Landuse Transformation - Walled City, Jodhpur

Land Use Transformation – Problems & Prospects

A case of Walled City, Jodhpur

Guide : Prof. Alok Ranjan

Submitted by: Kirti Kalla

Department of Architecture

Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur

Thesis 2011

Structure of Presentation

Aim & Objectives

Scope & Limitations Methodology

Study Area Brief- Location - Features

- Characteristics- Demography

Case StudiesPrimary Survey- Selection of study

area

Identification of Issues

- Walled City level- Study area level

Inferences- Walled City level- Study area level

Recommendations

2

The aim is to study problems and prospects of land use transformation : A case of Walled City, Jodhpur.

AIM :

• To study the changes in land uses in the walled city over a specified time period.

• To identify the density pattern and the pockets of transformation in the walled city.

• To assess the impact of land use transformation over walled city area.

• To provide suitable guidelines for future development of walled city.

OBJECTIVES :

3

• A specific area of walled city will be studied to support the aim of the study, through primary survey.

• The findings & conclusions at micro level will give some guidelines for the future development of these areas and also for other areas which are under the process of similar type of change.

• Detailed study of all land uses are not in the scope of the study.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

• Study has been conducted with the available data (tables, plans etc).

• Study of change in land uses for a specific time period will be as per secondary data source.

• Detailed investigation of individual plots are not included in the study.

LIMITATIONS

4

METHODOLOGY

5

Aim: To study the problems & prospects of land use transformation, Walled city, Jodhpur

Objectives

To study the changes in land uses in the walled city over a specified time period.

To identify the density pattern and the pockets of transformation in the walled city.

To assess the impact of land use transformation over walled city area.

To provide suitable guidelines for future development of walled city.

•Walled city profile•Historical Background•Change in Land uses

•Ward wise population & density•Activity Pattern•Micro level study area

•Land Use conflicts•Socio-Economic Status•Urban form

Inferences

Walled city

Study AreaRecommendation

s

WALLED CITY- LOCATION

Railway Station

Central Bus StandArea = 417 ha6

WALLED CITY- FEATURES

1 – Jalori Gate2 – Sojati Gate3 – Merti gate4 – Nagauri Gate5 – Chand Pol Gate6 – Siwanchi Gate

5

16

2

3

4

FORT

N

Walled City Limits

City Gates

Water Bodies

7Source: Municipal Corp. Jodhpur

Road/ Street pattern: • Roads and street pattern is generally very narrow and designed

only for pedestrian movement. The street pattern is irregular in shape and designed with a view point of safety and security.

WALLED CITY - CHARACTERISTICS

8

Housing Typology (Mohalla type housing):

• Housing typology is of typical neighborhood planning as prevalent in the other old cities in India. Each Mohalla design / typology is based on the culture of the respective community.

Image Source: Pg 63 Heritage Conservation Zone, Jodhpur by INTACH, 1989 in association with Jain Associates, Ahmadabad.

Low rise high density areas: • The built form in the walled city of Jodhpur is typical Indian old

towns. Most of the houses are 2 to 3 story high very densely built with very narrow streets of 6 to 10 feet’s only.

Typical House Design: • The architecture and design of houses is typical courtyard

planning. As we move out from the walled city, one can notice modern architecture influence in the design of Havellies with lobby replacing the courtyards.

WALLED CITY - CHARACTERISTICS

9Image Source: Pg 54 Heritage Conservation Zone, Jodhpur by INTACH, 1989 in association with Jain Associates, Ahmadabad.

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

48334

63366

92577

117758

139072

158125

164927

171782

Population

Population Growth Trends – Walled city, Jodhpur (1931-2001)


1971 1981 1991 2001

334

379 396 412

Density

Decadal density distribution (ppha) – Walled City


Land Use – Walled City 1972 & 1991

S.No. Use

1972 1991

Area (ha)% of

urbanized area

% of developed

areaArea (ha)

% of urbanized

area

% of developed

area

1 Residential 192.0 47.0 69.6 220.5 52.9 64.7

2 Commercial 17.0 4.1 6.2 31.5 7.6 9.2

3 Industrial 1.5 0.4 0.5 2.5 0.6 0.7

4Public & Semi-

Public28.0 6.7 10.1 37.0 8.6 10.9

5 Recreational 2.5 0.6 0.9 3.0 0.7 0.9

6 Circulation 35.0 8.4 12.7 46.5 11.1 13.6

Developed Area 276.0 66.2 100.0 341.0 81.8 100.0

7 Other Vacant Land 76.0 18.2 - 18.5 4.4 -

8 Hilly & Rocky 51.0 12.2 - 45.0 10.8 -

9 Water Bodies 14.0 3.4 - 12.5 2.5 -

Urbanized area 417.0 100.0 - 417.0 100.0 -

Source: Municipal Corp, Jodhpur 12

Land Use – Walled City 1972 & 1991

13

1972

1991

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

ResidentialCommercialIndustrialPublic & Semi-PublicRecreationalCirculationOther Vacant LandHilly & RockyWater Bodies

