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LANGARA COLLEGE * 200710 HISTORY 2233: NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN HISTORY

RAOUL GROSSMAN * OFFICE: B 247g * OFFICE PH.: 604-323-5832 __________________e-mail: a3a11162@telus.net__________________________________

The purpose of this course is to reach some understanding of the various forces that shaped the course of Russian history in the nineteenth century -- from Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812, to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917. It is a course that will endeavor to focus on the social and intellectual aspects of Russian history and the people’s response to “official policies.” Particularly because primary and secondary materials on Russian history in English are either not available at all locally, or are widely scattered about or are very limited, student success in this course will depend very much on his/her active participation when considering the various issues confronting Russia during this period. This way, and only in this way, can one hope to gain an understanding of -- and perhaps even an appreciation for – nineteenth-century Russian history. No claim to completeness is being made and rather than proceeding strictly in a chronological fashion, the focus will be on selected major events. The lectures will concentrate on specific subjects and may range beyond the material covered in the textbook. Therefore, regular attendance is of importance -- despite the early hour. The examinations will include questions drawn from assigned readings, lectures, and in-class

discussions. TEXTBOOK: EDWARD CRANKSHAW. THE SHADOW OF THE WINTER PALACE. COMPANION TO 19TH CENTURY RUSSIAN HISTORY. (HANDOUT)

EXAMINATIONS & DUE DATES:

FIRST EXAMINATION : FRIDAY, February 09, 2007 10% TERM PAPER : FRIDAY, February 16, 2007 40% SECOND EXAMINATION : FRIDAY, March 16, 2007 10% DOCUMENT ANALYSIS : FRIDAY, March 16, 2007 20% FINAL EXAMINATION : April 2007 20% OFFICE HOURS: HELP is available, but YOU will have to communicate any difficulties you may encounter to me. Office hours will be held Mondays through Fridays, except on non-teaching days. I shall wait for the first 10 minutes of each office hour and if no one shows up, I shall be going for coffee. Otherwise, make an appointment. ALL assignments must be completed and submitted in class on the date specified. There will be no make-up exams and late papers will be penalized 10% per day, including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. Exceptions may be granted only to those who can satisfactorily explain their absence from Campus on the date of the assignment.

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COURSE OUTLINE:

The following Course Outline is only tentative and subject to change. Page references are made to the textbook of this course; where none are given, consult other sources as well as the bibliography below.

1. INTRODUCTION.

2. ALEXANDER I, 1801-1825: THE ALEXANDRINE AGE:

ALEXANDER & NAPOLEON, 1807-1812 * THE WAR OF 1812 * THE LIBERATION OF EUROPE * THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA * CONGRESS POLAND & THE CONCERT OF EUROPE * THE AFTERMATH AT HOME * THE DECEMBRIST MOVEMENT. . CRANKSHAW, chaps. 1,2.

3. NICHOLAS I, 1826-1855: THE GENDARME OF EUROPE:

GOVERNMENT REORGANIZATION * THE THIRD SECTION & CENSORSHIP * MILITARY COLONIES * EXPANSION IN ASIA * THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION OF 1848 * RELATIONS WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE * THE CRIMEAN WAR. CRANKSHAW, chaps. 3 to 8.

4. ALEXANDER II, 1855-1881: THE TSAR LIBERATOR:

PEASANT EMANCIPATION * JUDICIAL & EDUCATIONAL REFORMS * POPULAR POLITICAL STIRRINGS * INDUSTRY, TRADE & FINANCE * PAN-SLAVISM * NARODNIA VOLIA: THE PEOPLES'S WILL. CRANKSHAW, chaps. 9 to 15.

5. ALEXANDER III, 1881-1894: REACTIONARY CARETAKER:

THE POLICY OF RUSSIFICATION * COUNTER-REFORMS * REACTIONS TO THE COUNTER- REFORM MEASURES * THE PROMISES & DANGERS OF THE FAR EAST. CRANKSHAW, chaps. 15, 16, 17.

6. NICHOLAS II, 1894-1917: THE LAST ROMANOV:

THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR * BLOODY SUNDAY * POTEMKIN MUTINY * REVOLUTION * THE DUMA * THE AGE OF STOLYPIN * NEW DEPARTURES IN FOREIGN POLICY * THE BALKAN QUESTION * THE FIRST WORLD WAR * THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION. CRANKSHAW, chaps. 18 to 22.

CONCLUSION.

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TERM PAPERS:

Choose one of the following topics to write on. Essays should be 6000 words in length (max.), legible, and double-spaced. It also should have a title page. For proper footnoting and other technical aspects of essay writing, consult the LANGARA STYLE SHEET. Your paper MUST include a bibliography of all the sources that you have consulted for its preparation. REMEMBER: a term paper requires critical analysis of your subject -- a reading and weighing of points of view advanced by a number of experts in your chosen subject area. A laundry list of facts and generalizations or a mere recitation of events does not meet the requirement of critical analysis. Your paper will comprise 40% of your final mark and is due on Friday, February 16, 2007. LATE PAPERS WILL BE PENALIZED 10 % per day, including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays.

______________________________________

1. ALEXANDER VS. NAPOLEON. 2. THE CONCERT OF EUROPE.

3. THE DECEMBRIST MOVEMENT. 4. THE CRIMEAN WAR.

5. RUSSIA’S PEASANTRY 6. RUSSIA’S REVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENTSIA.

7. POPULISM IN RUSSIA. 8. THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.

9. BLOODY SUNDAY. 10. RUSSIAN ART & ARTISTS.

11. RUSSIA & THE GREAT WAR.

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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY:

GENERAL WORKS: ALEXANDER, JOHN T. “CATHERINE II’s EFFORTS AT LIBERALIZATION AND THEIR AFTERMATH,” in: ROBERT O.CRUMMEY, ed. REFORM IN RUSSIA AND THE USSR: PAST AND PROSPECTS. URBANA,IL: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS, c1989, pp. 72-85. * BILLINGTON, JAMES H. THE ICON AND THE AXE: AN INTERPRETIVE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN CULTURE. NEW YORK: KNOPF, 1966. DK32.7 B5 BIZZILLI, P. “GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS OF THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN NATIONALITY.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 2(1): 27-36, MAR 1930. * BOLSOVER, G.H. “ASPECTS OF RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1815-1914,” in: RICHARD PARES & ALAN J.P. TAYLOR, eds. ESSAYS PRESENTED TO SIR LEWIS NAMIER.: 1956, pp. 320-356. * CARRERE D’ENCAUSSE, HELENE. THE RUSSIAN SYNDROME: ONE THOUSAND YEARS OF POLITICAL MURDER. NEW YORK: HOLMES & MEIER, 1992. CHERNIAVSKY, MICHAEL. “ HOLY RUSSIA”: A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF AN IDEA.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 63(3): 617-37, APR 1958. * COWLES, VIRGINIA. THE ROMANOVS. LONDON: COLLINS, c1971. DK37.8 R6 C68 COWLES, VIRGINIA. THE RUSSIAN DAGGER: COLD WAR IN THE DAYS OF THE CZARS. NEW YORK: HARPER & ROW, c1969. CRANKSHAW, EDWARD. THE SHADOW OF THE WINTER PALACE: RUSSIA’S DRIFT TO REVOLUTION, 1825-1917. NEW YORK: VIKING PRESS, 1976. DK189 C66 FEDOSOV, A. “THE SOCIAL ESSENCE AND EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM: THE 18TH AND FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURIES.” SOVIET STUDIES IN HISTORY 11(1): 56-92, 1972. * HOCH, STEVEN L. “THE SERF ECONOMY, THE PEASANT FAMILY, AND THE SOCIAL ORDER,” in: JANE BURBANK & DAVID L. RANSEL, eds. IMPERIAL RUSSIA: NEW HISTORIES FOR THE EMPIRE. BLOOMINGTON, IN: INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, c1998, pp. 199-209. * KOCHAN, LIONEL. THE MAKING OF MODERN RUSSIA. BALTIMORE, Md: PENGUIN BOOKS, 1963. DK40 K65 LINCOLN, W. BRUCE. THE ROMANOVS: AUTOCRATS OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. NEW YORK: DIAL PRESS, 1981. MacKENZIE, DAVID. IMPERIAL DREAMS, HARSH REALITIES: TSARIST RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1815-1917. FORT WORTH, TX.: HARCOURT BRACE COLLEGE PUBL., c1994. MENDEL, ARTHUR. “ON INTERPRETING THE FATE OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA,” in: THEOFANIS G. STAVROU, ed. RUSSIA UNDER THE LAST TSAR. MINNEAPOLIS: UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESS, 1969, pp. 13-41. * OBERLANDER, ERWIN, G.KATKOV, et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1894-1917. NEW YORK: SCHOCKEN BOOKS, [1971]. DK255 R713 OFFORD, DEREK. NINETEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA: OPPOSITION TO AUTOCRACY. NEW YORK: LONGMAN, 1999. PIPES, RICHARD. “RUSSIAN CONSERVATISM IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH

