Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities ...
Transcript of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities ...
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician (ALAT) Certification Exam Preparation: Guinea pigs, Rabbits, Cats, Dogs Matthew K. Hogan BVetMed, MRCVS ULAR Resident Veterinarian
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Agenda
• Guinea pigs -Ch.22 • Rabbits -Ch.23 • Cats -Ch.24 • Dogs -Ch.25
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Guinea Pigs
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
History, taxonomy, basics
• Cavia porcellus (Cavy) – Origin: S. America Inca food source – Very docile – Research uses:
• Historically: anatomy • Testing serums and antitoxins • Diabetes • Nutrition • Dermatology • Diagnosis of infectious diseases TB
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Stocks/Strains
• Outbred stocks – Duncan-Hartley & Hartley
– English guinea pig
Albino
Pigmented/multi-colored
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Stocks/Strains
• Inbred strains – Strain 2 & 13
• Tri-color varieties
– IAF
Hairless!!
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology
• Round, tailless bodies • Large heads with short ears and blunt
noses • Similar dental formula as mouse and
rat = 2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20 – Teeth continuously grow
• Cannot tolerate humidity extremes or warm weather
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology
• Malocclusion – Incisors & molars may become
overgrown – Key: report to veterinary staff!!
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology • Guinea Pigs do not vomit
– Not necessary to fast before anesthesia – However fasting does decrease the amount of feed in
oral cavity(helpful for endotracheal intubation)
• Fermentation takes place in the large intestine to provide nutrition – Gut flora is very sensitive to stress, diet change, and
antibiotic therapy
• Urine is creamy white to yellow, slightly cloudy, and thick
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Unique Characteristics
• Cannot jump: can be housed in open-topped cages with low (7 inch) walls
• Poor eye sight; great hearing and smell
• Highly vocal – Wheeking, purring, rumbling, squealing,
shrieking
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproduction
• Sexing – Male = – Female =
Boar Sow
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproduction
• Can breed year round – ~5 litters/year – Mate at night – Mucous plug on sow = successful mating
• Pregnant sow – Large abdomen & can double body weight
• Pelvic bone fusion – Don’t breed >7m age bones may be fused dystocia
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. What is the normal gestation length for the guinea pig?
a) 80-96 days b) 19-21 days c) 31-38 days d) 59-72 days
59-72 days
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Parturition & Neonates
• Parturition takes about 30 minutes • Post partum estrus occurs within 2-15
hours • Young are precocial
– Fully furred – Open eyes – Able to run within hours – Eat solid food at 2-3 days but continue to nurse – Weaned at 14-28 days
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproductive Problems
• Pregnancy toxemia – Blood poisoning disruption in
carbohydrate metabolism • Decreased appetite/inappetance • Lack of energy • Excessive salivation
• Dystocia common in older sows • Stillbirths/abortions also reported
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
General Physiological Data
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• Be gentle • 2 handed-method • Support backend
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• Cage level: cage cards • Individual animal
– Ear tag – Microchip – Tattoo – Fur coloring
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior/Pain
• Behavior – Poor climbers, but ‘popcorn’ hop – Easily startled: may freeze, then run – Dominant animals will barber others
• Pain – Loud squeal (not wheeking!) – Licking biting affected area – Rough-coat, hunched, pacing
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry & Diet
• 12:12 LD cycle lots of activity, short sleep periods
• Minimize dust & humidity out-of-range respiratory disease
• Group house w/contact bedding – Avoid wire-bottom cages
• Produce significant feces & urine
– Urinate & defecate into feed bowls – +/- more change-outs
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. Guinea pigs must have a diet that is enriched with what vitamin?