CASE STUDY

WALLED CITY, MEERUTWALLED CITY, LUDHIANA

1971 1991 2001

74%

10%

3%

12%

2%

ResidentialCommercialIndustrialP & SPOtherVacant

Source: Study of land use transformation: Walled City, Meerut, Thesis Report, School of Planning & Architecture

I. Walled city, Meerut (1971-2001) – Land Use Plan

15

79%

6%

2% 12%

2%

ResidentialCommercialIndustrialP & SPOtherVacant 77%

7%

2% 12%

2%

ResidentialCommercialIndustrialP & SPOtherVacant

Area – 127 ha

Walled City, Meerut

Inferences:• Property tax, water charges, electricity should be enhanced in case of

commercial activities.• Further vertical extension in the height of the structure for commercial

purposes should be restricted through proper enforcement of development control.

• To increase the effective widths of roads encroachment should be removed.

• Separate account for development of walled city should be maintained to be utilized only for up gradation of infrastructure & provision of community facilities.

• Traffic Management– Channelizing traffic movement by diverting traffic.– Time restrictions for loading & unloading of goods.– Creating pedestrian path by removing encroachments.– Reorganizing informal sector to ensure smooth traffic movement.

16

II. Walled City, Ludhiana

Existing land use 2001

17Source: Strategies for improving living environment in Indian Inner cities; a case study of Ludhiana, Thesis Report, CEPT, Ahmadabad

Area – 576 haDensity – 350 ppha

Walled City, Ludhiana

Inferences:• Limited access to vehicles especially service vehicles during a

particular time (early morning/night) and emergency vehicles.• Fire Safety:

– Open electrical cables to be underground for fire safety.– No encroachments by the shop owners– No Hawkers allowed in some of the restricted bazaars which can be

easily prone to Fire– No illegal or temporary structures in the congested bazaars

• To have rules and regulations regarding the change of Land use from residential to commercial and some fees to be paid to the Corporation for the same

• Conversion of old dilapidated structures to a formal open area.

18

WALLED CITYWard Wise Population Growth Trends – Walled city, Jodhpur (Old Wards – 19)

S.No. Ward No Area (ha)1971 1981

Population Density (ppha) PopulationDensity (ppha)

1 15 27.00 3490 129 5620 2082 16 33.00 5004 152 6719 2043 17 49.50 8145 165 9277 1874 18 16.00 8612 538 9544 5975 19 46.00 9193 200 10864 2366 20 21.50 7644 356 8003 3727 21 38.50 6981 181 8228 2148 22 24.00 7213 301 7895 3299 23 9.00 4654 517 5226 581

10 24 7.50 4887 652 5707 76111 25 10.50 5469 521 6158 58612 26 15.00 5701 380 6454 43013 27 24.50 10473 427 12420 50714 28 20.50 6983 341 9728 47515 29 17.00 11636 684 8082 47516 30 11.50 7098 617 7540 65617 31 20.00 9426 471 11625 58118 32 10.50 6050 576 6738 64219 33 15.50 10413 672 12297 793

Total 417.00 139072 7880 158125 8834


Ward Wise Population Growth Trends – Walled city, Jodhpur

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

1981 1971

Ward

Num

ber

Population20

Ward Wise Gross Population Density (ppha) – 1971,1981

19711981

21

N

Ward Wise Population Growth Trends – Walled city, Jodhpur (New Wards – 16)

S.No. Ward No Area (ha)2001 2008 (proposed) 2011 (proposed)

PopulationDensity (ppha)

Population

Density (ppha)

Population

Density (ppha)

1 13 30.50 8669 284 8617 283 8567 2812 14 25.57 11756 460 11488 449 11233 4393 15 26.70 13488 505 13147 492 12824 4804 23 22.36 10579 473 10330 462 10093 4515 24 11.46 9063 791 8753 764 8459 7386 25 33.32 11969 359 11787 354 11614 3497 26 25.78 13117 509 12783 496 12466 4848 27 16.84 10623 631 10302 612 9998 5949 28 52.98 11702 221 12053 228 12046 227