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CENTURY.” SLAVIC REVIEW 30(MAR 1971): 121-128. * PUSHKAREV, SERGEI. THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN RUSSIA, 1801-1917. EDMONTON, AB: PICA PICA PRESS, c1985. SALISBURY, HARRISON E. BLACK NIGHT WHITE SNOW: RUSSIA’S REVOLUTIONS, 1905-1917. NEW YORK: DOUBLEDAY & CO., 1978. SETON-WATSON, HUGH. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1801-1917. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, c1967. DK189 S44 STRAKHOVSKY, LEONID I. “CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT’S POLICY TOWARD NATIONAL MINORITIES.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 13(4): 467-92, DEC 1941. * SUMNER, B. H. “TSARDOM AND IMPERIALISM IN THE FAR EAST, 1880-1914.” BRITISH ACADEMY. PROCEEDINGS. 27(1941): 25-65. SZEFTEL, MARC. “THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE PRIOR TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS OF 1905-1906,” in: JOHN S. CURTISS, ed. ESSAYS IN RUSSIAN AND SOVIET HISTORY IN HONOR OF GEROID T. ROBINSON. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1962, pp. 105-119. * TAYLOR, ALAN J.P. THE STRUGGLE FOR MASTERY IN EUROPE, 1848-1918. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, 1954. D359 T33 TORKE, HANS J. “CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE RELATIONS BETWEEN BUREAUCRACY AND SOCIETY IN RUSSIA, 1613-1861.” CANADIAN SLAVIC STUDIES 5(4): 457-76, WINTER 1971. * TUCKER, ROBERT C. “THE IMAGE OF DUAL RUSSIA,” in: C. E. BLACK, ed. THE TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY: ASPECTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE SINCE 1861. CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1960, pp. 587-605. * ULAM, ADAM B. RUSSIA’S FAILED REVOLUTIONS: FROM THE DECEMBRISTS TO THE DISSIDENTS. NEW YORK: BASIC BOOKS, c1981. WHITTAKER, CYNTHIA H. “THE REFORMING TSAR: THE REDEFINITION OF AUTOCRATIC DUTY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA.” SLAVIC REVIEW 51(1): 77-98, 1992. * WOROBEC, CHRISTINE D. "THE POST-EMANCIPATION RUSSIAN PEASANT COMMUNE IN OREL PROVINCE, 1861-90," in: ROGER BARTLETT, ed. LAND COMMUNE AND PEASANT COMMUNITY IN RUSSIA: COMMUNAL FORMS IN IMPERIAL AND EARLY SOVIET SOCIETY. NEW YORK: ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, 1990, pp. 86-105. *

SOCIAL & INTELLECTUAL HISTORY: AVERINTSEV, SERGEI. “THE IDEA OF HOLY RUSSIA.” HISTORY TODAY 39(NOV 1989): 37-44. * BERLIN, ISAIAH. RUSSIAN THINKERS. NEW YORK: VIKING PRESS, 1978. DK189.2 B47 BILLINGTON, JAMES H. FIRE IN THE MINDS OF MEN: ORIGINS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY FAITH. NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.: TRANSACTION PUBLISHERS, c1999. [VPL: 322.42 B59f] BLACK, CYRIL E. “THE MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY,” in: CYRIL E. BLACK, ed. THE TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY: ASPECTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE SINCE 1861. 1960, pp. 661-80. * BLACK, CYRIL E. “THE NATURE OF IMPERIAL RUSSIAN SOCIETY.” SLAVIC REVIEW 20 (1961): 565-600. * BLACKWELL. WILLIAM L. THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. NEW YORK: TH. Y. CROWELL, c1970. BRANDT, HEINRICH VON. IN THE LEGIONS OF NAPOLEON: THE MEMOIRS OF A POLISH OFFICER IN SPAIN AND RUSSIA, 1808-1813. MECHANICSBURG, PA: STACKPOLE BOOKS, 1999. BROWER, DANIEL R. “FATHER, SONS & GRANDFATHERS: SOCIAL ORIGINS OF RADICAL INTELLECTUALS IN 19TH CENTURY RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 2(1969): 333-355. * BROWER, DANIEL R. “LABOR VIOLENCE IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY.” SLAVIC REVIEW 41(3): 417-431, 1982. * BROWER, DANIEL R. TRAINING THE NIHILISTS: EDUCATION AND RADICALISM IN TSARIST

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RUSSIA. ITHACA, N.Y.: CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1975. LA838.7 B76 BURBANK, JANE & DAVID L. RANSEL, eds. NEW HISTORIES FOR THE EMPIRE. 1998. BUSHNELL, JOHN. “PEASANTS IN UNIFORM: THE TSARIST ARMY AS A PEASANT SOCIETY.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 13(4): 565-76, 1980. * BYRNES, ROBERT F. “RUSSIAN CONSERVATIVE THOUGHT BEFORE THE REVOLUTION,” in: THEOFANIS G. STAVROU, ed. RUSSIA UNDER THE LAST TSAR. 1969, pp. 42-68. * CHOLDIN, MARIANNA T. A FENCE AROUND THE EMPIRE: RUSSIAN CENSORSHIP OF WESTERN IDEAS UNDER THE TSARS. DURHAM, NC: DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1985. DAVIES, RUTH. “FOUR REBELS IN SEARCH OF A REVOLUTION,” in: RUTH DAVIES.THE GREAT BOOKS OF RUSSIA. NORMAN, OK: UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS, 1968, pp. 101-35. [VPL: 891.7 D257G] DAVIES, RUTH. “THE LOSER WON THE DUEL,” in: RUTH DAVIES. THE GREAT BOOKS OF RUSSIA. NORMAN, OK: UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS, 1968, pp. 3-25. * [VPL: 891.7 D257G] EKLOF, BEN. "PEASANTS AND SCHOOLS," in: EKLOF, BEN AND STEPHEN P. FRANK, eds. THE WORLD OF THE RUSSIAN PEASANT: POST-EMANCIPATION CULTURE AND SOCIETY. BOSTON, MA: UNWIN HYMAN, 1990, pp. 115-32. HD1536 S65 W67 EKLOF, BEN AND STEPHEN P. FRANK, eds. THE WORLD OF THE RUSSIAN PEASANT: POST- EMANCIPATION CULTURE AND SOCIETY. BOSTON, MA: UNWIN HYMAN, 1990. HD1536 S65 W67 ELKIN, BORIS. “THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION,” in: RICHARD PIPES, ed. THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. 1961, pp. 32-64. * ELLISON, HERBERT J. “ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: PURPOSES AND ACHIEVEMENTS.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 25(DEC 1965): 523-540. ENGEL, BARBARA. BETWEEN THE FIELDS AND THE CITY: WOMEN, WORK, AND FAMILY IN RUSSIA, 1861-1914. NEW YORK: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1994. ENGEL, BARBARA A. “MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS: FAMILY PATTERNS AND THE FEMALE INTELLIGENTSIA,” in: DAVID L. RANSEL, ed. THE FAMILY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: NEW LINES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH. URBANA, IL: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS, c1978, pp. 41-59. * ENGEL, BARBARA A. “RUSSIAN PEASANT VIEW OF CITY LIFE, 1861-1914.” SLAVIC REVIEW 52(3): 446- 459, 1993. * ENGEL, BARBARA A. “WOMEN AS REVOLUTIONARIES: THE CASE OF THE RUSSIAN POPULISTS,” in: RENATE BRIDENTHAL & CLAUDIA KOONZ, eds. BECOMING VISIBLE: WOMEN IN EUROPEAN HISTORY. BOSTON: HOUGHTON MIFFLIN, c1977, pp. 346-369. * FEDOSOV, I. A. “THE SOCIAL ESSENCE AND EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM (18th AND FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURIES).” SOVIET STUDIES IN HISTORY 11(1): 56-92, SUMMER 1972. * FRANK, SEMEN. “THE ETHIC OF NIHILISM: A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA’S MORAL OUTLOOK,” in: BORIS SHRAGIN & ALBERT TODD, eds. LANDMARKS: A COLLECTION OF ESSAYS ON THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: KARZ HOWARD, c1977, pp. 155-184. DK255 V4413 GEIFMAN, ANNA. “ASPECTS OF EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY RUSSIAN TERRORISM: THE SOCIALIST- REVOLUTIONARY COMBAT ORGANIZATION.” TERRORISM & POLITICAL VIOLENCE 4(2): 23-46, 1992. * GOLDSMITH, RAYMOND W. “THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TSARIST RUSSIA, 1860-1913.” ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & CULTURAL CHANGE 9(3): 441-475, 1961. * HAMBURG, GARY M., ed. THE POLITICS OF THE RUSSIAN NOBILITY, 1881-1905. NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1984. HARE, RICHARD. “ALEXANDER HERZEN,” in: RICHARD HARE. PIONEERS OF RUSSIAN SOCIAL THOUGHT. NEW YORK: RANDOM HOUSE, 1964, pp. 251-322. [VPL: 301 H27p REF] HINGLEY, RONALD. THE RUSSIAN MIND. NEW YORK: SCRIBNER, c1977. DK32 H56 HINGLEY, RONALD. RUSSIAN WRITERS & SOCIETY IN THE 19TH CENTURY. LONDON: WEIDENFELD & NICOLSON, 1977. IZGOEV, ALKSANDR. “ON EDUCATED YOUTH: NOTES ON ITS LIFE AND SENTIMENTS,” in: BORIS SHRAGIN & ALBERT TODD, eds. LANDMARKS: A COLLECTION OF ESSAYS ON THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: KARZ HOWARD,c1977, pp. 88-111. DK255 V4413 JOHNSON, ROBERT E. PEASANT AND PROLETARIAN: THE WORKING CLASS OF MOSCOW IN THE

