Laghusiddhantakaumudi Ac-sandhi

Laghusiddhntakaumud

Acsandhi Prakaraa

(Text, Translation, and Notes)

By

Narsing Rao ([email protected])

April, 2014

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1

Acsandhi Prakaraa ......................................................................................................... 3

1. () ................................................................................................ 3 2. () ................................................................................ 4 3. () ............................................................................................ 4 4. () ................................................................................................. 5 5. () ............................................................................................ 6 6. () ....................................................................................... 6 7. () .............................................................................................. 7 8. () ........................................................................................... 8 9. () ............................................................................ 8 10. () ....................................................................................... 9 11. () .................................................................................................. 10 12. () .................................................................................... 10 13. () ................................................................................................ 11 14. () ............................................................................. 12 15. () ............................................................................................. 12 16. () ................................................................................... 13 17. () ............................................................................................ 14 18. () ................................................................................................ 16 19. () ............................................................................................... 16 20. () .......................................................................................... 17 21. () ................................................................................ 19 22. () ........................................................................................ 20 23. () .................................................................................... 21 24. () ........................................................................................ 21 25. () .................................................................................... 21 26. () ............................................................................................ 22 27. () .......................................................................................... 23 28. () ................................................................................. 24 29. () ................................................................................... 24 30. () ................................................................................. 25 31. () ................................................................................. 26 32. () ..................................................................................................... 26

33. () .............................................................................. 27 34. () ................................................................................................ 28 35. () ............................................................................................ 28 36. () ......................................................................... 29 37. () ............................................................................... 29 38. () ............................................................................................ 30 39. () ...................................................................................... 30 40. () ................................................................................................. 31 41. () .................................................................................. 31 42. () ..................................................................................................... 33 43. () ..................................................................... 33 44. () ...................................................................................... 34 45. () ............................................................. 35 46. () .................................................................................... 35 47. () ............................................................................................. 36

Introduction

Acsandhi () refers to the transformation that occurs when one vowel () follow another in a continuous stream [ defined by ()]. This represents a special case of sandhi, a term used by later grammarians to indicate the transformation that occurs when one sound is followed by another. Pini

does not use the term sandhi; instead, he uses sahit to indicate the close proximity of varas.

Furthermore, sahit is mandatory in some cases and optional in others. This is

indicated by the following loka:

Sahit () is mandatory () within one word (), between a verbal root and the prefix (), and between words in a compound word (); however () in a sentence () (i.e. between words), she () awaits () the wish () [of the speaker] (i.e. it is not mandatory).

Pini uses the term in the sense of adhikra at three places, and the scopes of these are shown in the table below:

Stra Scope (adhikra) () 6.1.72 to 6.1.158 () 6.3.114 to 6.3.135 () from 8.2.108 to 8.4.68

This means that for any stra in the scopes mentioned above, the term sahity is implicit.

In general when a vara is immediately followed by another, the following transformations may occur, depending on various conditions:

There is a replacement of either of the two by a third

There is a replacement of both by a third

There is a replacement of both by either the earlier or the latter one

There is an insertion of a third between the two

Replacement is referred to as dea (), and insertion as gama (). There is a well known saying: (the gama is like a friend [because it comes in between] whereas the dea is like an enemy [because it replaces whats there]). The

term that is replaced is referred to as the sthnin ().

Sometimes the above mentioned operations are performed not on individual varas but

on groups of varas.

Praktibhva

There are situations where even though the conditions for sandhi are satisfied, the sandhi

does not occur. The absence of sandhi is referred to as praktibhva, indicating that the

words are in their original form, i.e. without any modification. Rules pertaining to

praktibhva are found in the Adhyy from 6.1.115 to 6.1.130, some of which are

covered in the Laghusiddhntakaumud. One important rule is that sandhi does not occur

when a word designated as praghya is followed by a vowel. Rules that determine which

words are praghya are found in the Adhyy from 1.1.11 to 1.1.19, some of which are

covered in the Laghusiddhntakaumud.