10 29 63.09 12061 191 14195 225 14195 22511 30 13.85 7115 514 6932 501 6759 48812 31 17.88 9289 519 9048 506 8819 49313 32 22.52 8104 360 7924 610 7753 34414 35 12.99 10995 846 10608 485 10240 78815 37 21.89 12970 593 12595 777 12239 55916 38 16.22 10282 634 9971 615 9675 596

Total 413.95 171782 7890 170533 7856 166980 7538

22Source: Municipal Corp. Jodhpur & Appendix 10, City Development Plan

Ward Wise Population Growth Trends – Walled city, Jodhpur

13

14

15

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

35

37

38

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

2011 (Projected) 2008 (Projected) 2001

Ward

Num

ber

Population23

Ward Wise Density - 2001

• New wards were demarcated in 1998 which resulted into change in physical profile of previous wards.

• Area from wards 17, 19, 20 & 21(previous wards) were given to other wards of the Jodhpur city.

24

N

Change In Density Pattern of Walled City• The change in density

is related to the type of activities prevalent in a particular ward.

• Ward 29 (earlier) has seen fall in density that is because of shift of low class people to hilly area of the walled city.

• Hilly areas still have low density while areas near to city gates mainly Jalori gate, Sojati gate & nagori gate have high density because of commercial activitities in those areas. 25

N

Activity Pattern

5

16

2

3

4


FORT

N

Walled City Limits

City Gates

Water Bodies

CBD

Main Commercial

activity

Tourism activities

Residential areas

26

Activity Pattern

• Walled city is majorly characterized as residential area under proposed Draft Master Plan 2023, Jodhpur.

• The commercial activities are located along major streets in and around walled city. It is also spread in inner secondary streets & narrow lanes.

• Wholesale markets are located inside the walled city. Retail shops are majorly located on primary streets.

• Area around Fort, as marked in the plan earlier, majorly constitute residential area, hotels, guest houses, temples & other architectural landmarks including Jaswant Thada.

27

PRIMARY SURVEYSelection of study area was based on pre-research of existing areas of walled city which have seen transformation with due course of time.

After selection of study area, primary survey was led to conduct study further .

CONTEXT

5

16

2

3

4


RS

FORT

A B

C

Pockets of Transformation

N

Walled City Limits

City Gates

Water Bodies

CBD

29

Factors for selecting Stretch A:• A stretch of 1.8 km length

starting from Jalori gate & ending at inner city area called – Adaa bazar, this stretch has witnessed changes in land use because of it’s prime location & approachability.

• Jalori gate is preferred as main entrance to the walled city hence type of activities have emerged differently onto this stretch.

• Saturation of activities has still not been achieved onto this stretch as other part of the walled city area has already achieved. 30

N

31

Mix of activities

Small shops in residences

Built form

New constructions changing old built

form

Mix of traffic

Hanging wires can lead to serious

problems

Narrow lanes with commercial activities both

sides

Inferences

48% of the inhabitants of the surveyed area of the stretch are retail shop owners. 23% counts for wholesale businessman.

It is inferred that the community structure on the stretch is absolutely business minded. People are not dependent on govt/private jobs.

The stretch comprises of mostly such structures which has commercial establishments along with the residences.

Ancestral property is the main reason for opting house. As per the family requirements, additional floors are added to

the houses. 59% of the survey area has G+2 structures. Out of 60 sample size, 56 houses has new construction i.e.

addition of new floors to their premises. 1 floor was added to most of the structures in past 10 years. As business increased, people started using ground floor as

retail areas and first floor as godowns or store houses. 32

Inferences

The commercial establishments on the stretch are majorly 10-20 years old which indicates that the development on the stretch has rise in past 20 years.

Due to established business & social network, people are not interested in moving outside the walled city. Some were ready to put their premises on rent only for commercial activities. This is an indication of further change in activity pattern of the walled city in near future.

Adequate water is supplied in the area. SWM is an issue as the shop owners dumps the waste into

‘nalas’ which eventually choke the drains & in rainy season the waste flows with the water into houses.

Many of the small shop owners do not have commercial electrical connections which increases the burden over provision of electricity.

33

Inferences

Through traffic creates congestion in the area. The roads are narrow which bears the mix traffic. No

pedestrian pathways/footpaths are delineated in the area. On-Street parking is an issue in the area. Few houses have

organized new parking system where group of houses pays for parking at an open piece of land which were earlier ‘Marriage gardens or Personal land’. But this system is not so prevalent in other part of walled city area.

