Akhlesh LakhtakiaAkhlesh LakhtakiaDepartment of Engineering Science and MechanicsDepartment of Engineering Science and Mechanics

Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvania State UniversityAugust 27, 2007August 27, 2007SPIE San DiegoSPIE San Diego

$cience begins with the $ sign.

- Om P. Gandhi

Nanotechnologyfor Researchers

George Smith (Oxford University):George Smith (Oxford University):

Nano Nano ““comes from the verb which meanscomes from the verb which meansto seek research fundingto seek research funding..””

Source: The Economist (Jan 1-5, 2005 issue)Source: The Economist (Jan 1-5, 2005 issue)

2005 Survey:2005 Survey:Literature onLiterature on Perceptions of NanotechnologyPerceptions of Nanotechnology

Nanotech Economy

Total worldwide R&D funding Total worldwide R&D funding = = $ 9.6B in 2005$ 9.6B in 2005

Governments (2005):Governments (2005): $4.6B$4.6BEstablished Corporations (2005):Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B$4.5BVenture Capitalists (2005):Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B$0.5B

Source: Source: Lux Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006.Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006.

Nanotech Economy: Scope

Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)

Nanotech Economy:Available Products

Source: UNESCO, The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology (2006)Source: UNESCO, The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology (2006)

Perceptions of Nanotechnology

Source: Source: Munshi Munshi et al. (2007)et al. (2007)

Prime Directive for Managers ofNanotechnology

Types of Risks

1.1. Employee HealthEmployee Health2.2. Operational SafetyOperational Safety3.3. Legislated PenaltiesLegislated Penalties4.4. Customer LiabilitiesCustomer Liabilities5.5. Shareholder DissatisfactionShareholder Dissatisfaction6.6. Societal DisharmonySocietal Disharmony7.7. …………....

EssentialRisk-Management

Tool

Five QuestionsFive Questions

Q1: What isQ1: What isnanotechnology?nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology: The term

Norio Norio Tanaguchi Tanaguchi (1974)(1974)::

‘Nano-technology’ mainly consists of theprocessing of separation, consolidation, anddeformation of materials by one atom or onemolecule.

N. Taniguchi, On the Basic Concept of 'Nano-Technology', Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, JapanSociety of Precision Engineering, 1974.

Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks OfficeUS Patents and Trademarks Office(2006)(2006)::“Nanotechnology is related to research and technologydevelopment at the atomic, molecular or macromolecularlevels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100nanometer range in at least one dimension; that provide afundamental understanding of phenomena and materials atthe nanoscale; and to create and use structures, devices andsystems that have novel properties and functions because oftheir small and/or intermediate size.”

Nanotechnology: The term

Royal Society (2004)Royal Society (2004):: 0.2-100 nm

Christian Joachim (2005)Christian Joachim (2005):: single atom/molecule

Charles Charles Tahan Tahan (2006/7)(2006/7): : < 10 nmat least 2 dims.

NanotechnologyNanotechnologypromises to bepromises to be

•• pervasivepervasive•• ubiquitousubiquitous

A broad and inclusive definition is needed.A broad and inclusive definition is needed.

Q1:Q1:What isWhat is

nanotechnology?nanotechnology?

A1:A1:At least 1 dimensionAt least 1 dimensionhas a length-scalehas a length-scale

between 1 to 100 nm.between 1 to 100 nm.

Q2: Why willQ2: Why willnanotechnologynanotechnologybe pervasive andbe pervasive and

ubiquitousubiquitous??

Nanoworld: Founding Myths

19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””

Nanoworld: Founding Myths

19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””

19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy

Nanoworld: Founding Myths

19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””

19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy

19861986 DrexlerDrexler’’s books bookThe Engines of CreationThe Engines of Creation

Nanoworld: Founding Myths

19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””

19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy

19861986 DrexlerDrexler’’s books bookThe Engines of CreationThe Engines of Creation

ToumeyToumey’’ssAnthropologicalAnthropological

AssessmentAssessment

✖✖

✔✔

✖✖

Source: Chris Source: Chris ToumeyToumey, Engineering and Science, , Engineering and Science, NosNos. 1/2, pp. 16-23 (2005). 1/2, pp. 16-23 (2005)

Nanoworld: Founding Myths

19591959 FeynmanFeynman’’s talks talk““Plenty of room at the bottomPlenty of room at the bottom””

19811981 Binnig & RohrerBinnig & RohrerScanning Tunneling MicroscopyScanning Tunneling Microscopy

19861986 DrexlerDrexler’’s books bookThe Engines of CreationThe Engines of Creation

1913/4 Wolfgang 1913/4 Wolfgang OstwaldOstwald’’s s 5 lectures5 lectures The World of Neglected DimensionsThe World of Neglected Dimensions

Nanoworld: Founding Myths

Nanoworld: Other Initiators

1850s1850s Colored glasses (Colored glasses (nanoparticlesnanoparticles))

1880s1880s Thin filmsThin films

1960s1960s Integrated circuitsIntegrated circuits

1970s1970s Supramolecular Supramolecular chemistrychemistry

Nanotechnology: Classification

• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films

• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes

• Radical – molecular manufacturing

Nanotechnology’s Gigantic Scope

Source:Source:

Q2: Why willQ2: Why willnanotechnologynanotechnologybe pervasive andbe pervasive and

ubiquitousubiquitous??