Example

The example used for the first seven stras is the following:

A samsa (compound word) is formed by using one word to replace the phrase:

(One worthy of worship by the wise, i.e. Viu)

When the compound is form, the noun base becomes + (following the rules of samsa)1. Here, sandhi is mandatory as indicated earlier.

1 This is an example of a samsa. From the grammatical viewpoint, = +

+ + , which becomes + by applying the rule : ()

Acsandhi Prakaraa

1. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [, , ], [, , ] Adhikra () In the context of () sahit (), there should be a substitution ( ) of ( ) by when [the is] followed by ().

Having established ( ) , [we consider the next stra].

Notes

This is a vidhistra which requires an action to be performed: the replacement of by .

Applying the stra () to the three terms in this stra (namely , , and ), it can be seen that the term is the one that is ordained () where as the other two ( and ) are not ordained () and therefore represent the entire set of varas that are savara to them. This means that both and stand for any of their varieties (for all practical purposes, and ). In other words, the present rule can be applied even though we have a followed by .

The term is considered to be the sthnin (), being indicated by (i.e. ). The term is the dea, representing the replacement, and term represents the condition under which the replacement occurs.

The use of in (i.e. ) has an important significance, which will be explained by the next stra.

2. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [], [, , ], [, , ]

The action () that is ordained () using the seventh case () must be understood () to be performed on the immediately preceding () vara with no intervening varas ( ).

This is a paribh stra which can be considered to be a metarule that indicates how to

interpret other rules.

Using this rule to interpret the application to + , we notice that is indicated by ,which means that the action must be performed on the immediately preceding vara which is . The stra merely says that should be replaced by , however it does not specify which member of should be used to replace the . This is indicated by the next stra.

3. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [, , ] o +

In a given context ( ) [when there are several possibilities indicated], the one that is the most similar () should be taken as the substitute ( ).

In this case, the is and the possible subsitutes are = {o, , , }. Since the for is , the one that is closest will be o [ ]. In other words, the effect of executing this rule is that is replaced by o , and now we have: o + .

This is a paribh stra which explains how to choose a substitute when several are available.

4. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [] Anuvtti , (), , () Adhikra ()

There is an optional () duplication () of the () that follows ( ), but this duplication should not be performed () if the is followed by ( ).

We now have o o . Here (included in ) follows (included in ) and the is followed by o which is not . Therefore () there is a duplication () of () giving: o o .

Since this is an optional rule, if this option is not used, there is no duplication of .

Note

Many rules are of the type: If NOT CONDITION then ACTION.

In general, the term NOT, the Condition (which may be complex) and the Action may

be inherited from other rules. There are actually two interpretations of negation (referred

to as ), as shown below:

1. If CONDITION is NOT true then perform ACTION (negation applies to the condition)

2. If CONDITION is true than do NOT perform ACTION (negation applies to the action)

The first one above is referred to as - and the second one to as - . In this particular rule, the negation has to be interpreted to be of the second kind, i.e. - . In other words, if is present after then do not duplicate .

At this stage we have two optional forms:

o + o +

5. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ]

Clear () [i.e. this stra is complete in itself]. Therefore () the earlier () is substituted by ().

Here (which is ) is followed by (which is ), therefore the has to be replaced by = { }. Here again we have to invoke the rule () to determine that the replacement should be [the for both are the teeth - ].

After applying this rule, we have two optional forms:

o + , o +

It is important to note that this is a samsapada which really consists of two padas:

o or o which is the prvapada () which is the uttarapada ()

This is important because for the application of the next rule, the first part of the samsa is actually a pada.

6. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [, , ] Adhikra ()

[ ] ,

There is an elision () of the pada () that ends with a conjunct consonant ( ).

Here, the target of the elision () is the pada. However, as the next stra clarifies, when Pini says action has to be performed on a particular term, what he really means

is that the action should be perfromed on the last vara of that term.

7. ()

Padaccheda [, , ] , [, , ] Anuvtti ()

( )

When the target of an operation is a term indicated by the sixth case (), it should be understood () the the target is actually the last vara () of the term ().

In this case the prvapada is o or o . So by this rule, the o should be elided. That would actually result in an undesirable situation. Fortunately, we have a vrttika that comes to our rescue:

()

The last of the should not be elided ( ). The final forms are:

,

Other examples: + = , + = , + =

From Klidsa

.