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LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY. NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J.: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1979. LINCOLN, W. BRUCE. “THE DAILY LIFE OF ST. PETERBURG OFFICIALS IN THE MID NINETEENTH CENTURY.” OXFROD SLAVONIC PAPERS 8(1975): 82-100. * LINCOLN, W. BRUCE. “THE PROBLEM OF GLASNOST IN MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN POLITICS.” EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW 11(1981): 171-88. * LUBASZ, HEINZ. REVOLUTIONS IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY. NEW YORK: MACMILLAN, c1966. D210 L8 MALIA, MARTIN. ALEXANDER HERZEN AND THE BIRTH OF RUSSIAN SOCIALISM, 1812-1855. CAMBRIDGE, MA: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961. DK209.6 H4 M3 MALIA, ALLAN “THE GENTRY REVOLUTIONARY,” in: MARTIN MALIA. ALEXANDER HERZEN AND THE BIRTH OF RUSSIAN SOCIALISM, 1812-1855. CAMBRIDGE, MA: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961, pp. 416-426. DK209.6 H4 M3 MALIA, MARTIN. “WHAT IS THE INTELLIGENTSIA?” in: RICHARD PIPES, ed. THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961, pp. 1-18. * MATOSSIAN, M. “THE PEASANT WAY OF LIFE,” in: WAYNE S.VUCINICH, ed. THE PEASANT IN NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIA. STANFORD, CA: STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1968, pp. 1-40. HN523 P4 METZER, J. “RAILROAD DEVELOPMENT & MARKET INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF TSARIST RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 34(3): 529-549, 1974. * MILLER, MARTIN A. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY EMIGRES, 1825-1870. BALTIMORE, MD: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1986. OBERLANDER, ERWIN. “THE ROLE OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES,” in: ERWIN OBERLANDER et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1894-1917. NEW YORK: SCHOCKEN BOOKS, 1971, pp. 60-84. DK255 R713 OFFORD, DEREK. NINETEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA: OPPOSITION TO AUTOCRACY. NEW YORK: LONGMAN, 1999. OFFORD, DEREK. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN THE 1880s. NEW YORK: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1986. PINTNER, WALTER M. “REFORMABILITY IN THE AGE OF REFORM AND COUNTERREFORM, 1855-94,” in: R. O. CRUMMEY, ed. REFORM IN RUSSIAN AND THE USSR. URBANA, ILL.: UNIVERSITY OF ILLIONOIS, 1989, pp. 86-99. * PIPES, RICHARD. “THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA,” in: RICHARD PIPES, ed. THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961, pp. 47-62. * PIPES, RICHARD. “RUSSIAN CONSERVATISM IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY.” SLAVIC REVIEW 30(MAR 1971): 121-128. * POLLARD, ALAN P. “THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA: THE MIND OF RUSSIA.” CALIFORNIA SLAVIC STUDIES 3(1964): 1-32. * POMPER. PAUL. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: CROWELL, 1970. RAEFF, MARC. ORIGINS OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA: THE 18TH CENTURY NOBILITY. 1966. RAEFF, MARC, ed. RUSSIAN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY: AN ANTHOLOGY. NEW YORK: HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, 1966. DK32.7 R3 SAMPSON, RONALD V. “ALEXANDER HERZEN,” in: RONALD V. SAMPSON. THE DISCOVERY OF PEACE. NEW YORK: PANTHEON BOOKS, 1973, pp. 49-71. SCHAPIRO, LEONARD B. RUSSIAN STUDIES. LONDON: COLLINS MARVILL, 1986. SCHAPIRO, LEONARD. “THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENTSIA AND THE LEGAL ORDER,” in: RICHARD PIPES, ed. THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961, pp. 19-31. * SETON-WATSON, HUGH. “RUSSIA AND MODERNIZATION.” SLAVIC REVIEW 20(1961): 583-600. * SHRAGIN, BORIS & ALBERT TODD, eds. LANDMARKS: A COLLECTION OF ESSAYS ON THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: KARZ HOWARD, c1977. DK255 V4413 SIMON, GERHARD. “CHURCH, STATE AND SOCIETY,” in: E. OBERLANDER, et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS

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THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. 1971, pp. 199-235. DK262 R8813 VON LAUE, THEODORE. “RUSSIAN LABOR BETWEEN FIELD & FACTORY, 1892-1903.” CALIFORNIA SLAVIC STUDIES 3(1964): 33-65. * WALICKI, ANDREJ. THE CONTROVERSY OVER CAPITALISM: STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY OF THE RUSSIAN POPULISTS. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, 1969. WILLETTS, HARRY T. “THE AGRARIAN PROBLEM,” in: E. OBERLANDER, et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1894-1917. NEW YORK: SCHOCKEN BOOKS, 1971, pp. 111-37. DK255 R713 WIRTSCHAFTER, ELISE K. "LEGAL IDENTITY AND THE POSSESSION OF SERFS IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA." JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 70(3): 561-87, 1998. *

CATHERINE II, 1762-1796:

ALEXANDER, JOHN T. “CATHERINE II’s EFFORTS AT LIBERALIZATION AND THEIR AFTERMATH,” in: R. O. CRUMNEY, ed. REFORM IN RUSSIA AND THE USSR. 1989, pp. 72-85. *

PAUL I , 1796-1801:

KEEP, JOHN L. H. “THE RUSSIAN ARMY’S RESPONSE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.” JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS 28(1980): 500-23. RAGSDALE, HUGH. DÉTENTE IN THE NAPOLEONIC ERA: BONAPARTE AND THE RUSSIANS. LAWRENCE, Kans.: REGENTS PRESS OF KANSAS, c1980. RAGSDALE, HUGH, ed. PAUL I: A REASSESSMENT OF HIS LIFE AND REIGN. PITTSBURGH: UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH PRESS, c1979. RAGSDALE, HUGH. TSAR PAUL AND THE QUESTION OF MADNESS: AN ESSAY IN HISTORY AND PSYCHOLOGY. NEW YORK: GREENWOOD PRESS, 1988.

THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER I, 1801-1825: AMARI. THE DECEMBRISTS. NEW YORK: INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES PRESS, 1958. [ VPL: 947.07 Z61d] AUSTIN, PAUL B. 1812: NAPOLEON'S INVASION OF RUSSIA. MECHANICSBURG, PA: STACKPOLE BOOKS, 2000. BRETT-JAMES, ANTHONY. 1812: EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF NAPOLEON'S DEFEAT IN RUSSIA. NEW YORK: ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, 1966. DC235 B8 DAVIES, RUTH. “THE LOSER WON THE DUEL,” in: RUTH DAVIES. THE GREAT BOOKS OF RUSSIA. 1968, pp. 3-25. * ELROD, RICHARD B. “THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: A FRESH LOOK AT AN INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM.” WORLD POLITICS 28(2): 159-74, 1976. * GRIMSTED, PATRICIA K. “CAPODISTRIAS AND A NEW ORDER FOR RESTORATION EUROPE: THE LIBERAL IDEAS OF A RUSSIAN FOREIGN MINISTER, 1814-1822.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 40(2): 166-92, JUN 1968. * HARTLEY, J. “NAPOLEON IN RUSSIA: SAVIOR OR ANTI-CHRIST?” HISTORY TODAY 41 (JAN 1991): 28-34. * KEEP, JOHN L. H. “THE RUSSIAN ARMY’S RESPONSE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.” JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS 28(1980): 500-23. KISSINGER, HENRY A. “THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA: A REAPPRAISAL.” WORLD POLITICS 8(2): 264-80, JAN 1956. * KUTSCHEROFF, SAMUEL. “ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE UNDER NICHOLAS I OF RUSSIA.” AMERICAN SLAVIC AND EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 7(2): 125-38, 1948. *

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McCONNEL, ALLEN. “ALEXANDER I’s HUNDRED DAYS: THE POLITICS OF A PATERNALIST REFORMER.” SLAVIC REVIEW 28(3): 373-393, 1969. * McCONNEL, ALLEN. TSAR ALEXANDER I: PATERNALISTIC REFORMER. NEW YORK: CROWELL, c1970. DK191 M23 MELTON, EDGAR. “ENLIGHTENED SEIGNIORIALISM AND ITS DILEMMAS IN SERF RUSSIA, 1750-1830.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 62(4): 709-46, DEC 1990. * MELTON, EDGAR. “HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIES AND COMMUNAL CONFLICTS ON A RUSSIAN SERF ESTATE, 1800-1817.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 26(3): 559-585, 1993. * PARKER, HAROLD T. “WHY DID NAPOLEON INVADE RUSSIA? A STUDY IN MOTIVATION AND THE INTERRELATIONS OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE.” JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 54(2): 131-46, APR 1990. * PIPES, RICHARD. “RUSSIAN MILITARY COLONIES, 1810-1831.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 22(3): 205-219, 1950. * RAEFF, MARC. “IMPERIAL RUSSIA: PETER I TO NICHOLAS I,” in: R. AUTY & D.OBLENSKY, eds. AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN HISTORY. 1976, pp. 121-71. DK40 I57 RAGSDALE. HUGH. DETENTE IN THE NAPOLEONIC ERA: BONAPARTE AND THE RUSSIANS. LAWRENCE, Kans.: REGENTS PRESS OF KANSAS, c1980. ROOSEVELT, PRISCILLA. “IDEAL WORLDS: THE IDYLL OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA.” YALE REVIEW 83(4): 32-66, 1995. * SCHROEDER, PAUL W. “NAPOLEON’S FOREIGN POLICY: A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE.” JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 54(2): 147-61, APR 1990. * STRAKHOVSKY, LEONID I. ALEXANDER I OF RUSSIA: THE MAN WHO DEFEATED NAPOLEON. NEW YORK: W.W. NORTON & CO., 1947. SUNDERLAND, WILLARD. “PEASANTS ON THE MOVE: STATE PEASANT RESETTLEMENT IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1805-1830s.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 52(4): 472-485, 1993. * WALKER, FRANKLIN A. “K. F. RYLEYEV: A SELF-SACRIFICE FOR REVOLUTION.” SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 47(1969): 436-46. WALTER, JACOB. THE DIARY OF A NAPOLEONIC FOOT SOLDIER. Ed. with an introduction by Marc Raeff. NEW YORK: DOUBLEDAY, c 1991. DC226.5 W3513 WIECZYNSKI, JOSEPH L. “THE MUTINY OF THE SEMENOVSKY REGIMENT IN 1820.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 29(1970): 167-80. * WIRTSCHAFTER, ELISE K. “SOCIAL MISFITS: VETERANS AND SOLDIERS’ FAMILIES IN SERVILE RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 59(2): 215-35, APR 1995. *

THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I, 1825-1855:

AMANN, PETER. “THE CHANGING OUTLINES OF 1848.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 68(4): 938-53, 1963.* AMARI. THE DECEMBRISTS. NEW YORK: INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 1956. [VPL: 947.07 Z61D] BARRATT, GLYNN R.V. VOICES IN EXILE: THE DECEMBRIST MEMOIRS. MONTREAL, QUE.: McGILL- QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1974. [VPL: 947.07 V88] BERLIN, ISAIAH. “A MARVELLOUS DECADE, I: 1838-1848: THE BIRTH OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA.” ENCOUNTER 4(6): 27-39, 1955. BERLIN, ISAIAH. “A MARVELLOUS DECADE, II: 1838-1848: GERMAN ROMANTICISM IN PETERSBURG & MOSCOW.” ENCOUNTER 5(5): 21-29, 1955. BERLIN, ISAIAH. “A MARVELLOUS DECADE, III: BELINSKY, MORALIST & PROPHET.” ENCOUNTER 5(6): 22-43, 1955. BERLIN, ISAIAH. “RUSSIA AND 1848,” in: HEINZ LUBASZ, ed. REVOLUTIONS IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY. 1966, pp. 92-111. D210 L8 BERRY, ROBERT A. “CZARTORYSKI’S HOTEL: LAMBERT AND THE GREAT POWERS IN THE BALKANS, 1832-1848.” INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW 7(1): 45-67, FEB 1985. * BOLKHOVITINOV, NIKOLAY N. “THE CRIMEAN WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF PROPOSALS FOR THE

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SALE OF RUSSIAN AMERICA, 1853-1861.” PACIFIC HISTORICAL REVIEW 60 (1990): 15-49. * COWLES, VIRGINIA. THE RUSSIAN DAGGER: COLD WAR IN THE DAYS OF THE CZARS. NEW YORK: HARPER & ROW, c1969. CURTISS, JOHN S. “THE ARMY OF NICHOLAS I: ITS ROLE AND CHARACTER.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 63(4): 880-89, JUL 1958. * CURTISS, JOHN S. THE RUSSIAN ARMY UNDER NICHOLAS I, 1825-1855. DURHAM, NC: DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1965. DK53 C85 CURTISS, JOHN S. RUSSIA’S CRIMEAN WAR. DURHAM, N.C.: DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1979. DAVIES, RUTH. “THE LOSER WON THE DUEL,” in: RUTH DAVIES. THE GREAT BOOKS OF RUSSIA. NORMAN, Okla.: UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS, 1968, pp. 3-25. * GOLDER, FRANK A. “RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS DURING THE CRIMEAN WAR.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 31(3): 462-76, APR 1926. * GORIELY, B. “THE RUSSIA OF NICHOLAS I in 1848,” in: FRANCOIS FEJTO, ed. THE OPENING OF AN ERA, 1848: AN HISTORICAL SYMPOSIUM. LONDON: A. WINGATE, 1973, pp. 394-413. HAMMEN, OSCAR J. “FREE EUROPE VERSUS RUSSIA, 1830-1854.” AMERICAN SLAVIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 11(1): 27-41, 1952. HASKETT, JEANNE M. “DECEMBRISTS IN SIBERIAN EXILE, 1826-56.” MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ART & LETTERS. PAPERS. 49(1964): 487-504. * HORVATH, EUGENE. “RUSSIA AND THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION (1848-9).” SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 12(1933-34): 628-45. * KOLCHIN, PETER. “IN DEFENSE OF SERVITUDE: AMERICAN PROSLAVERY AND RUSSIAN PROSERFDOM ARGUMENTS, 1760-1860.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 85(4): 809-27, 1980. * LINCOLN, W. BRUCE. “THE DAILY LIFE OF ST. PETERBURG OFFICIALS IN THE MID NINETEENTH CENTURY.” OXFORD SLAVONIC PAPERS 8(1975): 82-100. * LINCOLN, W.BRUCE. NICHOLAS I: EMPEROR AND AUTOCRAT OF ALL THE RUSSIAS. LONDON: ALLEN LANE, 1978. LINCOLN, W. BRUCE. “RUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS OF 1848.” HISTORY TODAY 23(1): 53-59, JAN 1973. * LUBASZ, HEINZ, ed. REVOLUTIONS IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY. NEW YORK: MACMILLAN, 1966. D210 L8 MALIA, MARTIN. ALEXANDER HERZEN AND THE BIRTH OF RUSSIAN SOCIALISM, 1812-1855. CAMBRIDGE, MA: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961. DK209.6 H4 M3 MALIA, MARTIN. “THE GENTRY REVOLUTIONARY,” in: MARTIN MALIA. ALEXANDER HERZEN AND THE BIRTH OF RUSSIAN SOCIALISM, 1812-1855. CAMBRIDGE, MA: HAVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961, pp. 416-26. DK209.6 H4 M3 MAZOUR, ANATOLE G. THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1825: THE DECEMBRIST MOVEMENT, ITS ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE. STANFORD, CA.: STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961. DK212 M3 MELTON, EDGAR. “ENLIGHTENED SEIGNIORIALISM AND ITS DILEMMAS IN SERF RUSSIA, 1750-1830.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 62(4): 709-46, 1990. * MILLER, MARTIN A. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY EMIGRES, 1825-1870. BALTIMORE, MD: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS, c1986. MOON, DAVID “RUSSIAN PEASANT VOLUNTEERS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CRIMEAN WAR.” SLAVIC REVIEW 51(WINTER 1992): 691-704. * PALMER, ALAN W. ALEXANDER I: TSAR OF WAR AND PEACE. NEW YORK: HARPER & ROW, 1974. DK191 P348 PALMER, ALAN W. THE BANNER OF BATTLE: THE STORY OF THE CRIMEAN WAR. LONDON: WEIDENFELD & NICOLSON, 1987. PARKER, HAORLD T. “WHY DID NAPOLEON INVADE RUSSIA ? A STUDY IN MOTIVATION AND THE INTERRELATIONS OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE.” JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 54(2): 131-46, 1990. * PIPES, RICHARD. “THE RUSSIAN MILITARY COLONIES, 1810-1831.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 22(3): 205-219, SEP 1950. *

