La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908
description
Transcript of La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908
![Page 1: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Those Scary FossilsHistory of Paleoanthropological Discoveries
February 9, 2011
La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908
![Page 2: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Psalm 8, vs. 3-5“When I consider your heavens, The work of your fingers,The moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful of him, The son of man that you care for him?You made him a little lower that the heavenly
beings, and crowned him with glory and honor.
![Page 3: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overall Progression
I. Early Anatomical Investigations & TaxonomyII. Archaeological Finds in early-mid 1800’sIII. Initial Finds of Neanderthals in mid-late 1800’sIV. Discoveries, Interpretations & Frauds, 1890-1920.V. Australopithecines—south & east Africa: mid-1900’sVI. H. erectus & H. ergasterVII. Later Discoveries in east AfricaVIII. Current Discussion and Controversies
![Page 4: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I. Early Anatomical Investigation & Taxonomy
![Page 5: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Anatomy Lesson of Nicolas Tulp (Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632)
![Page 6: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1600’s: Anatomists examine apes
• 1641: Nicolas Tulp publishes “Homo sylvestris: Orang-outang” in Observationes medicae--observations on (live) juvenile female ape,
probably chimpanzee, in the menagerie of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.
--equated with the satyr of antiquity (e.g., Pliny)
![Page 7: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“Satyricus indicus”
![Page 8: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
1699: Edward Tyson, M.D. (1650-1708)
• --English anatomist• --provided small chimpanzee (possibly orang-outan) brought in on ship; died of infection.
![Page 9: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Illustrations from Tyson, 1699
--48 features which resembled humans more than monkeys;--34 features which resembled monkeys more than humans.
![Page 10: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tyson, 1699, p. 94:
“The catalogue of both (features) are so large, that they sufficientlyevince, that our Pygmie is no Man,nor yet the common ape;but a sort of animal between both,and tho’ a biped, yet of the Quadrumanus kind: tho’ some men, too, have been observed to use their feet like hands, as I have seen several”
![Page 11: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carolinus Linneaus (mid-1700’s)
![Page 12: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Linnaeus: Order Primates includes genus Homo
From 9th edition, 1756
![Page 13: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Gorilla
1848: “Osteological Contributions tothe Natural History of the Chimpanzees(Troglodytes, Geoffroy), Including the Description of the Skull of a LargeSpecies (Troglodytes gorilla, Savage), Discovered by Thomas S. Savage, M.D., in the Gaboon Country, West Africa.
Transactions of the Zoological Society Of London 3:381-422.
Richard Owen, Hunterian Prof. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, London
![Page 14: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
II. Archaeological Finds in the Early and Mid-1800’s
![Page 15: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1797: John Frere (1740-1807) locates stone implements in gravels, 12 feet below
surface, Hoxne, Suffolk, England
![Page 16: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1820’s: William Buckland and others excavate British caves
Today: Visiting Santa in Kent’s Cavern, Torquay
1823: Buckland publishes Reliquiae Diluvianae, orObservations on the Organic Remains Contained inCaves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on OtherGeological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of a Universal Deluge
![Page 17: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1840’s-50’s: Boucher des Perthes (1788-1868) excavates worked flints in Amiens region,
Somme River Valley
Stone biface from St. AcheulUniversity of Missouri collections
Des Perthes publishes 3 volumes,Celtic and Antediluvian Antiquities
--Later stratigraphy reveals the gravels to be 500,000 + yrs.
![Page 18: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
The Geological Evidences for the Antiquity of Man
(1863)
![Page 19: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
John Lubbock, Lord Avebury (1834-1913)
1865: Lubbock publishes Prehistoric Times, as illustrated byancient remains, and the mannersand customs of modern savages
--Lubbock coins terms: “Neolithic” and “Paleolithic”
![Page 20: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)
![Page 21: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
T. H. Huxley, 1863Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature
![Page 22: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Neanderthal (Feldhofer), 1856
Photo: Smithsonian Institution
Illustration of Feldhofer specimen by Busk, in Huxley, 1863
![Page 23: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Overall Progression
I. Early Anatomical Investigations & TaxonomyII. Archaeological Finds in early-mid 1800’sIII. Initial Finds of Neanderthals in mid-late 1800’sIV. Discoveries, Interpretations & Frauds, 1890-1920.V. Australopithecines—south & east Africa: mid-1900’sVI. H. erectus & H. ergasterVII. Later Discoveries in east AfricaVIII. Current Discussion and Controversies
![Page 24: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
III. Initial Finds of Neanderthals in the Mid-Late 1800’s
![Page 25: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Neanderthal (Feldhofer), 1856
Photo: Smithsonian Institution
![Page 26: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
African/European Fossil Hominid Sites
![Page 27: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gibraltar cranium, 1848
Gibraltar, depicted in 1567 by Antonis van der Wyngaerde
Cranium discovered by workmen at Forbes’ Quarry, north face of “the Rock”
![Page 28: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Neanderthals: Sites
![Page 29: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Neanderthal
Neanderthal skeleton,American Museum of Natural History
Skull: La Ferrassie I, discovered Sept., 1909Teeth extremely abraded; wear resembles that of modern Eskimos.
