Electoral Democracy, Liberal Democracy and the Global Recession of Democracy
Landscape Democracy and the making of a just city
Transcript of Landscape Democracy and the making of a just city
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Landscape Democracy and the making of a
just city A brief introduction to the intersections
of environmental design, political philosophy, and civic engagement
Dr. Deni RuggeriDr. Ellen Fetzer
LED2LEAP Seminar - April 7, 2021
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LD and thestruggle for Human Rights
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Eleanor Roosevelt holding the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish (U.S. National Archives)
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“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”
Article 1 of the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
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• Henri Lefebvre (1968) “Le Droit à la ville”
• Recognizes an ‘estrangement’ of many people from the city
• A call to action to reclaim the city as a shared resource
• “the right to change ourselves by changing the city more after our desires”
• A never-ending struggle between conflicting visions of society
The Right to the city
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Georges-Eugène Haussmann’s Paris (1853-1870). Guy Debord (1957-1972) Psychogeographic Paris Map
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Robert Moses Jane Jacobs
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Tahrir Square, Cairo, Egypt 2011/2020 Black Lives Matter Plaza (2020)
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A short poll on your democracy experience
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Democracy
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Democracynounde·moc·ra·cy | di-ˈmä-krə-sē
Definition of democracy1a: government by the people especially: rule of the majority1b: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections2: a political unit that has a democratic government3 capitalized : the principles and policies of the Democratic party in the U.S. from emancipation Republicanism to New Deal Democracy— C. M. Roberts4: the common people especially when constituting the source of political authority5: the absence of hereditary or arbitrary class distinctions or privileges
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Democracy is an idea rooted in
free debate in public space
The public landscape is the
spatial materialisation of
democracy
It is a visual reminder of a
community’s identities, values,
and ambitions
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Democracy as reflected in the Greek Agora.
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The Öxará River in iceland intercepting the Thingvellir (assembly field).
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The Allegory of Good and Bad Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti (1338-1339)
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Du contrat social; ou Principes du droit politique
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The Declaration of Independence - July 4, 1776
WE hold these Truths to be self -evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness..
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Reidar Aulie (1950) “The labor movement's history” Rådhus Oslo, Norway
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DemocracyRepresentative
Democracy
PartiesParliament
Regional and local councils,
the core of policy
Direct Democracy
Referendums, local Measures to complement representative
democracy
Deliberative Democracy
Future Councils
Participatory processes
Responsibility and engagement of every citizen
Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber (2010) The economy of the common good, 109
Participation
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Sour
ce: p
ixab
ay
Representative democracy
Advantages? Disadvantages?
Citizens delegate decisions for a defined period of time to representatives.Representation at the national, state/region/province, and local levels.
representative democracy
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Direct democracy
Citizens decide directly via referendums, propositions, and local ballot measures.
Mostly at the city level,but regional and national level
Advantages? Disadvantages?
direct democracy
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Source: pixabay
Deliberative democracy
Advantages? Disadvantages?
Decisions are made upondeliberation of all possible viewpointsDecisions are made on the basisOf debate and argumentation, not by vote.This requires information, active listening, reflexive value construction
Deliberative democracy
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DemocracyRepresentative
Democracy
PartiesParliamentary,State/regional
and local councils, the
core of policy-making
Direct Democracy
Referendums, propositions/measures to complement/
correct decisions made by
representative democracy
Responsibility and engagement of every citizen
Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber (2010) The economy of the common good, 109
Deliberative Democracy
Future Councils
Participatory processes
Participation
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Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber: The economy of the common good (Gemeinwohlökonomie), 2010, p. 109
Democracy
Responsibility and engagement of every citizen
Representative Democracy
PartiesParliamentary,State/regional
and local councils, the
core of policy-making
Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber (2010) The economy of the common good, 109
Deliberative Democracy
Future Councils
Participatory processes
Participation
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Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber: The economy of the common good (Gemeinwohlökonomie), 2010, p. 109
Responsibility and engagement of every citizen
Representative Democracy
PartiesParliamentary,State/regional
and local councils, the
core of policy-making
Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber (2010) The economy of the common good, 109
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Three columns model of contemporary democracyChristian Felber: The economy of the common good (Gemeinwohlökonomie), 2010, p. 109Three columns model of contemporary democracy
Christian Felber (2010) The economy of the common good, 109
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Policy arrangement visualized as a tetrahedron from Duncan Liefferink (2006).