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POLLARD, ALAN P. “THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA: THE MIND OF RUSSIA.” CALIFORNIA SLAVIC STUDIES 3(1964): 1-32. * RAEFF, MARC. “AN AMERICAN VIEW OF THE DECEMBRIST REVOLT.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 25(3): 286-93, SEP 1953. * RAEFF, MARC. “IMPERIAL RUSSIA: PETER I TO NICHOLAS I,” in: R. AUTY & D.OBLENSKY, eds. AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN HISTORY. 1976, pp. 121-71. DK40 I57 RAEFF, MARC. THE DECEMBRIST MOVEMENT. ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, N.J.: PRENTICE-HALL, 1966. RICH, NORMAN. WHY THE CRIMEAN WAR? A CAUTIONARY TALE. HANOVER, N.H.: BROWN UNIVERSITY PRESS OF NEW ENGLAND, 1985. DK215 R53 ROOSEVELT, PRISCILLA. “IDEAL WORLDS: THE IDYLL OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA.” YALE REVIEW 83(4): 32-66, 1995. * SAAB, A.P., J.M.KNAPP & F.B.KNAPP. “A REASSESSMENT OF FRENCH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CRIMEAN WAR BASED ON THE PAPERS OF ADOLPHE DE BOURQUENEY.” FRENCH HISTORICAL STUDIES 14(4): 467-496, 1986. SCHMITT, BERNADOTTE E. “THE DIPLOMATIC PRELIMINARIES OF THE CRIMEAN WAR.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 25(1): 36-67, OCT 1919. * SCHROEDER, PAUL W. “THE AFTERMATH: THE BITTER FRUITS OF PEACE,” in: PAUL W. SCHROEDER. AUSTRIA, GREAT BRITAIN & THE CRIMEAN WAR: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN CONCERT. ITHACA, N.Y.: CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1972, pp. 368-391. SCHROEDER, PAUL W. “BRUCK VERSUS BUOL: THE DISPUTE OVER AUSTRIAN EASTERN POLICY, 1853-1855.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 40(2): 193-217, JUN 1968. * SCHROEDER, PAUL W. “THE OUTCOME FOR EUROPE: CONFRONTATION OR CONCERT,” in: PAUL W.SCHROEDER. AUSTRIA, GREAT BRITAIN & THE CRIMEAN WAR: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE EUROPEAN CONCERT. ITHACA, N.Y.: CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1972, pp. 392-417. SEATON, ALBERT. THE CRIMEAN WAR: A RUSSIAN CHRONICLE. NEW YORK: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, 1977. STEPHAN, JOHN J. “THE CRIMEAN WAR IN THE FAR EAST.” MODERN ASIAN STUDIES 3(3): 257-77, 1969. * SUNDERLAND, WILLARD. “PEASANTS ON THE MOVE: STATE PEASANT RESETTLEMENT IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1805-1830s.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 52(4): 472-485, 1993. * ULAM, ADAM B. RUSSIA’S FAILED REVOLUTIONS: FROM DECEMBRISTS TO THE DISSIDENTS. NEW YORK: BASIC BOOKS, c1981. [VPL: 947.08 U36r] VOEGELIN, ERIC. “BAKUNIN’S CONFESSION.” JOURNAL OF POLITICS 8(1): 24-43, FEB 1946. * WALKER, FRANKLIN A. “K. F. RYLEYEV: A SELF-SACRIFICE FOR REVOLUTION.” SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 47(1969): 436-46. * WIRTSCHAFTER, ELISE K. “SOCIAL MISFITS: VETERANS AND SOLDIERS’ FAMILIES IN SERVILE RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 59(2): 215-35, APR 1995. *

THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER II, 1855-1881: AKSAKOV, KONSTANTIN S. “ON THE INTERNAL STATE OF RUSSIA,” in: MARC RAEFF, ed. RUSSIAN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY. NEW YORK: HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, 1966, pp. 231-251. DK32.7 R3 BAILEY, THOMAS A. “WHY THE UNITED STATES PURCHASED ALASKA.” PACIFIC HISTORICAL REVIEW 3(1934): 39-49. * BALMUTH, DANIEL. “ORIGINS OF THE RUSSIAN PRESS REFORM OF 1865.” SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 47(1969): 369-88. BOLKHOVITINOV, NIKOLAY N. “THE CRIMEAN WAR AND THE EMERGENCE OF PROPOSALS FOR THE SALE OF RUSSIAN AMERICA, 1853-1861.” PACIFIC HISTORICAL REVIEW 60 (1990): 15-49. *