+ =

8. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , o--o- [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

o o []

o , , o,

In the context of sahit (), [ = { , , , }], are respectively replaced by o , , o, and ( )when followed by ().

This is a case where the (i.e. the target of the operation) is a set consisting of four terms and the replacement () is also a set consisting of four terms. The next stra explains how to interpret such a situation.

9. ()

Padaccheda [] , [ , , ], [ , , ]

The operation () where the source and target sets have the same cardinality () should be performed () so that the elements in the target set are respective replacements for the elements in the source set (). In this case, should be replaced by o and so on.

Exampes: + = + = o + = + = + = + = + =

Other examples: + = + + = + = + =

10. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [o , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra () [ ]

When followed by a pratyaya ( ) that begins with () and () are respectively replaced by and . Examples: + = + = In the case of , the pratyaya is obtained by the rule (), and indicates something obtained from a cow, such as milk, curds, etc. In the case of (boat), it is obtained be the rule (), and indicates a body of water that is crossable using a boat. In the case of + (a measure of distance), this rule cannot apply because is not a pratyaya but a separate word. Therefore we have the varttika:

()

This rule is also used () to indicate a word denoting the measure of a path (), resulting in the form The Mahbhya also states that this form is used in the veda :

( ..)

(Incidentally, the skta from which this mantra is taken is the same one that contains the famous gyatr mantra, which happens to be 3.62.10).

11. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] [] |

[ = {} ] and () [ = { , } ] are designated as gua ( ). This is a saj stra that defines the set gua = { , , }. So, why is there a following the ? This is explained by the next stra:

12. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ]

[ ], [], []

The [vara] that is followed by [ ] and () the one that follows ( ), when pronounced () stands for its duration alone [ ]. In other words in the stra ,

represents () only, and not the and forms [= { , }] represent their forms only, and not other forms

This stra is an exception to () which states that a vara unless ordained by the stra, stands also for other varas which are savara to it (i.e. would represent , , and forms. In summary,

represents , , and represents only

13. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

When is followed by ( ), both of them () should be replaced by gua ( ).

Consider the example + . Here we have followed by (which is part of ). Therefore both must be replaced by gua [= {, , }]. Now the question is: which of the members of the set gua should replace and ? The answer is provided by the stra (). In this case we have:

[] , [] [] , [ , ], [ , ]

The correct choice is , giving + =

Similarly + =

Note: The ensures that even through is a replacement for (which is , i.e. with two mtrs and (which is , i.e. with one mtr), the replacement is and not (the pluta form).

From Klidsa

( .)

+ + = In the case where is followed by or , there is an important concept, the understanding of which requires first the introduction of the following stra:

14. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ]

( - -- - )

In the upadea (), a nasalized vowel ( ) should be considered () to be a tag (i.e. elided) (-). Those who study Pinis grammar () know by tradition, which of these vowels are nasalized ().

The relevance of this stra is that the in the pratyhra should be considered to be a tag. In ancient times, this stra would have been pronounced as , but this tradition has disappeared for a very long time.

The () that is pronounced () along with () this which is part of the stra (--) should therefore be considered to be an abbreviation for as well as ( ).

To clarify, consider: The following is only for convenience of pronunciation (), however the following is . Therefore the stra [formed using ()] stands for both and : = + = { }

The purpose of this will become clear when we consider the next stra:

15. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti ()

[ ]

It has already been said () [vide commentary on ()] that ( ) stands for thirty varieties ( ). [ 18 forms of and 12 of ]. That ( ) that is a substitute for any of these () must always be followed by ( ).

From the previous stra we have seen that = { }. Therefore the gist stra of this is the following:

Whenever is substituted by , the respective must be followed by Whenever is substituted by , the respective must be followed by

Examples:

+ = + + + [ by , and will be replaced by ] = + + = Similarly, + =

Other examples: + = + = + = Now, consider the following examples:

+ = o + + = +

In this circumstance, the following stra applies:

16. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti (), , () Adhikra (), ()

( )

There is an optional elision ( ) of o and () that are at the end on a pada () when preceded by () and followed by ( ).

