Aquatic Ecosystems. Freshwater Ecosystems Streams Rivers Ponds and lakes.
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Lakes and Ponds: Pollution Abatement and Environmental
Sustainability
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Chief Scientist and Head, Mumbai Regional CenterEmail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Phone: +91-22-24973521/24974607
Urban Lakes: Under Constant ThreatWhat has gone wrong!!!
— Degradation of quality –— Untreated sewage discharge— Solid waste disposal— Eutrophication— Floating weeds
PROTECTION METHODS— PROTECTION METHODS— Degradation of quantity –— Abstraction of Water for variety of usages— Encroachment— Drainage & Alternate Land Use— Silt influx from degradation of catchment area
Water Bodies – Current Status-Across India
Ground water Recharge: Lakes Help!
Qualities of a Healthy Lake..
High Water Clarity [ No floating matter ]
No Stench
No Floating Weeds
No Floating Solid Waste
High Dissolved Oxygen (D. O.)
High Biodiversity
1st Step: Prevent — Prevent –vMunicipal and/or Industrial Effluent disposal
vSolid waste disposal
v Idol Immersion
v Introduction of exotic and/or invasive species
vEncroachments
vOver-exploitation of resources like fish, water
vCatchment Area degradation
vSlope Instability
Cure is Necessary..
Eutrophication
Floating Treatment Wetlands
Floating weeds Removal
Brine Spray
Physical Removal
Introduction of biological predator
(insects, fungi, herbivorous fish)
Sedimentation
Dredging: When and Where??
Low D.O.
Does Aerationalways Help??
A Healthy Ecosystem in the Lake = A Healthy A Lake
2nd Step: Treatment of Inputs
— Any unwarranted flow of solids and liquids need to be treated and suitably discharged
— Liquid Waste can become an additional source of water
— Achieve discharge standards: Below 10 ppm of BOD
INPUT TREATMENT USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
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3rd Step: Peripheral and In-situ Treatment
— Water bodies (lake or impounded water in dam) need peripheral arrangement for:
— prevention of silt and sediments
— Prevention of nutrient from rainy runoffs
— In-situ removal of contaminants
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The Shahadara Lake Rejuvenation Project
Sewage Water will be treated by the “PhytoridTechnology” based on constructed on constructed wetland and will be used for Rejuvenating the lake in the Shahadara locality of East Delhi
Floating Treatment Wetland: In-situ treatment
Advantages..— Low Cost
— No Power Requirement
Low on maintenance— Low on maintenance
— Eco-friendly
Lake/PondLake/Pond StatusStatus
Bhujale Ongoing
Lonar Completed
Telebandha Phase I
Kot Lake On progress
Shahdara Under
implementation
Eco-Unfriendly Activities
— Solid waste disposal— Nirmalya disposal— Fish feeding— Idol Immersion
Environmental Issues— Pre-monsoon water quality poor; water was high in
suspended solids, floating debris, foul smell, BODand COD
— It appeared faint yellow-green in color and theclarity was poorclarity was poor
— Local fishermen around complained of itching whentheir skin came in contact with the water
— No aquatic plants or birds observed— Fishes like magur and guppy have been introduced
Some Work of NEERI’s Some Work of NEERI’s Technology for Lakes and
Nalla Waste Water Treatment
NEERI’s Floraft TechnologyPilot scale implementation of NEERI's Floraft technology,
which is our improvised version of the Floating Treatment Wetland technology has been undertaken at the Bhujavale Talao in Malad (W), Mumbai
Common native aquatic plants planted in Florafts
Phragmites karka Typha latifolia Justicia americana Eleocharis Alternanthera
Bhujale Talao: Location of Study Area
ØDimensions: 71.43 m, 73. 1 m, 18.54 m, and 32.23 m
ØApproximately 16-18 feet deep at the 18 feet deep at the center
ØRoughly bowl shaped
Mumbai Reels under Water Pollution Stress
Florafts are made of PVC pipes and plastic nets of about 5ft by 5ft size
Florafts are given adequate thickness through thermocol
paddings and double net layers so that plants are adequately supported
Florafts can be tethered to nearby trees or poles
Or, allowed to float freely
Idol-in-Net Technology
Water Quality of Bhujale PondDO
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TDS
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COD
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OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
ØLittle or no maintenance required on a daily basis as the system is biological and requires no electricity or sophisticated set-up
ØManpower is required for harvesting excess emergent biomass every few months
ØLocal wetland plants will be
ADVANTAGES
ØIn-situ method of water treatment
ØLow cost, aesthetic and eco-friendly
ØNo electricity requirement
ØNo skilled manpower required
ØNatural Oxygen production
ØReduction in BOD, NO3-N, TSS ØLocal wetland plants will be needed for re-populating floating rafts
ØBriquetting and sale of harvested biomass
ØReduction in BOD, NO3-N, TSS and coliforms has been reported
ØNew land mass for use by all kinds of creatures including fish and aquatic birds
ØSequestration of carbon and other greenhouse gases
ØHarvested biomass can be sold as briquettes
Lonar Lake (under threat), Maharashtra
Nabi Lake
Lonar Lake
Under Consideration
Phytorid Plant on Nabi Lake
Lake Area: 3 HaPhytorid Capacity 500 KLDPlant commissioned
Entire Sewage from Lonar
Telibandha Lake, Raipur
Lake Area: 11 HaPhytorid Capacity 2 MLDProposed to develop 3 plant at periphery
Second Phase started
Kot Lake Brahmapuri, Maharashtra
Phytorid capacity 450 kldproject design initiated
Shahadara Lake, Delhi3 MLD Capacity Phytorid
Beds for Rejuvenation of an 8 acre surface area Lake –which is currently totally
dried up
Proposed Outlay
Existing Conditions
Proposed design of Phytorid for Nag Nadi (Nalla)
Already 500,000 lit/day already being treated and used (Punjab Rao KrishiVidyapeeth)
Estimated land area required: 2563 m2Estimated land area required: 2563 m2
For a plant capacity of 1000 m3/day
Entire length of the plant: 267mFor a plant capacity of 1000 m3/day
Length of the Phytorid bed: 184 mDimension: 1.5m depth X 184m length X 8m width
Project completion period: 12 months
The Result….
More varieties of fishBirds among visitors
Clean waters and no stink
No itch for swimmers
Study Area— Thane: One of the cities in Mumbai
Metropolitan Region
— Lat – Long: 900 12’ N 730 92’ E
— Also known as “City of Lakes”
(35 lakes in the city)
Sampling Site: Siddheshwar Lake
ü Location: Near Uthalsar Ward Office
ü Area: 3 Hectares
ü Type of settlement: Completely urbanized water body
Ref: TMC’s ESR, 2009 -2010
Water Quality Index
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WQ
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ues
Seasonal Variation in WQI Values
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W S M PMSeason
ü Based on the seasonal WQI values for Siddheshwar lake, it can be
concluded that the water quality of this lake is very poor in all the seasons
üWater is unsuitable (based on drinking standards)
W= Winter, S =Summer, M= Monsoon, PM= Post Monsoon
Conclusions—Without understanding the social
connectivity with water bodies, its difficult to solve issues—Protection methods (modern) are —Protection methods (modern) are
actually harming them— Input control technologies (sustainable
and power free)— In-situ Control—Continuous monitoring with local
participation
Dream or Reality?!