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BROWER, DANIEL R. “FATHERS, SONS AND GRANDFATHERS: SOCIAL ORIGINS OF RADICAL INTELLECTUALS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 2(1969): 333-55. * BROWER, DANIEL R. TRAINING OF THE NIHILISTS: EDUCATION AND RADICALISM IN TSARIST RUSSIA. ITHACA, N.Y.: CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1975. LA838.7 B76 BUSHNELL, JOHN. “PEASANTS IN UNIFORM: THE TSARIST ARMY AS A PEASANT SOCIETY.” JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY 13(4): 565-76, 1980. * ELLISON, HERBERT J. “ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: PURPOSES AND ACHIEVEMENTS.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 25(4): 523-40, 1965. * EMMONS, TERENCE. “THE RUSSIAN LANDED GENTRY AND POLITICS.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 33(3): 269-83, JUL 1974. * ENGEL, BARBARA A. "MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS: FAMILY PATTERNS AND THE FEMALE INTELLIGENTSIA," in: DAVID R. RANSEL, ed. THE FAMILY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: NEW LINES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH. URBANA, IL: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS, 1978, pp. 41-59. * ENGEL, BARBARA A. “RUSSIAN PEASANT VIEWS OF CITY LIFE, 1861-1914.” SLAVIC REVIEW 52(3): 446-59, * FRANK, SEMEN. “THE ETHIC OF NIHILISM: A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA’S MORAL OUTLOOK,” in: BORIS SHRAGIN & ALBERT TODD, eds. LANDMARKS: A COLLECTION OF ESSAYS ON THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: KARZ HOWARD, c1977, pp. 155-184. DK255 V4413 GERSCHENKRON, ALEXANDER. “THE EARLY PHASES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN RUSSIA: AFTERTHOUGHTS AND COUNTERTHOUGHTS,” in: WALT W. ROSTOW, ed. THE ECONOMICS OF TAKE-OFF INTO SUSTAINED GROWTH. 1963, pp. 151-69. * GIBSON, JAMES R. IMPERIAL RUSSIA IN FRONTIER AMERICA: THE CHANGING GEOGRAPHY OF SUPPLY OF RUSSIAN AMERICA, 1784-1867. NEW YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1976. F907 G52 GOLDER, FRANK A. “RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS DURING THE CRIMEAN WAR.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 31(3): 462-76, APR 1926. * GOLDSMITH, RAYMOND W. “THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TSARIST RUSSIA, 1860-1913.” ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & CULTURAL CHANGE 9(3): 441-475, APR 1961. * KAHAN, ARCADIUS. “GOVERNMENT POLICIES & THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 27(DEC 1967): 460-477. * KEEP, JOHN. “IMPERIAL RUSSIA: ALEXANDER II TO THE REVOLUTION,” in: R. AUTY & D. OBOLENSKY, eds. AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN HISTORY. 1976, pp. 196-271. DK40 I57 KIPP, JACOB W. “M. KH. REUTERN ON THE RUSSIAN STATE AND ECONOMY: A LIBERAL BUREAUCRAT DURING THE CRIMEAN ERA, 1854-60.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 47(3): 437-59, SEP 1975. * KOLCHIN, PETER. “IN DEFENSE OF SERVITUDE: AMERICAN PROSLAVERY AND RUSSIAN PROSERFDOM ARGUMENTS, 1760-1860.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 85(4): 809-27, 1980. * LINCOLN, W. BRUCE. “THE PROBLEM OF GLASNOST IN MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIAN POLITICS.” EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW 11(1981): 171-88. * MALIA, MARTIN. ALEXANDER HERZEN AND THE BIRTH OF RUSSIAN SOCIALISM, 1812-1855. CAMBRIDGE, MA: HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961. DK209.6 H4 M3 MALIA, MARTIN. “WHAT IS THE INTELLIGENTSIA?,” in: RICHARD PIPES, ed. THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1961, pp. 1-18. MILLER, MARTIN A. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY EMIGRES, 1825-1870. BALTIMORE, Md.: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS, c1986. MOSSE, WERNER E. ALEXANDER II AND THE MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA. LONDON: ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES PRESS, 1958. DK220 M6 MOSSE, WERNER E. “HOW RUSSIA MADE PEACE: SEPTEMBER 1855 TO APRIL 1856 [CRIMEAN WAR].” CAMBRIDGE HISTORICAL JOURNAL 11(1954): 297-316. * PARRY, ALBERT. “HUNTING THE TSAR,” in: ALBERT PARRY. TERRORISM FROM ROBESPIERRE TO ARAFAT. NEW YORK: VANGUARD PRESS, 1976, pp. 107-119. * PINTNER, WALTER M. “REFORMABILITY IN THE AGE OF REFORM AND COUNTERREFORM, 1855-94,” in:

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ROBERT O.CRUMMEY, ed. REFORM IN RUSSIA AND THE USSR. URBANA, IL: UNIVERSITY OF ILLIONOIS PRESS, 1989, pp. 86-99. * POLLARD, ALAN P. “THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA: THE MIND OF RUSSIA.” CALIFORNIA SLAVIC STUDIES 3(1964): 1-32. * POMPER, PHILIP. PETER LAVROV AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT. CHICAGO, IL: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, c1972. POMPER, PHILIP. RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: CROWELL, 1970. PORTER, CATHY. FATHERS AND DAUGHTERS: RUSSIAN WOMEN IN REVOLUTION. LONDON: VIRAGO PRESS, 1976. [ VPL: 947.08 P84F] PUSHKAREV, SERGE. “THE RUSSIAN PEASANTS’ REACTION TO THE EMANCIPATION OF1861.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 27(APR 1968): 199-214. * QUEEN, GEORGE S. “WHARTON BARKER AND CONCESSIONS IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1878-1882.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 17(3): 202-14, SEP 1945. * RAEFF, MARC. ORIGINS OF THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY NOBILITY. NEW YORK: HARCOURT, BRACE & WORLD, 1966. RIEBER, ALFRED J. “ALEXANDER II: A REVISIONIST VIEW.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 43(1): 42-58, MAR 1971. * ROGGER, HANS. “REFLECTIONS ON RUSSIAN CONSERVATISM: 1861-1905.” JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS 14(JUN 1966): 195-212. * SAPIR, BORIS. “PETR LAVROV.” INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL HISTORY 17(1972): 441-54. * STEPHAN, JOHN J. “THE CRIMEAN WAR IN THE FAR EAST.” MODERN ASIAN STUDIES 3(3): 257-77, 1969. * SUNY, RONALD G. “THE PEASANTS HAVE ALWAYS FED US: THE GEORGIAN NOBILITY AND THE PEASANT EMANCIPATION.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 38(1): 27-51, JAN 1979. * ULAM, ADAM B. VON BORCKE, ASTRID. “VIOLENCE AND TERROR IN RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY POPULISM: THE NARODNAYA VOLYA, 1879-83,” in: WOLFGANG J. MOMMSEN & GERHARD HIRSCHFELD, eds. SOCIAL PROTEST, VIOLENCE AND TERROR IN NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY EUROPE. 1982, pp. 48-62.* VUCINICH, WAYNE S., ed. THE PEASANT IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY RUSSIA. STANFORD, CA.: STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1968. HN523 P4 WILLETTS, H.T. “THE AGRARIAN PROBLEM,” in: ERWIN OBERLANDER, et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1894-1917. NEW YORK: SCHOCKEN BOOKS, 1971, pp. 111-137. WIRTSCHAFTER, ELISE K. “LEGAL IDENTITY AND THE POSSESSION OF SERFS IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 70(3): 561-87, SEP 1998. * WIRTSCHAFTER, ELISE K. “SOCIAL MISFITS: VETERANS AND SOLDIERS’ FAMILIES IN SERVILE RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 59(2): 215-35, APR 1995. * WOROBEC, CHRISTINE D. “THE POST EMANCIPATION RUSSIAN PEASANT COMMUNE,” in: ROGER BERTLETT, ed. LAND COMMUNE AND PEASANT COMMUNITY IN RUSSIA. NEW YORK: ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, 1990, pp. 86-105. * WORTMAN, RICHARD. THE CRISIS OF RUSSIAN POPULISM. LONDON: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1967. WORTMAN, RICHARD. “RULE BY SENTIMENT: ALEXANDER II’s JOURNEYS THROUGH THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 95(JUN 1990): 745-771. * ZELNIK, REGINALD E. LABOR AND SOCIETY IN TSARIST RUSSIA: THE FACTORY WORKERS OF ST. PETERSBURG, 1855-1870. STANFORD, CA: STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1971. HD8526 Z45 ZELNIK, REGINALD E. "THE PEASANT AND THE FACTORY," in: WAYNE S. VUCINICH, ed. THE PEASANT IN 19th CENTURY RUSSIA. STANFORD, CA: STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1968, pp. 158-90. * ZELNIK, REGINALD E. “POPULISTS AND WORKERS: THE FIRST ENCOUNTER BETWEEN POPULIST STUDENTS & INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN ST. PETERSBURG, 1871-74.” SOVIET STUDIES 24(2): 251-269, OCT 1972. *