Using this rule, the conditions are satisfied in the cases of o and . [Note that by (), should be interpreted as ].

Applying this rule therefore results in the forms: and .

At this point one would be tempted to invoke the rule () since the conditions for this rule to operate seem to be satisfied.

As it turns out, the conditions are not satisfied, and that is because of an ingenious

scheme developed by Pini, explained by the next stra:

17. ()

Padaccheda () , ( , , )

, , |

This is an adhikra stra whose scope goes till the end of the Adhyy. To understand

this stra, we need to understand the following terms:

, which refers to the last three pdas of the Adhyy, i.e. pdas 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4

, which refers to the earlier part of the Adhyy i.e. pdas 1.1 through 8.1.

, which means that the results of an action performed by the application of a rule are not visible to other rules

In connection with the rules in the earlier part of the Adhyy ( ), (the rules in the) tripd () are asiddha (). [This means that the results of

actions performed by rules in the tripd are not visible to those in the sapdasaptdhyy]. Even in the tripd ( ) actions performed by later rules () are asiddha () towards rules that come earlier ( ) . Coming back to our earlier example of o and , this means that even through o and are elided by (), since this rule appears in the tripd, the results of this action are not visible to (), which is part of the sapdasaptdhyy. Since the elision of o and is not visible, it is as if they have not be elided, which means that as far as is concerned, the at the end of and is not followed by but by o or as the case may be. Therfore, will not apply in this case. However, since the elision of o and are optional, alternate forms are and .

Other examples:

( ...) + = o + (by ) = (by ) Similarly, + = o + = = ( ...) The reading is also possible, but does not occur.

Note: Even though is optional the option of elision is exercised more frequently in the literature.

18. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [, , ]

[ ]

[ = {} ] and () [ = { , } ] are designated as vddhi ( ). This again is a saj stra that defines the set vddhi = {, , }. The purpose of has already been explained.

19. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () , () Adhikra (), ()

When is followed by ( ), both of them should be replaced by vddhi (: ). This is an exception for gua () [as ordained by the previous stra].

As in the case of gua, the correct substitute is obtained by using the stra ().

Examples:

+ and to be replaed by one of {, , }. The for is and that of is and ; therefore the correct replacement is (, ), giving .

Similarly, + = + = + = [Note that or + = and or + = ]

20. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] Anuvtti () , () , () , () Adhikra (), ()

, []

Note: Here, means the root [i.e. ] and means the root [i.e. ] . These forms are derived using -

When is followed by () forms of the roots and beginning with () or by ( ) , both are replaced by ( ) vddhi (). [Note that in this case applies only to forms or and ].

Examples: + = + =

One might ask why this rule is necessary when the same result could have been obtained

by applying () directly. The reason is that there is another rule () by which when the of an upasarga is followed by the or of a then both are replaced by the latter vara. That rule would have applied in this case because is an upasarga and it is followed by of a thereby replacing both and by . This rule is an exception to (), which is clarified by the vtti:

The next example arises in the declension of the word which means a bull employed in drawing a plough which comes from which is the cross beam of the plough. In certain circumstances, the of is substituted by (), and the and the following are again replaced by . The derivation is shown in abridged form:

+ + = + () + + + = + + =

In this case, it is an exception for the gua sandhi that would normally have happened.

Why is it necessary to qualify the roots and as only those forms beginning with ( ) ?

Counter example: + = [Here the form , though of , is a form that does not begin with ; hence this rule will not apply and gua sandhi takes place.

Another example : kindly do not cause it to grow. The derivation is + = . Here again isa from of but does not begin with ; hence this rule will not apply and gua sandhi takes place.

This stra has several vrttikas that extend its scope and they will now be explained.

()

When is followed by () (), then also this rule (i.e. replacing both by vddhi) will apply. Here again, this is an exception to the gua sandhi that would normally have taken place. So we have

+ = (a type of battle unit). [The is substituted by using a different rule].

()

When the upasarga is followed by , , , and , then also this rule (i.e. replacing both by vddhi) will apply.