Two wheelers are mostly owned by the residents of the area.

34

Factors Contributing To Transformation

• Locational Factor– As the walled city forms the central part of the city, it

is accessible to the public from every part of the city.– Most of the economic activities are concentrated

within the area as major roads converging at the city center adds to its importance.

– As a result people prefer to have business in this part of the city that enjoys the traditional good will as well.

– This encourages concentration, growth of commercial activities in the walled city.

35Source: Personal Survey conducted – Residents & Shop keepers

• Factors Responsible for Change in Activity Pattern– As the population increases there is tendency for intensive

mixed land use that brings about change in activity pattern.

– Social factors such as attitude of people & security reasons lead to have business in more safe areas of the city such as jewelry market.

– Accessibility is one the pre requisites for commercial activity, which is higher in the walled city.

– Economic condition of the people living in the walled city also governs the type of activities.

36Source: Personal Survey conducted – Residents & Shop keepers

Socio-Economic Status

Caste/Group

Occupation Avg. family size

Avg. monthly income/perso

n

Building Height

Avg. Plot Size

Brahmin

Govt Job, Teaching (Tuitions, Schools, Colleges)

9 15500/- G+3 18’x40’

Jain/OswalPrivate Jobs, Wholesale Business

9 18000/- G+2 20’x40’

GanchiMilk Sellers,

Shops9 7500/- G+2 12’x18’

Muslim

Construction Workers, Textile

Printing & Coloring

12 6500/- G+3 10’x12’

KumharPrivate Jobs,

Potters, Shops

8 11000/- G+3 12’x18’

Source: Primary Survey 37

Issues

City Gates

GROWTH IN COMMERCIAL AREASSEVERELY CONGESTED MARKETS

WATER POLLUTING INDUSTRIES HAVE COME UP IN THE AREA

INFORMAL ACTIVITIES LOCATED AT MAIN JUNCTIONS, CHOWKS

38

N

Supporting VisualsEncroachment on Water bodies Merging traffic

Loss of public squares

Mix of activities Asymmetrical Built Form

39

Supporting VisualsEncroachment on street Congested market areas Hawkers on junctions

Areas prone to fire Vehicular encroachment on streets

40

Identification of issues – Walled City level

• Uncontrolled growth of commercial activities.• Increase in informal activities on junctions & other streets.• Encroachment of shops on streets minimizes the effective width of a

street.• Parking problem inside main areas. Streets are encroached with

vehicles also.• Loading & Un-Loading vehicles occupy streets most of the time.• Load on infrastructure provisions especially electricity as many

shops do not have separate commercial electrical connections. • More than one floor of the residences is used for commercial

activities.• Recreational areas are very less. The few existing parks are also on

the verge of deterioration. • The existing water bodies are decaying with increase in

encroachment over these areas.• Absence of enforcement of building bye-laws . 41

WALLED CITY AREA

INFERENCES &

RECOMMENDATIONS

Land Use 1972 (Area in ha)

1991 (Area in ha) Difference (ha)

Residential 192 220 + 28.0

Commercial 17 31.5 + 14.5

Industrial 1.5 2.5 + 1.0

Public & Semi-Public 28 37 + 9.0

Recreational 2.5 3.0 + 0.5

Circulation 35 46.5 + 11.5

Other vacant land 76 18.5 - 57.5

Hilly & Rocky 51 45 - 6.0

Water Bodies 14 12.5 - 2.5

Land Use Conflicts – Walled City 1972 & 1991

43

• Other vacant areas have been decreased by 57.5 ha from 1972-1991.• The hilly & rocky area around fort has been developed into residential area.• Water bodies has been encroached by 2.5 ha.

INFERENCES

• Commercial land use has infringed upon residential land use mainly and result in increase. The change was accompanied by change in activity from low profit making activities to high investment returns activities.

• Informal commercial activities have rise mainly around junctions, squares (chowk) & both side of main commercial belts resulting in hindering the pedestrian & traffic movement.

The residential land use has not much increased because of large increase of non-confirming land uses and less availability of vacant human habitable areas. This caused over-burden on existing facilities & services, also it is responsible for neighborhood deterioration.

• Wholesale commercial activities should be decentralized to other part of the city to lower the increasing burden over change in land use.

• Existing informal commercial activities should be shifted or planned to some new areas adjacent to the walled city. Few steps should be taken to control such activities.

• Conversion of residential use to commercial purpose should be highly taxed. This would help in regulating the high commercial developments.