A2:A2:Because of its giganticBecause of its gigantic

scope.scope.

Q3: What is the commonQ3: What is the commonthread in allthread in all

technoscientifictechnoscientificopportunities offered byopportunities offered by

nanotechnologynanotechnology??

A3: A3: NanomaterialsNanomaterials..

Q3: What is the commonQ3: What is the commonthread in allthread in all

technoscientifictechnoscientificopportunities offered byopportunities offered by

nanotechnologynanotechnology??

Q4: What societal issuesQ4: What societal issueswill emerge from thewill emerge from the

spread ofspread ofnanotechnology?nanotechnology?

• Known knowns• Known unknowns• Unknown unknowns

• Known knowns• Known unknowns• Unknown unknowns

“Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns — the ones we don't know we don't know.” - Donald Rumsfeld (12 Feb 2002)

Nanotechnology:Societal Issues

Source:Source: Susanna Priest and Victoria Kramer, University of South Carolina (2007)Susanna Priest and Victoria Kramer, University of South Carolina (2007)

Health ImpactsNanoparticles may be more toxic than larger particles

• High surface area• Enhanced chemical reactivity• Easier penetration of cells

Manufactured amounts are small, but will increase overtime.

Human Health Impacts

Risk to workers and consumers

• Inhalation (Workers and consumers)

• Penetration of skin (Workers and consumers)

• Combustible nanoparticles may causeexplosions (Workers)

Human Health Impacts

Life-cycle auditing of nanomaterials is essential.

US Federal funding of Environment Health & Safety ResearchUS Federal funding of Environment Health & Safety Researchon on Nanomaterials Nanomaterials is growing.is growing.

Nanodivides• Who controls the uses of

nanotechnologies?

• Who benefits from the uses ofnanotechnologies?

• Nanodivides- Rich and poor in the same country- Rich and poor countries

Convergence of Nano, Bio, and Information Technologies& Cognition Science

• New forms of surveillance and sensing- Invasion of privacy- Regulation of governmental and

private data-collection agencies

• Radical human enhancement

Privacy Issues

Convergence of Nano, Bio, and Information Technologies& Cognition Science

• New forms of surveillance and sensing- Invasion of privacy- Regulation of governmental and

private data-collection agencies

• Radical human enhancement

Privacy Issues

Brave New World, Brave New World, GattacaGattaca, The Manchurian Candidate, The Manchurian Candidate

A4: Many, someA4: Many, someforeseen but othersforeseen but others

unforeseen.unforeseen.

Q4: What societal issuesQ4: What societal issueswill emerge from thewill emerge from the

spread ofspread ofnanotechnology?nanotechnology?

Q5: What must the publicQ5: What must the publicdo to cope withdo to cope with andand

celebratecelebratenanotechnology?nanotechnology?

A5: Educate ourA5: Educate ourchildrenchildren

appropriately.appropriately.

Q5: What must the publicQ5: What must the publicdo to cope withdo to cope with andand

celebratecelebratenanotechnology?nanotechnology?

Essential Curricular Features

• Integration across technology and sciences

• Integration with humanities-------------------------------------------------------• Flexibility to adapt to changing needs

• Modularity to mimic real-life situations

• Incorporation of diversity of skills and interests

Current Educational Practices

Supplementary Approach

Current Educational Practices

• to identify intersecting disciplines• to acquire necessary knowledge base• to synthesize an acceptable accomplishment• to assess needs for further progress• to contextualize the accomplishment

Students must learnStudents must learn

End-of-semesterEnd-of-yearEnd-of-school

EXPERIENCESEXPERIENCES

(JITE)(JITE)

JITE Experience• Spans > 1 science/math disciplines• Single-member• Team-based• Apportionment of tasks• Deadlines• Oral/written reports

• 4 Crucial elements

• Crucial Element No. 1Not all information be supplied to students

Students will• search school books• search extracurricular books• search the web• interview practitioners• undertake site visits

• Crucial Element No. 2Introspection and reflection by students

Students will• keep a journal of activities and ideas• prepare a statement of personal growth

• Crucial Element No. 3Socioethical contextualization

Students will reflect on relevance of projects to• their political unit and culture• the world• ecology, sustainability & diversity

• Crucial Element No. 4Dispersal of acquired knowledge

Students will• create project websites• write for newspapers and magazines• participate in local, provincial and national conferences

Teaching staffs’ responsibilities:1. Form interdisciplinary teams to guide

JITE experiences2. Mathematics and sciences staffs must

learn about humanities and social sciences

3. Humanities & social sciences staffs mustlearn about mathematics and sciences

4. Become lifelong learners

Chandra S. Chandra S. VikramVikram

31 Oct 1950 31 Oct 1950 –– 17 Aug 2007 17 Aug 2007

Fellow, SPIEFellow, SPIEFellow, OSAFellow, OSA

Gabor Gabor Award for HolographyAward for HolographyDistinguished Alumnus, IIT DelhiDistinguished Alumnus, IIT Delhi