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THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER III, 1881-1894: BUSHNELL, JOHN. “THE TSARIST OFFICER CORPS, 1881-1914: CUSTOMS, DUTIES, INEFFICIENCY.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 86(4): 753-80, 1981. * BYRNES, ROBERT F. “POBEDONOSTSEV’S CONCEPTION OF THE GOOD SOCIETY: AN ANALYSIS OF HIS THOUGHT AFTER 1880.” REVIEW OF POLITICS 13(1951): 169- 90. BYRNES, ROBERT F. “RUSSIA AND THE WEST: THE VIEWS OF POBEDONOSTSEV.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 40(2): 234-56, JUN 1968. * BYRNES, ROBERT F. “RUSSIAN CONSERVATIVE THOUGHT BEFORE THE REVOLUTION,” in: THEOFANIS G. STAVROU, ed. RUSSIA UNDER THE LAST TSAR. MINNEAPOLIS, Min.: UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESS, 1969, pp. 42-68. ELLISON, HERBERT J. “ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: PURPOSES AND ACHIEVEMENTS.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 25(4): 523-40, 1965. * EMMONS, TERENCE. “THE RUSSIAN LANDED GENTRY AND POLITICS.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 33(3): 269-83, JUL 1974. * ENGEL, BARBARA A. “RUSSIAN PEASANT VIEWS OF CITY LIFE, 1861-1914.” SLAVIC REVIEW 52(3): 446-59, * ENGEL, BARBARA A. “WOMEN AS REVOLUTIONARIES: THE CASE OF THE RUSSIAN POPULISTS,” in: RENATE BRIDENTHAL & CLAUDIA KOONZ, eds. BECOMING VISIBLE: WOMEN IN EUROPEAN HISTORY. 1977, pp. 346-69. * GERSCHENKRON, ALEXANDER. “THE EARLY PHASES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN RUSSIA: AFTERTHOUGHTS AND COUNTERTHOUGHTS,” in: WALT W. ROSTOW, ed. THE ECONOMICS OF TAKE-OFF INTO SUSTAINED GROWTH. 1963, pp. 151-69. * GOLDSMITH, RAYMOND W. “THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TSARIST RUSSIA, 1860-1913.” ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & CULTURAL CHANGE 9(3): 441-475, APR 1961. HEILBRONNER, HANS. “ALEXANDER III AND THE REFORM PLAN OF LORIS-MELIKOV.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 33(4): 384-97, DEC 1961. * JOHNSON, ROBERT E. “FAMILY RELATIONS AND THE RURAL-URBAN NEXUS: PATTERNS IN THE HINTERLAND OF MOSCOW, 1880-1900,” in: DAVID L. RANSEL, ed. THE FAMILY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: NEW LINES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH. URBANA, IL: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS, c1978, pp.

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KAHAN, ARCADIUS. “GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 27(DEC 1967): 460-477. * KATKOV, GEORGE & M.FUTRELL. “RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1880-1914,” in: ERWIN OBERLANDER, et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS THE 2OTH CENTURY. NEW YORK: SCHOCKEM BOOKS, 1971, pp. 9-33. DK255 R713 KEEP, JOHN. “IMPERIAL RUSSIA: ALEXANDER II TO THE REVOLUTION,” in: R. AUTY & D. OBOLENSKY, eds. AN INTRODUCTION TO RUSSIAN HISTORY. 1976, pp. 196-271. DK40 I57 KRUKONES, JAMES H. “SATAN’S BLOOD, TSAR’S INK: RURAL ALCOHOLISM IN AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION FOR THE PEOPLE, 1881-1917.” RUSSIAN HISTORY 18(4): 435-56, 1991. * LENSEN, GEORGE A. “JAPAN AND TSARIST RUSSIA: THE CHANGING RELATIONSHIPS, 1875-1917.” JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS 10(1962): 337-348. * LINSE, ULRICH. “PROPAGANDA BY DEED AND DIRECT ACTION: TWO CONCEPTS OF ANARCHIST VIOLENCE,” in: WOLFGANG J. MOMMSEN & GERHARD HIRSCHFELD, eds. SOCIAL PROTEST, VIOLENCE AND TERROR IN NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY EUROPE. LONDON: MACMILLAN, 1982, pp. 201-29. * METZER, JACOB. “RAILROAD DEVELOPMENT AND MARKET INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF TSARIST RUSSIA.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 34(3): 529-50, SEP 1974. MOSSE, W.E. “BUREAUCRACY AND NOBILITY IN RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.” HISTORICAL JOURNAL 24(3): 605-628, 1981. * NAIMARK, NORMAN M. TERRORISTS AND SOCIAL DEMOCRATS: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY

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c1997. DK254 R3 M69 MOSSE, WERNER. “ BUREAUCRACY AND NOBILITY IN RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY.” HISTORICAL JOURNAL 24(3): 605-628, 1981. * NEILSON, KEITH E. “WISHFUL THINKING: THE FOREIGN OFFICE & RUSSIA, 1907-1917.” in: B.J.C.McKERCHER & D.J.MOSS, eds. SHADOW AND SUBSTANCE IN BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY, 1895-1939. EDMONTON, AB.: UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA PRESS, 1984, pp. 151-180. * OBERLANDER, ERWIN. “THE ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES,” in: ERWIN OBERLANDER, et al., eds. RUSSIA ENTERS THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1894-1917. NEW YORK: SCHOCKEN BOOKS, 1971, pp. 60-84. DK255 R713 PERRIE, MAUREEN. “POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TERROR IN THE TACTICS OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIALIST-REVOLUTIONARY PARTY BEFORE 1914,” in: WOLFGANG J. MOMMSEN & GERHARD HIRSCHFELD, eds. SOCIAL PROTEST, VIOLENCE AND TERROR IN NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY EUROPE. LONDON: MACMILLAN, 1982, pp. 62-79. * PERRIE, MAUREEN. “THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIALIST- REVOLUTIONARY PARTY BEFORE 1917.” SOVIET STUDIES 24(2): 223-250, OCT 1972. * PERRINS, MICHAEL. “RUSSIAN MILITARY POLICY IN THE FAR EAST AND THE 1905 REVOLUTION IN THE RUSSIAN ARMY.” EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW 9(1979): 331-49. * PIPES, RICHARD. “THE NATIONAL PROBLEM IN RUSSIA: THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ON THE EVE OF THE 1917 REVOLUTION,” in: RICHARD PIPES. THE FORMATION OF THE SOVIET UNION: COMMUNISM AND NATIONALISM, 1917-1923. 1954, pp. 1-49. POMPER, PAUL. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY INTELLIGENTSIA. NEW YORK: CROWELL, 1970. RADKEY, OLIVER H. “AN ALTERNATIVE TO BOLSHEVISM: THE PROGRAM OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL REVOLUTIONISM.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 25(1): 25-39, MAR 1953. * RADZINSKII, EDVARD. THE RASPUTIN FILE. NEW YORK: NAN A. TALESE, 2000. DK254 R3 R28 REICHMAN, HENRY. RAILWAYMEN AND REVOLUTION: RUSSIA, 1905. BERKELEY, CA: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1987. RENZI, WILLIAM A. “GREAT BRITAIN, RUSSIA AND THE STRAITS, 1914-1915.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 42(1): 1-20, MAR 1970. * ROGGER, HANS. “THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN RIGHT, 1900-1906.” CALIFORNIA SLAVIC STUDIES 3(1964): 66-94. * ROGGER, HANS. “REFLECTIONS ON RUSSIAN CONSERVATISM: 1861-1905.” JAHRBUCHER FUR GESCHICHTE OSTEUROPAS 14(JUN 1966): 195-212. * ROGGER, HANS. “RUSSIA IN 1914.” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY 1(1966): 95- 119. * SABLINSKY, WALTER. THE ROAD TO BLOODY SUNDAY: FATHER GAPON AND THE ST. PETERSBURG MASSACRE OF 1905. PRINCETON, N.J.: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1976. DK264 S2 SALISBURY, HARRISON E. BLACK NIGHT, WHITE SNOW: RUSSIA’S REVOLUTIONS, 1905-1917. NEW YORK: DOUBLEDAY & CO., 1978. SCHWARZ, SOLOMON M. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905: THE WORKERS’ MOVEMENT AND THE FORMATION OF BOLSHEVISM AND MENSHEVISM. CHICAGO, IL: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, 1967. JN 6598 S6 S37 SONTAG, JOHN P. “TSARIST DEBTS AND TSARIST FOREIGN POLICY.” SLAVIC REVIEW 27(4):529- 541, 1968.* SPECTOR, IVAR. THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: ITS IMPACT ON ASIA. ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, N.J.: PRENTICE-HALL, c1962. DK264.3 S6 SPRING, D.W. “RUSSIA AND THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE, 1905-1914: DEPENDENCE OR INTERDEPENDENCE?” SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 66(4): 564-592, 1988. SPRING, D.W. “RUSSIA AND THE COMING OF WAR,” in: R.J.W. EVANS & H.POGGE VON STRANDMANN, eds. THE COMING OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, 1988, pp. 57-86. STEINBERG, JONATHAN. “GERMANY AND THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 75(7): 1965-86, DEC 1970. * STEINBERG, MARK D. & VLADIMIR M. KHRUSTALEV. THE FALL OF THE ROMANOVS: POLITICAL DREAMS AND PERSONAL STRUGGLES IN A TIME OF REVOLUTION. NEW HAVEN, CT: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, c1995. DK258 S74