a) A b) C c) B12 d) D3
b) Vitamin C
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Rabbits
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Taxonomy/Breeds/Uses
• Oryctolagus cuniculus – NOT rodents, but lagomorphs – Breeds:
• New Zealand White (NZW) • Dutch-belted • Flemish giant
– Research uses: • Atherosclerosis • Ophthalmology • Serum Ab-production • Drug testing, screening
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy
• Ears – Long, highly vascularized
• Thermoregulation
• Teeth
– Second set of upper incsiors = peg teeth • Teeth continuously grow; pre-disposed to
malocclusion treat via trimming
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy
• Light skeletons – 8% of body weight – Large, strong musculature in hindlimbs spinal fractures
• Rapid toe nail growth – Lab animal caging overgrowth
• Observe, trim
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Physiology
• Feces – Night feces: protein,
water, B vitamins • Coprophagy – early
morning
• Urine – Yellow-red-brown – Cloudy, milky
• Crystal build-up
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing
• Males: • Females: • Young:
Bucks Does
Kits
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing
• Dewlap = does • Broad-head = bucks
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Female Reproduction
• Induced ovulators (12 hrs post-mating)
• Doe taken to Buck’s cage – Avoids fighting
• Nesting box – Give days before birth – Doe pulls fur (from dewlap) – Without it, newborns die
• Trampling, hypothermia
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Kits
• Hairless, eyes close • Nursed once/day • Weaned 5-8 weeks
– Very active, run/dart around
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• Tuck/football method – Carrying long distances
• Scruff/support method – Carrying short distances
• Scruff/stretch method – Minor technical procedures
• Plastic restrainer or bunny burrito
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Restrainers
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior • General:
– Active, curious, calm – Non-aggressive – High fear-flight response
• Aggression – Hind foot stop; rearing – Vocalize – Fling urine
• Pain/distress – Anorexia, lethargy, teeth grinding – Vocalizing scream! – Pale mucus membranes
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• Tattoos, tags – Pinna – Avoid central artery &
vasculature
• Microchips – SQ at nape of neck – Can also record body
temperature
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Room temperature – 61o-72oF (16o-22oC) – Decreases shedding less cleaning
out of room & filters – GIT blockage by ?????
• Cages – Stainless steel/plastic, but plastic
flooring preferred – Group has juvy males and females
Hair/fur-balls
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Pans – Liners: Collect urine, feces – Cleaning: Acid wash for scale
• Diet – High fiber pellet in J-feeder – No ad lib – Check for normal feces, monitor
BW/BCS • Always check leftover food, water
supply – If unable to drink, won’t eat
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. What is the suggested amount of feed (g/kg of BW) to be fed to one rabbit once daily?
a) 25 b) 50 c) 75 d) 100
50g/kg
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Environmental Enrichment
• Food – Carrots, kale, broccoli – Have schedule, can pellet rejection
• Toys – Balls, chew blocks, suspended metal
pendants
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Euthanasia
• Barbiturates – Overdose recommended – Followed by 2o method
bilateral pneumothorax • CO2 not recommended due to
breath holding
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Cats
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Taxonomy & Uses
• Felis catus – Strict carnivores w/highly
developed hearing, sight & smell
– Research uses: • Experimental neurology • Ophthalmology • Retrovirus research • Inherited diseases • Immunodeficiency diseases • Behavior
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology
• Nictitating membrane 3rd eylid • Retractable claws • Purr • Male urine can be musky & spray
– Fix via castration
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing
• Male: • Female:
Tom Queen
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproduction
• Queens – Seasonal polyestrous (heat every 6-7
months) – Estrus
• Lordosis • Vocal • Length
– Mating: 1-4 days – No mating: 10 days
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. T/F, cats are induced ovulators True! Coitus must occur in order for ovulation to take place
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• “Less is more” – Consider cat’s emotional state
• Postpone procedure if necessary
• Acclimation/socialization helps
• Avoid cat bites – Needle-like canines – Deep infection – Immediate medical attention
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• Scruff + restrain hindlimbs • Aggressive:
– Heavy-duty gloves – Burrito – ‘cat bag’ – +/- catchpole, chemical
restraint
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Procedures
• Scruff + leg grasp on firm surface • Easily examine thorax/abdomen • Administer treatments • +/- injections, IV access
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• USDA: – Durable, legible tag – Tattoo
• Microchips • Dyes
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior
• Familiarity & socialization with handlers – Routine, comfort
• Normal – Alert, curious – Ears erect, eyes bright, purrs
• Fear – Back of cage – Twitching tail – Folded ears – Eyes partially closed
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Pain & Distress
• Quiet • Stiff posture • Anorexia • Growl, hiss • Isolation • Crouched or hunched • Limping • Licking one area • Lack of grooming
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Resting board and litter pan – Required by Animal Welfare
Regulations (AWA) • Group housing
– Depends on room size, personalities, intact males
– Resting areas, different heights • Individual housing
– Offer interaction as possible
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Clean cages at least every 2 weeks • Litter pans
– Clean daily – No urine in pan, urine outside of pain =
potential health problem • Diet
– Food: semi-soft, moist for hydration • Can be finicky, so variety key • Eat small meals throughout day & night
– H2O: ad lib
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. What are the three types of commercially formulated cat diets available?
