Land and War FMR

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    Going home: land & property issuesfeature

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    1 6 FORCED M IGRATIO N review 7

    Unfinished business: the IDPland question

    by Cecilia Bailliet

    The campesino was born with his land; the war took it away.

    The land is his destiny - life and death.

    We will not stop being displaced until we have a plot

    of land to sow and live on.

    Vidal Jutzutz

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    Going home: land & property issuesfeature

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