Examples:

1. + = (excellent argument) 2. + = (adult) 3. + = (adulthood) 4. + = (motivation) 5. + = (servant)

In the case of the first three, this vrttika is an exception to and in the case of the last two it is an exception to .

()

When is followed by in the case of , then also this rule applies. Example: (satisfied), when represented by a compound word (i.e. samsa) becomes + . In normal circumstances, would apply, replacing both by gua; this vrttika ordains vddhi. So we have:

+ = [ The comes by ()]. What is the purpose of the qualifier ( ) ? In the case of a karmadhraya samsa this rule will not apply: = + = (liberated).

() ----

When the word (loan) follows any of the following: , , , , , , there is vddhi instead of gua.

+ = (large loan); + = (loan taken for the purchase of a small calf); + = (loan taken for the purchase of a blanket); + = (loan taken to purchase clothes); + = (loan taken to repay another loan); + = (name of a country).

21. ()

Padaccheda [, , ], [, , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

[],

The set of terms beginning with (), when used in conjunction with a verb () are called upasargas ( ). [They are also called nipta (which makes them indeclinable), although that is not relevant in this context]. This is a saj stra that designates the set of terms etc. as upasargas. These terms, numbering 22, are also enumerated. This enumeration is an example of a gaa or group. The set of all gaas referred to by Pini in the Adhyy is called the gaapha.

22. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ]

,

The group of terms staring with () and whidh indicate an action () are designated as verbal roots ( ). The term should be interpreted to mean the group of terms starting with and having a meaning similar to . Here refers to which is a root indicating movement or action. The following examples should make this clear:

Take the first term which can mean either to be (expressing an action) or earth (substantive, not expressing action). Therefore in the sense of to be should be considered to be a whereas in the sense of earth is not a

The term can either mean to move or or. Therefore in the sense of to move should be considered to be a

The significance of considering something as a is that the appropriate suffixes can be applied to the term. In other words, to the root can be attached suffixes such as , and so on, where as to the substantive can be attaches suffixes and so on.

23. ()

Padacheda [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () , () , () Adhikra (), ()

When an upasarga ending with is followed ( ) by a root beginning with ( ) then both (i.e. and ) are replaced by vddhi ( ).

Example: + = (goes towards). This is an exception to

24. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti , () , () Adhikra (), ()

When an upasarga ending with is followed () by a root beginning with ( ), then both (i.e. and ) are replaced by the latter vara (: ). (This is an exception to vddhi).

Examples: + = (shines brilliantly), + = (burns near).

Note that this rule applies to any root beginning with or ; however for the rools and there is an exception to this rule (), which we have already seen.

25. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ]

The group varas which begins with the last ( ) is designated as ( ) .

Examples; of is , of is , of is .

The purpose of introducing this stra is for the following vrttika:

() :

The words etc. () are formed by replacing the of the earlier word and the first of the latter word by the (i.e. the latter, ).

+ : = ( , the well of the akas). Here would have normally happened; instead we have . Similarly, + = (the well of the karkas).

+ = ( , intelligence, desire)

The term ktigaa means that this represents only a set of representative words, there are other words not included here. The term vdgaa is used to indicate that the set is exhaustive (i.e. all possible members are included).

= (descendant of mtaa). + = ( )

Also, is formed as + ( or ) |

26. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [] Anuvtti (), () , () Adhikra (), ()

[] ,

When is followed by ( ) or , then also both are replaced by the latter one.

Example: + = (exception to )

The next example is +

Here, is formed as () + . Because is an upasarga, the rules pertaining to the joining of the upasarga with the dhtu should be applied first, before applying other rules. This results in the application of , which in effect, replaces and by . Here, we have a situation where the end of one term () and the beginning of the next () are both replaced by a single term (). Because of this, this should be considered as if it is both the end of the previous term and the beginning of the next term, as directed by the next stra:

27. ()

Padaccheda [] , [] Adhikra (), ()

[],

That (:) which is the result of replacing two by one ( ), should be considered to be the end of the earlier term ( ) as well as the beginning of the latter term (). Using this rule, the will be considered as if it is (). This makes is possible to apply the rule . The result is: + =

From the gveda:

( .. )

28. ()

Padaccheda [, , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

When [= { }] () is followed by a savara vowel ( ) , both are replaced () be the drgha form ( ).