Landscape democracy as policy arrangement
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Constitutional ideals of democracy,
human rights, equality and freedom
have a tangible spatial dimension in
the landscapes of our communities,
which are activated and rendered
operational through their collective
practices and experiences.
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Chernobyl. The absence of civic life and the failure of democracy left this landscape void of meaning
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Landscape
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A dutch “landschap’, originally defined as a self-reliant unit of civic lif
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“Osmington Village,” oil on canvas by John Constable, 1816-17. Image courtesy Clark Art Institute/ Yale Center for British Art
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André le Nôtre (late 1600s” the Gardens of Versailles, France
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The Merced River flowing through Yosemite Valley
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Sacred Landscape in the Whitaker Neighborhood, Eugene, Oregon
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Waterbirds in flight over a tidal wetland on the U.S. Pacific coast. (Public domain.)
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tangible & intangible landscapes
• The landscape is both the physical entity and the values, meanings, and stories people have imbued it with
• Landscape meaning is socially constructed
• Landscape is also the everyday practices and rituals that revolve around the landscape– Democratic, participatory practices?
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• Image of people working together in a garden?
“…people from different walks of life encounter
one another and so acquire enough of a sense of
a shared life that we can meaningfully think of
one another as citizens in a common venture”Michael Sandel, Political Philosopher, Harvard University (2009)
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The initiator: Council of Europe
Council of Europe (CoE)
• Strasbourg, France
• an inter-governmental organization founded in 1949
• 47 member states
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to promote democracy, human
rights and the rule of law
and to seek common solutions
to the many problems facing
European society today.
Council of Europe objectives
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• Adopted in Florence (Italy) on October 20, 2000
• came into force March 1, 2004
● to date (Jan 2021) ratified by 40 countries
• Norway was the first country to ratify on 23 November
2001
● Germany?
European Landscape Convention
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Any government wishing to implement the principles of good governance needs to give due emphasis to landscape in its national and international policies
Maguelonne Déjant - Pons Head of the Spatial Planning and Landscape Division Council of Europe 2006
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European Landscape Convention’s “Landscape”
definition:
“an area, as perceived by people, whose
character is the result of the action and
interaction of natural and/or human
factors.”
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"LANDSCAPE is a key element of individual and social well-being
and ... its protection, management and planning entail rights and responsibilities for
everyone.“
Preamble to the European Landscape Convention
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stewardship
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The "Right-to-landscape”
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Conceptual diagram
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The Right to Landscape
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Landscape Democracy
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From R2L to Landscape Democracy
• Landscape democracy builds on the right to landscape
• Landscape Democracy as the ultimate goal/idealized condition+
• landscape democracy as practices of participation, inclusion, and reparation
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“Defining Landscape Democracy” Conference June 2015, Oscarsborg, Norway
Egoz, S., Jørgensen, K., & Ruggeri, D. (Eds.). (2018). Defining landscape democracy: A path to spatial justice. Edward Elgar Publishing.
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Landscape democracy is both the
ambition, the shared goal, and the
process leading to it, the daily,
collective practice of democratic
principles, values, ethics, and
actions.
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to be continued...
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Kühne, Olaf (2015): Landscape Conceptsin Kühne, Bruns et al: Landscape Culture - Culturing Landscapes
Hester, Randolph (2006): Design for Ecological Democracy
Egoz, Jørgensen & Ruggeri (2018) Defining Landscape Democracy: A Path to Spatial Justice
Access and assignment template for April 20:https ://ledwiki.hfwu.de/index.php? title=LED_Online_S eminar_Ass ignments_2021
Readings session 2
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See you in our lounge
https://www.wonder.me/r?id=2qz98w -et48sIdeally via Google Chrome or Edge