44

CO

MM

ER

CIA

L

RECOMMENDATIONSW

ALL

ED

CIT

Y

INFERENCES

• Recreational areas are very less as in past the recreational activities were mainly performed in public squares, havelies etc. but now because of potentials & constrains of these areas are not suitable enough to perform such activities.

Existing water bodies are decaying with increasing encroachments & no law exists till date to keep a check on such activities.

With consistent rise in water table in last decade, the basement of many houses filled up with water & lead to deterioration of building, material, water itself, surroundings and land quality.

The water bodies can be developed as good recreational areas. This will help in enhancing physical & mental character of the people.

• Checking for encroachments over old water bodies & charging high penalties to avoid any future decay.

Local government has planned to tackle the issue & therefore they must look into the matter before situation gets worse.

45

RECOMMENDATIONS

REC

REATIO

NA

L &

EN

VIR

ON

MEN

T

WA

LLED

CIT

Y

INFERENCES

• Circulation area cannot handle the traffic movement. Less right of way of the streets causing delay, pollution and sometimes freeze the traffic movement.

Non-motorized traffic reduced with time. Motorized-traffic increased in the study area that leads to rise in immense pollution within such highly crowded built mass resulted into worsening of air quality.

Loading & Un-loading vehicles often creates jam over streets.

Increase in vehicular traffic also gave rise to noise pollution in the study area.

The existing roads should be made free from encroachments to allow undisturbed flow of vehicular & non-vehicular traffic.

Parking regulations should be implemented within the major commercial areas in the walled city to discourage the entry of excessive vehicular traffic.

Time restrictions for loading & unloading of goods will improve traffic management.

Timely checking of high noise & air polluting vehicles & terminate the usage of such vehicles in the vicinity.

46

RECOMMENDATIONS

TR

AFF

IC &

CIR

CU

LATIO

N

WA

LLED

CIT

Y

INFERENCES

The irregular change in land uses gives birth to bad urban form resulting in loss of old architectural impressions.

New hotels & guest houses are coming up near Fort area. The residences are being converted into such activities & sudden change in the area is noted due to such activities.

High density of >750 pph is found mainly around the work centers.

Change in land use should be governed effectively by concerned authorities.

Areas of historical importance should be made restricted for any change in land use. This will help in conserving the old heritage form of the area.

Density control measures should be framed to minimize the load of highly populated areas.

Vertical extension in the height of the structure for commercial purposes should be restricted through proper enforcement of development controls.

47

RECOMMENDATIONS

UR

BA

N F

OR

M

WA

LLED

CIT

Y

INFERENCES

The load on infrastructure has increased due to change in land uses over period of time. Although the quality of infrastructure provision is adequate in walled city.

• Illegal use of residential electrical connections for non-residential activities is prominent problem in the area. This creates burden over supply of electricity.

• Check on SWM system is not proper though periodical cleaning of drains & roads is done.

Governing the change in land uses will determine the exact requirements of infrastructure provisions & will lead to minimizing the load on infrastructure.

The concerned authorities should be more strict in checking the use of electricity & cross check with the other departments for confirming the land use activity of a particular premise.

• A complete inventory of sewerage and storm water drainage system to be prepared.

48

RECOMMENDATIONS

INFR

AS

TR

UC

TU

RE

WA

LLED

CIT

Y

• Other recommendations– Property tax, water charges, electricity should be

enhanced in case of commercial activities.– Fire safety measures need to be adopted for largely

congested areas.• Open electrical cables to be underground for fire safety• No encroachments by the shop owners• Hawkers should not be allowed in largely congested bazaars

which can be easily prone to fire

– Computerized technology should be used to improve ward wise data accessibility & management.

– Ward wise information should be made easily accessible to the public, research scholars & administrators.

49

Hanging Wires

Overhead Electrical cables can cause serious fire hazards

By undergrounding the cables, built form will be clearly visible & it will add to nice

vista

50

Recommendations for Walled City

51

Wholesale commercial activities should be decentralized.

Informal activities located at main junctions, chowks should be managed & relocation should be done.