Examples: + = + = + = + =

29. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra (), ()

When [ = {, }] () that is at the end of a pada () is followed by ( ) [= by ], both are replaced by the earlier vara ( ).

Examples: + = + = Note: The sign (called avagraha) is used to indicate that the had been elided, and is often used for clarity. Also, refers only to the hrasva version of , and not to other (drgha and pluta) versions.

30. ()

Padaccheda [] , [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () , , () Adhikra ()

,

In the loka (language of common parlance) as well as in the Veda ( ), when which ends in ( ) is followed by (), then there is optionally () no sandhi (). [The term praktibhva means that the words remain in their original form].

Example: + = or

What is the purpose of the qualifier for ( )? Consider the following example of a samsa:

: = + = [The gets converted to by ]. So is not . Therefore, the samsa becomes + = In this case, this rule will not apply. Why should come at the end of the pada ( )? In the declension of we have a case where to form forms in and , we have + and + = + = [by ]. Here the is not .

Example from the Taittirya Samhit:

- - ( ...)

The next two paribh stras are necessary in order to understand the stra that follows them. The context is that, under certain circumstances, has to be replaced by (i.e. is the sthn and is the adea).

31. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra

[ ], [ ],

When X has to be replaced by Y then Y replaces the entire X if Y is either (i.e. has more than one vara) or (i.e. has the tag ).

Having obtained this situation ( )

32. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [] Anuvtti , () , ()

[ ]

If the adea (i.e. substitute) is (i.e. has the tag ) then it will substitute only the last ( ) even it is ( ).

33. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti :, (), () Adhikra ()

,

In the opinion of Sphoyana () [i.e. optionally ()], when () is followed by any vowel (), the of should be replaced by (). [Note that ends with ]

Example: + = + = Since this is optional, the other form is: + = Using (), there are three forms: , ,

Why does this rule apply only when is at the end of the pada ( )? In the case of + where happens to be a suffix corresponding to , is not a pada since the designation of pada happens only after the suffix is added, by (). So the normal sandhi rules apply giving + = Other examples: + = (window), literally that through which light enters here means light and is taken in the root sense of to pervade.

From the Raghuvaa: . The windows (), filled by () the faces of those intensely curious ( ) women ( ), fragrant with liquor () and eyes darting about like those of bees () appeared as if ( ) ornamented by thousand petalled lotuses () [Part of the description of the setting when Aja enters the capital with his newly married bride Indumat].

34. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [] Anuvtti (), : (), () Adhikra ()

When is followed by () then (the of ) is replaced by ( ). + = + + = + + = The purpose of the next stra is to introduce a circumstance in which a vowel is prolated (i.e. made ).

35. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ], [] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

When addressing someone () from far () the last vowel of a sentence ( ) should be pronounced as pluta () [and it should also be udtta]. [The use of is questionable].

For example to say Come here, Devadatta! when Devadatta is far away (although within earshot), the correct usage is:

Note that () says that when addressing someone from a distance, the sentence should be in monotone (). Combining this with the rule () which makes the remaining vowels in

sannatara (also known as anudttatara), gives the final form: |

36. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

These () (i.e. those designated as pluta or praghya), when followed by a vowel () remain in their original form ( ) (i.e. there is no sandhi). Example: Here the of is pluta by (). Note that and are two different sentences.

This stra uses the term praghya which is defined be the following stras:

37. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] , [ , , ]

Forms in the dual number () that end in , , or () are designated as praghya ( ). [Note that is added to ensure that only the drgha versions are included]. Examples: (These two Haris). (These two Vius) (These two Gagas).

38. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti , ()

Forms of where and follow ( ) are also designated as praghya ( ). [ Here means following the which is an integral part of any form of ]. Note that there is no form of where is followed by . Therefore, even though is present in the anuvtti, it is not required for the purpose of this stra.