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SUMNER, BENEDICT H. “TSARDOM AND IMPERIALISM IN THE FAR EAST AND MIDDLE EAST, 1880-1914.” BRITISH ACADEMY. LONDON. PROCEEDINGS. 27(1941): 25-65. SURH, GERALD D. “PETERSBURG’S FIRST MASS LABOR ORGANIZATION: THE ASSEMBLY OF RUSSIAN WORKERS AND FATHER GAPON. PT. I.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 40(3): 241-62, JUL 1981. * SURH, GERALD D. “PETERSBURG’S FIRST MASS LABOR ORGANIZATION: THE ASSEMBLY OF RUSSIAN WORKERS AND FATHER GAPON. PT. II.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 40(4): 412-441, OCT 1981. * THATCHER, IAN D. “TROTSKII, LENIN & THE BOLSHEVIKS, AUGUST 1914-FEBRUARY 1917.” SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 72(1): 72-114. * THORSON, WINSTON B. “AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION & THE PORTSMOUTH PEACE CONFERENCE.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 53(3): 439-464, 1948. * THURSTON, ROBERT W. “POLICE AND PEOPLE IN MOSCOW, 1906-1914.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 39(3): 320-38, JUL 1980. * TOSHIO, UEDA. “THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES,” in: HIKOMATSU KAMIKAWA, ed. JAPAN-AMERICAN DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS IN THE MEIJI-TAISHO ERA. 1958, pp. 195-264. * TOWLE, PHILIP. “JAPANESE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS IN 1904-1905: FOREIGN OFFICERS’ REPORTS.” MILITARY AFFAIRS 39(3): 115-17, OCT 1975. * TOWLE, PHILIP. “THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR AND THE DEFENCE OF INDIA.” MILITARY AFFAIRS 44(3): 111-17, OCT 1980. TREADGOLD, D.W. “RUSSIAN RADICAL THOUGHT, 1894-1917,” in: THEOFANIS G.STAVROU, ed. RUSSIA UNDER THE LAST TSAR. MINNEAPOLIS: UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESS, 1969, pp. 69-86. DK255 R8 TUCKER, SPENCER C. THE GREAT WAR, 1914-18. 1998. D521 T83 TURNER, L. C. F. “THE RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION IN 1914.” JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY 3(1): 65-88, 1968. VERNER, ANDREW. “DISCURSIVE STRATEGIES IN THE 1905 REVOLUTION: PEASANT PETITIONS FROM VLADIMIR PROVINCE.” RUSSIAN REVIEW 54(1): 65-90, 1995. * VON LAUE, THEODORE H. “RUSSIAN LABOR BETWEEN FIELD AND FACTORY, 1892-1903.” CALIFORNIA SLAVIC STUDIES 3(1964): 33-65. * VON LAUE, THEODORE H. “RUSSIAN PEASANTS IN THE FACTORY, 1892-1904.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 21(1): 61-80, MAR 1961. * VON LAUE, THEODORE H. SERGEI WITTE AND THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF RUSSIA. NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1963. HC334.5 V58 VON LAUE, THEODORE H. “TSARIST LABOR POLICY, 1895-1903.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 34(2): 135-45, JUN 1962. * WALSH, WARREN B. “POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE RUSSIAN DUMAS.” JOURNAL OF MODERN HISTORY 22(2): 144-50, JUN 1950. * WARTH, ROBERT D. NICHOLAS II: THE LIFE AND REIGN OF RUSSIA’S LAST MONARCH. WESTPORT, CT.: PRAEGER, 1997. DK258 W35 WARTH, ROBERT D. “BEFORE RASPUTIN: PIETY AND OCCULT AT THE COURT OF NICHOLAS II.” THE HISTORIAN 47(3): 323-337, 1985. WEINSTEIN, H.R. “LAND HUNGER AND NATIONALISM IN THE UKRAINE, 1905-1917.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC HISTORY 2(1): 24-35, MAY 1942. * WEISSMAN, NEIL B. "RURAL CRIME IN TSARIST RUSSIA: THE QUESTION OF Hooliganism, 1905-1914." SLAVIC REVIEW 37(2): 228-40. WESTWOOD, JOHN N. “THE INEVITABLE WAR ?” in: JOHN N.WESTWOOD. RUSSIA AGAINST JAPAN, 1904-05: A NEW LOOK AT THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. HOUNDMILLS: MACMILLAN, 1986, pp. 1-23. DS517 W48 WILLIAMS, BERYL J. “THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905 AND RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY,” in: C.ABRAMSKY, ed. ESSYAS IN HONOUR OF E.H.CARR. LONDON: MACMILLAN, 1974, pp. 101-125. * WILLIAMS, BERYL J. “THE STRATEGIC BACKGROUND TO THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE OF AUGUST, 1907.” HISTORICAL JOURNAL 9(3): 360-373. 1966. * WILSON, COLIN. RASPUTIN AND THE FALL OF THE ROMANOVS. SECAUCUS, N.J.: CITADEL

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PRESS, c1964. WOHLFORTH, WILLIAM C. “THE PERCEPTION OF POWER: RUSSIA IN THE PRE-1914 BALANCE.” WORLD POLITICS 39(3): 353-381, 1987. * WOLFE, BERTRAM D. “THE REIGN OF ALEXANDRA AND RASPUTIN,” in: BERNARD D. WOLFE. REVOLUTION AND REALITY: ESSAYS ON THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM. CHAPEL HILL, N.C.: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS, 1981, pp. 31-40. * YANEY, GEORGE L. “THE CONCEPT OF THE STOLYPIN LAND REFORM.” SLAVIC REVIEW 23(2): 275-93, 1964. ZUCKERMAN, FREDRIC S. "POLITICAL POLICE AND REVOLUTION: THE IMPACT OF THE 1905 REVOLUTION ON THE TSARIST SECRET POLICE." JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORY 27(1992): 279-300. * ZUCKERMAN, FREDRIC S. THE TSARIST SECRET POLICE IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY, 1880-1917. LONDON: MACMILLAN, 1996.

THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT, FEBRUARY 1917 - OCTOBER 1917:

ASCHER, ABRAHAM, ed. THE MENSHEVIKS IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. ITHACA, N.Y.: CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1976. JN6598 S6 M36 CURTISS, JOHN S. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS OF 1917. PRINCETON, N.J.: VAN NOSTRAND, 1957. DK265 C8 KATKOV, GEORGE. RUSSIA 1917: THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION. NEW YORK: HARPER & ROW, 1967. DK265.19 K3 KOENKER, DIANE. “URBAN FAMILIES, WORKING-CLASS YOUTH GROUPS, AND THE 1917 REVOLUTION IN MOSCOW,” in: DAVID L. RANSEL, ed. THE FAMILY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA: NEW LINES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH. URABANA, IL: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS, c1978, pp. 280-304. * LASCH, CHRISTOPHER. “AMERICAN INTERVENTION IN SIBERIA: A REINTERPRETATION.” POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY 77(2): 205-23, JUN 1962. * ROSENBERG, WILLIAM G. & DIANE P. KOENKER. “THE LIMITS OF FORMAL PROTEST: WORKER ACTIVISM AND SOCIAL POLARIZATION IN PETROGRAD AND MOSCOW, MARCH TO OCTOBER, 1917.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 92(2): 296-326, 1987. * SAUL, NORMAN E. “LENIN’S DECISION TO SEIZE POWER: THE INFLUENCE OF EVENTS IN FINLAND.” SOVIET STUDIES 24(4): 491-505, 1973. * SUNY, RONALD G. “TOWARD A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION.” AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 88(1): 31-52, 1983. * THATCHER, IAN D. “TROTSKII, LENIN & THE BOLSHEVIKS, AUGUST 1914-FEBRUARY 1917.” SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN REVIEW 72(1): 72-114, 1994. * WOLFE, BERTRAM D. REVOLUTION AND REALITY: ESSAYS ON THE ORIGIN & FATE OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM. CHAPEL HILL, N.C.: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS, 1981. REV2005

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