Language and Literature Research
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Transcript of Language and Literature Research
Language and Literature Research
Demonstrate knowledge of the approaches and concepts in language and literature researchIdentify the appropriate research method/s, tools and statistical treatment to apply in research related situation
DEFINITION
Utilization of various methods to gather truthful and accurate information about problems and issues related to language and literatureCarrying out specific method or analysisSystematic, objective and literature-based analysis of scientifically recorded data
Types of Research
Quantitative ResearchQualitative ResearchAction Research
A.Quantitative
Research
Centered on the objective investigationUses numerical data Done in contrived settingUses deductive method
B. Qualitative Research
Assumes that social reality is continuously constructed in local situationsMakes a holistic observationUses analytic inductionUses inductive method
C. Action Research
Classified under the general typeCo-equal with both qualitative and quantitative research
Parts of a
Research Report
The Problem And Its SettingReview Of Literature And Studies Research MethodologyResearch FindingsDiscussionSummary And Recommendations
Sources of
Research Problem
Research LiteratureTheory – Based ResearchReplicating And Extending Previous ResearchObservations Experience
Characteristics of a Good
Research Topic
InterestingResearchableSignificantManageable
Variables and Hypothesis
Variables
Varies in quantity or qualityIndependent
Treatment Organic
DependentIntervening Confounding
Hypothesis
Prediction of the tentative results and findings of a study
Null Non directionalDirectional
Hypothesis
Type I error – rejection when in fact it is trueType II error – non rejection when in fact it is falseAlphabeta
Quantitative Research Method
1. Descriptiv
e or Survey
Research
Making careful descriptions of phenomenon in language and literaturePropose description for policy formulationHelps in improving existing conditions
Longitudinal studyTrend studiesCohort studiesPanel studiesCross-sectional studies
Instruments in Descriptive Research
Questionnaire Types of question: close and open ended
Kind of questionnaire: postal and e-questionnaire
Interview Face to face interviewTelephone interview
2. Correlational
Research
Seeks to discover the direction and magnitude of the relationship of a variableScatter gram or scatter plot – pictorial representation of the correlation
PerfectPositiveNegativeAbsence of correlation
3. Casual-comparative or
Ex Facto Research
Determines the cause or reason for existing differences in the behavior or status of groups
4. Experimental
Research
Provides a systematic and logical method for answering the question on what will happen if experiments are done in careful controlled condition.
Types Of Experimental Design
a. Pre Experiment
Lacks control groupFails to provide for the equivalence of a control group One shot case study design
One group, retest posttest design
Static group comparison design
b. Quasi - Experiment
Provide control of when and to whom the measurement is appliedTime series designPretest – posttest nonequivalent-groups design
c. True - Experimental
Subjects are randomly designed to treatment groups
Posttest only control groupPretest posttest control group
Solomon four-group
Test in an Experimental
Research
Pre-test: a measure that is administered prior to an experimental treatment or other interventionPosttest – a measure that is administered following an experiment or control treatment or other intervention in order to determine the effect of the intervention
Groupings in an Experimental
Research
Control – a group of research participants who receive no treatment or an alternate treatment so that the effect of extraneous variables can be determinedExperimental – a group of research participants who receive treatment
Focus of Experimental
Research
Manipulation of circumstancesIdentification of casual factorsObservation and measurement
Pearson r – correlates to variableKendall’ w – how consistent group of judges are when giving a rateStandard deviation – shows the divergence of data to the meanVariance – the square of the SD
- measure of dispersion
Qualitative Research Method
1. Action Research
Conducted primarily to improve educational practices, including management of the classroom, classroom practices and interaction, classroom instruction, among others
Steps in Action
Research
InitiationPreliminary investigationHypothesisInterventionEvaluationDisseminationFollow up
Data Collection
Approaches
Teacher self-reflection toolMedia recording and analysisStudent feedback toolsStudent performance dataExternal or peer observationJournalingCollegial dialogue, experience sharing and joint problem solving
2. Case Study
Research
An in-depth study of cases which include an individual, a group and a community
3. HistoricalResearch
Study of phenomenon for the purpose of gaining a better understanding
Types of Sources
Primary sources Secondary sources
Categories of Sources
DocumentsNumerical recordsOral statementsRelics
4. Ethnographic
Research
Study of the features of life in a given culture and the pattern in those featuresCharacteristics:ContextualUnobtrusiveLongitudinalCollaborativeOrganic
Types of Research
Participant
Participant-observer roleObserver-participant roleComplete observerComplete participant
Types of Effects on
ParticipantsHawthorne’s EffectHalo EffectObserver Effect
Hawthorne's effect – when they know they are being observed they change their behaviorPost Hoc Fallacy – just because two things are related it does not mean they can affect each other
Sampling and Sampling Technique
Sampling Process of selecting members of a research sample from a defined population
SamplingError
The deviation of a sample statistics from its population value
Types of Sampling Technique
Convenience ProbabilityPurposefulClusterCriterionProportional stratified randomPurposeful random Random sampleSnowball sampleSystematicPurposiveQuota
Way of Measurement
Likert scaleQuestionnaireRubric
Statistics and
Statistical Treatment
Statistics – numerical index describing a characteristic of a sampleStatistical treatment – a mathematical treatment used for summarizing or analyzing numerical data
Statistical Treatment
ANOVA – to determine whether the difference between the mean scores of two or more groups on a dependent variable is statistically significant
Statistical Treatment
Chi – square – a nonparametric test of statistical significance that is used when the research data are in the form of frequency counts for two or more categories
Statistical Treatment
Factor Analysis – a statistical procedure for reducing a set of measured variables to a smaller number of variables by combining variables
Statistical Treatment
Multiple Regression – for determining the magnitude of the relationship between a criterion variable and a combination of two or more prediction variables
Ways of Analyzing Qualitative
Data
Conversational AnalysisDiscourse Analysis
ValidityThe research measures what it intends to investigateConstructContentInternal
ReliabilityExtent to which other researchers would arrive at similar results Inter-observerIntra-observer
Data Collection
in Qualitative Research
Observation Field notesField jottingField diaryField log
Kinds of Material for Field Notes
Descriptive field notesPortraits of the subjectReconstruction of dialogue
Description of the physical setting
Accounts of particular events
Depiction of activitiesObserver’s behavior
Kinds of Material for Field Notes
Reflective Field NotesReflections on analysisReflections on methodReflections on the observer’s frame of mindPoints of clarification
Interview
Background or demographic questionsKnowledge questionExperience or behavior questionsOpinion or values questionFeelings questionSensory questions
Introspective Methods
Data collection is carried out with the mental events being investigated
Think aloud techniquesAnagram tasksDiary studiesStimulated recall
Retrospection Collection of data some time after the event under investigation has taken place
Elicitation Techniques
Used to obtain data by means of a stimulus as well as those based on a questionnaire, survey and interview data