaks
Talk openly and honestly to the child about stuttering if he or
she brings up the subject. According to Dr James Battey, Stuttering is a genetic problems.
It can be solved by deactivating the gene that causes stuttering.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
13/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat13
How does brain
damage and age affect
language?
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
14/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat14
Aphasia
A disorder that results from damage to
portions of the brain that are responsible forlanguage.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
15/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat15
The Cause
Aphasia usually occurs suddenly, often as
the result of a stroke or head injury, but itmay also develop slowly, as in the case of a
brain tumor, an infection, or dementia.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
16/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat16
Fluent (Wernickes) Aphasia
Cause:
Damage to the temporal lobe (the side portion) of the brain. Effect :
Speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add
unnecessary words, and even create made-up words.
Have great difficulty understanding speech, and they are
often unaware of their mistakes. Usually have no body weakness because their brain injury
is not near the parts of the brain that control movement
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
17/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat17
Non-fluent (Brocas) aphasia
Cause: Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain.
Effect: Frequently speak in short phrases that make sense but are
produced with great effort.
often omit small words such as is, and, and the. Example: Walk dog, meaning, I will take the dog for a walk,
Typically understand the speech of others fairly well andthat is why they can become easily frustrated
Have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and legbecause the frontal lobe is also important for motormovements.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
18/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat18
Treatment
Simplify language
Repeat the content words
Maintain a natural conversational manner
Minimize distractions
Include the person with aphasia in conversations
Ask for and value the opinion of the person with aphasia
Encourage any type of communication
Avoid correcting the persons speech
Allow the person plenty of time to talk
Help the person become involved outside the home
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
19/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat19
The Influence of Age to the Language
Acquisition
Some theories:
Plasticity (adult brains tend to be not elastic) Lateralization (language capacity transfer from
left to right hemisphere)
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
20/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat20
Other Researches
When children learn a language for extended periods of time ina natural setting.
Children are less self-conscious than adults about makingmistakes.
Children learn a language accompanied by physical actions.
Adults concepts from their first language can put road blocks inthe way of easy language acquisition.
Adults may be less motivated to learn a language.
Children received personalized and constant languageinstruction.
Children have a more limited vocabulary than adults, and canuse the language for less complex tasks than adults.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
21/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat21
Deafness
A decrease in one's ability to hear(i.e.
perceive auditory information)
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
22/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat22
Classification ofhearing impairment
Mild hearing loss, hearing loss between 15
40 dbHL. Moderate hearing loss ( 41 70 dbHL).
Severe hearing loss (71-95 dbHl).
Profound hearing loss (>96 dbHL)
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
23/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat23
Based on Child Critical Age
Pre-lingual hearing impairment
Before six Post-lingual hearing impairment
After the age of six
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
24/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat24
The Impact of Pre-lingual hearing
impairment
No verbal stimulus
Inability to pick up auditory social cues Hearing loss can lead to social isolation
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
25/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat25
The Impact of Post-lingual hearing
impairment
Must adjust to living with the adaptations that make it
possible for them to live independently
May have to adapt to using hearing aids or a
cochlear implant, develop speech-reading skills,
and/or learn sign language
Children who suffer from untreated hearing loss
often find it extremely difficult to participate in social
activities, even within their own family.
-
8/9/2019 Language in Exceptional Circumstance
26/26
4/24/2010 By Nur Hidayat26
THANK YOU