City Gates

Encroachment over water bodies should not be allowed

Area around fort should be prohibited for any land use change

N

STUDY AREA

INFERENCES &

RECOMMENDATIONS

Land Use of study area

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Public & Semi public

Circulation

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

201119911972

53Total Area of the stretch : 19.48 ha

Area (ha)

Study Area – Land Use Table

Land Use/Year

1972(Area in

ha)

1991(Area in ha)

% change 2011(Area in ha)

% change

Residential 11.6 12.99 11.98 9.68 -25.41

Commercial 0 0.196 19.6 1.17 496.93

Industrial 0 0 0 0.09 9.2

Public & Semi-public 0.6 0.69 15 1.54 123.2

Circulation 7.28 5.61 -22.8 7.00 24.8

TOTAL 19.48 ha

54

Study Area – Land Use Plan

2011

N

55

Identification of issues – Study area

• Increase in commercial activities in and around residential areas.

• Rise of industrial units – Water polluting industries of tie & dye.• Change in built form due to change in land uses & activity

pattern.• Public squares are decomposing into parking space.• Commercial markets are developing around secondary streets.• No proper parking area is delineated.• Hanging wires can cause serious fire problems.• As Jalori gate is the main entrance to the walled city, the traffic

is high & congested in the study area.

56

Public Squares

EARLIERStreets were stone paved.Trees around sitting block ‘chabutra’ where public use to gather & communicate.

Pedestrianization & NMV were the only means of traffic.

TODAYStreets are metalled.Trees around sitting block ‘chabutra’ were cut down.

Parking of Motorized vehicles took place in the squares.

Circulation space got encroached.

N

57

Existing road section

58

Building Height>G+2

G+2

G, G+1

59

INFERENCES

Residential land use has decreased by 25.41% during 1991 to 2011 due to pressure of market forces.

An excessive increase of 496% has been identified in commercial land use during 1991 to 2011.

Change in built form has been observed in the areas adjacent to main commercial belt resulting in deterioration of urban form.

The old conversions should be legalized and new conversions should be prohibited.

Commercial activities should be allowed only up to ground floor to improve the built form otherwise floors will be added as per requirement & deteriorate the vista of the area.

RECOMMENDATIONSS

TU

DY A

REA

60

Building Use

61

A model representing various deviations in the area.

Residential activity

Commercial activity

ISSUE

Residential activity

Commercial activity

Commercial

Residential

RECOMMENDATION

INFERENCES

Loss of open spaces in the form of public squares has been marked. This is due to uncontrolled encroachment over the time.

Secondary streets adjacent to primary streets are also getting impact of market forces & hence development of commercial areas can be seen there.

Hanging electrical cables on the streets can create grave fire hazards. They also destruct the vista.

The public squares should be made encroachment free and high penalties should be charged for future encroachments. This will bring back the beauty of squares & more people will communicate with each other. Mental & physical status of people will also improve.

The commercial belts should be delineated in order to limit the growth of commercial activities onto adjacent vicinity of the study area.

Electrical cables should be underground. It will help in improving the vista & built form. 62

RECOMMENDATIONSS

TU

DY A

REA

INFERENCES

In absence of zoning regulations and enforcement by authorities, land uses are changing in haphazard way which ultimately creating different types of other high degree problems.

High speed & mixed mode of traffic is also creating the new type of problems on the traditional streets.

Parking is big time issue in the study area because of lack of suitable spaces in & around houses for parking provisions.

Building bye-laws should be enforced & high penalties should be charged for illegal conversion of land use activity.

Land use zones should be defined for the whole area & should be enforced immediately to avoid future decay of the area.

Pedestrianization should be encouraged & mix of traffic can be avoided by diverting the traffic to the other part of the walled city.

The areas having maximum right of ways should be developed for on-street parking & parking fees should be charged.

63

RECOMMENDATIONSS

TU

DY A

REA

Land Use – Study area

64

N

Water Polluting small scale industries should be relocated.

Informal markets are generating around junctions & chowks should not be allowed & existing should be removed.

Building use on main roads should be restricted to use of commercial activity limited upto ground floor

Commercial activities on secondary streets should not be allowed.

Public squares to be free from encroachments & use for commuting

References

• INTACH, Jain Associates (1989), Heritage Conservation Zone, Jodhpur, Ch-6, Residential Areas & Houses, pg 54 & 63

• Alka Sharma (2003), Study of land use transformation: Walled City, Meerut, Thesis Report, School of Planning & Architecture

• Shaveta Vij (2008), Strategies for improving living environment in Indian Inner cities; a case study of Ludhiana, Thesis Report, CEPT, Ahmadabad

Sources• Jodhpur Municipal Corporation

– Plans of Walled city, Jodhpur – Land Use 1972 & 1991– Population & Density figures

• Primary survey & interviews of officials & local people conducted

65

THANK YOU

Landuse Transformation - Walled City, Jodhpur

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