Examples:

39. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] , [ , , ] Anuvtti ()

[ ] [] ,

The group of words beginning with () and which no not represent a substance () are designated as nipta ( ). [Niptas are indeclinables]. What is the purpose of including the qualifier ? This group contains the word which, according to commentaries on the Siddhntakaumud means , correct, proper, worthy. However, the word can also be used in the sense of animal, in which case it will be declined, as in Example from the gveda:

.

O people ()! You do not know ( ) (the power) of the weapon (), you who consider () the worthless () as worthy ()! The powerful () do not ridicule ( ) the weak (); they dont lead ( ) an ass () in front of the horse ( ). [Note: Syaa interprets as , like an animal.]

40. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] Anuvtti (), ()

[ ]

These (i.e. the group of words beginning with ) also ( ) , in the same manner () [are designated as nipta].

41. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ], [ , , ] Anuvtti ()

[] []

,

A nipta () that has only one vowel ( ), other than () is designated as praghya ( ).

Examples: (Indeed it is Indra! is used to express surprise). (Is it Umea? is used to express doubt).

The nipta can be used in various senses, in some of which it is considered to be . The following loka explains when should be considered to be and when not: should be considered to be ( ) when used in the following senses: slightly () , verb-modifier () exclusive limit (), inclusive limit (); it should not be considered to when used in a declarative sentence or to remember something ().

Examples where is considered to be (in this case it is not praghya, therefore sandhi happens): + = slightly warm + = he came + = his kingdom extends up to the sea (but not including it) + = devotion extending up to (and including) Indra Examples where is not considered to be (in this case it is praghya, therefore sandhi does not happen): Do you indeed think so? Yes, this is how it was

42. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ] Anuvtti (), ()

A nipta ending with ( ) is designated as praghya () |

Example:

Example from the gveda:

..

43. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ], [, , ], [ , , ]

Anuvtti (), ()

,

A vocative that ends in ( ) is optionally () designated as praghya () when followed by that is not part of the Veda ( ). (i.e. the should be in the padapha and not in the sahitpha). [This is the opinion of kalya, who is the author of the padapha of the gveda].

Example:

Example from the gveda : ( ) | ( ..)

The other option would have been which is actually not seen in the padaphas of the gveda. Note that is not part of the Sahit but is introduced in the padapha to indicate a praghya.

Counter Example (Vocative ending in followed by in the sahit)

There is no example in the gveda; however the Kik gives one from the Khaka Sahit : ( .). However the version I have has the reading which makes sense since the will be dropped by ()

44. ()

Padaccheda [o , , ], [ , , ], [ , , ], [] Anuvtti () Adhikra ()

When a consonant that is part of o is followed by ( ) which in turn is followed by a vowel (), then the is optionally replaced by ( ). [Note that here stands for the nipta ].

Example: + + = or | [Note that there will be no sandhi between and because is praghya by ()].

Example from the gveda: ( ..) Note that in the gveda in the sahitpha is always replaced by in the padapha by () and (). Futhermore, is some readings of the Adhyy, (1|1|17) and (1|1|18) are treated as one : |

45. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [ , , ], [ , , ] [ , , ], [] Anuvtti (), () Adhikra ()

,

The at the end of a pada ( ) are optionally shortened ( ) when followed by any asavara vowel ( ). In that case, i.e. when it is shortened ( ) there is no sandhi ( ) [otherwise there would be no point in shortening it]. Example: + Viu is here = or What is the need of the requirement that they should be at the end of the pada ( ) ? + = (Here is a suffix and is a noun base, therefore not a pada).

46. ()

Padaccheda [, ,] , [ , , ], [, , ] Anuvtti , () Adhikra ()

,

There is an optional duplication ( ) of the () that follows or ( ) which in turn follow a vowel ( ).

Example: + = + + + + = + + + o + = + + + o + o + = Alternately,

47. ()

Padaccheda [ , , ], [, , ] Anuvtti , , () , () Adhikra () , The at the end of a pada ( ) are optionally shortened as before ( ) [i.e. as in the stra ()] when followed by (). Example: + = + [Note that the shortening is applied in conjuction with praktibhva]. Alternately

What is the need of the requirement that they should be at the end of the pada ( ) ? + = [vddhi by ()].

Laghusiddhantakaumudi Ac-sandhi

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