Dry-feed: 10-12% moisture Semi-moist: 20-25% moisture Canned feed: 70-78% moisture
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Environmental Enrichment
• Platforms, shelves/perches • Scratch pads, ropes • Escape areas
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Dogs
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Taxonomy & Uses
• Canis familiaris – Friendly w/well-developed sense of
hearing and smell – Beagle
• Most common • Pharmacological & Toxicological testing • Dental, physiology, imaging, cardiovascular
– Convenient size (small-medium) – Labradors, hounds
• Surgical, orthopedic models
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy
• Nictitating membrane • Can see well in low-light conditions • Teeth
– Shearing-cut
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing & Reproduction
• Male: • Female: • Anatomically distinct • Breed year-round spontaneous
ovulation • Female permits breeding during
estrus only – 7-10 days every 7-8 months – Swollen vulva, blood-tinged discharge
Dog Bitch
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling
• Consider dog’s personality – Mild, even temperament? – Timid, easily frightened? – Aggressive, difficult to
handle? • Keys to success: patience,
kindness, socialization • Never force into corner • Use minimum force
necessary
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling
• Unfamiliar dogs – Make presence known – Avoid eye contact – Approach slowly – Dog’s height – Quiet, soothing voice – Extend arm, palm down,
fingers folded
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Restraint
• Picking up – NEVER scruff!
• Routine manipulation
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Restraint
• Muzzle – Basket, cloth
• Catchpole – Aggressive dog
• Gauze muzzle • Chemical restraint
– Diagnostic imaging, intensive procedures
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• USDA: – Durable, legible tag – Tattoo hairless portion of pinna
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior
• Submissive – Head low, ears flattened, tail wagging
between legs • Exuberant
– Head high, ears extended, eyes bright, tail gently wagging and erect
• Aggressive (uncommon) – Erect stiff tail, growling, raised fur – Growl, teeth showing
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Pain & Distress
• Severe – Stiff movement, unwilling to move
• Less severe – Shivering, heavy panting, whimpering,
howling • Pain
– More apprehensive or aggressive • Sick
– Voluntary isolation
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Runs – Outdoor
• Concrete, heating, cooling, shade, cover
– Sealed cement: ease of sanitation
– Indoor • Solid, slatted, coated
metal floors – Slats: small to avoid
pinched toes
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Housing requirements – Normal postural adjustments – Opportunity for voluntary exercise, or
large cage – Daily: cages cleaned, bedding changed – 2 weeks: cages sanitized – Regularly: runs cleaned, sanitized
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Diet & Environmental Enrichment
• Feeding, watering – Commercial diet – Once/day, remove leftovers – Social hierarchy in groups
• Ensure submissive gets food
• Enrichment – Socialization (human & other canines) – Exercise – Toys (nylon bones, kongs)
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Questions