![Page 31: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Overall Progression
I. Early Anatomical Investigations & TaxonomyII. Archaeological Finds in early-mid 1800’sIII. Initial Finds of Neanderthals in mid-late 1800’sIV. Discoveries, Interpretations & Frauds, 1890-1920.V. Australopithecines—south & east Africa: mid-1900’sVI. H. erectus & H. ergasterVII. Later Discoveries in east AfricaVIII. Current Discussion and Controversies
![Page 32: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
IV. Discoveries, Interpretations, and Frauds, 1890-1920
![Page 33: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ernst H.P.A. Haeckel (1834-1919)
![Page 34: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Haeckel: The History of Creation, 1868
“Ape-men”
=“pithecanthropines”
![Page 35: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Eugene Dubois (1858-1940)Dutch medical doctor; inspired by Ernst Haeckel
Requested assignment to Java,Collected remains at Trinil, on bank of Solo River, 1891
![Page 36: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Central Java
Solo River Sites
Sangiran
![Page 37: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pithecanthropus
erectus,
the “upright ape-man”.
--Today, termed Homo erectus
![Page 38: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
H. erectus
Photo courtesy U.S. National Museum
Sangiran 17, from central Java, 18 km N. of Solo.Dated at 1.66 m.a. Cranial capacity: 1029 cm3.
![Page 39: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Neanderthals: Early Interpretations
![Page 40: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Neanderthal
Neanderthal skeleton,American Museum of Natural History
Skull: La Ferrassie I, discovered Sept., 1909Teeth extremely abraded; wear resembles that of modern Eskimos.
![Page 41: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dordogne Canton, S. France: La Chapelle-aux-Saints (exc. 1905-08)
![Page 42: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The “Old Man”: La Chapelle aux Saints (1908)
![Page 43: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The “Old Man” of La Chapelle aux Saints
Site is cave in Dordogne canton, S. France.
Excavated 1908; complete skeleton of adult (30-yr.-old) male
--Skeleton in sleeping posture.
--Deposits include associated ice-age fauna; stone tools.
![Page 44: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Marcellin Boule (1861-1942)
![Page 45: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Neanderthal restoration, after Boule, Field Museum of Natural History
![Page 46: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Neanderthal as caveman
Image by Frantisek Kupka, 1909, based on Boule’s interpretation
![Page 47: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
State of the art: 1910A) Numerous sites w/ Neanderthal remains, associated with
“Mousterian industry” tools (after site of Le Moustier,
Dordogne)B) Controversial remains of
Pithecanthropus from Java; DuBois becomes increasingly unhelpful.
C) Chronology only crudely ascertained
Mousterian hand-axeUniv. Missouri collections
![Page 48: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
James Orr, God’s Image in Man (1905)the Stone Lectures, Princeton Seminary, 1903
James Orr (1844-1913); Evangelical Scottish Presbyterian; Christian apologist (photo: 1909)
“…the tendency in modern scientific speculationhas been to claim for man an almost fabulous antiquity. Common estimates are 100,000 or 200,000 years; some, as Dr. A. R. Wallace, would go back half a million….on scientific grounds alone it has been found necessary to retrench enormously the periods claimed for man’s existence on the Earth…the question, then, as to the age of the known remains of man, resolves itself pretty much into this: what period of time has elapsed since the close of the Ice Age? … These (evidences) yield the result that the post-glacial time cannot be more than ten thousand years, and probably not more than seven thousand.”
![Page 49: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
B. B. Warfield, 1911“On the Unity and Antiquity of the Human Race”
Benjamin Breckenridge Warfield (1851-1921); Evangelical American Presbyterian; Charles Hodge Chair of Christian Theology at Princeton Seminary
“the tremendous drafts on time which were accustomed to be made by the geologists about the middle of last century and which continue to be made by one school of speculative biology today have been definitively set aside, and it is becoming very generally understood that man cannot have existed on the earth more than ten thousand to twenty thousand years”
![Page 50: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
B. B. Warfield, 1911“On the Unity and Antiquity of the Human Race”
Benjamin Breckenridge Warfield (1851-1921); Evangelical American Presbyterian; Charles Hodge Chair of Christian Theology at Princeton Seminary
“the evolutionary speculator…is no longer impelled to assume behind the high type of man whose remains in the postglacial deposits are the first intimation of the presence of man on earth, an almost illimitable series of lower and ever lower types of man through which gradually the brute struggled up to the high humanity, records of whose existence alone have been preserved to us. And he is no longer required to postulate immense stretches of time for the progress of this man through paleolithic, neolithic, and metal-using periods…”
![Page 51: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Piltdown, 1908-1915
![Page 52: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1908: Workmen digging at Barkham Manor, Piltdown, strike a “coconut”
Charles Dawson, local archaeologist, begins excavations…
![Page 53: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Piltdown Men
Sir Arthur KeithW. P. Pycraft
E. Ray Lancaster
Frank Barlow
Grafton Elliot SmithCharles Dawson
A. S. Woodward
Arthur S. Underwood
![Page 54: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Eoanthropus dawsoni
Sir Arthur Keith, Hunterian Professor,declares the fossil authentic, “Dawson’s dawn man”.
![Page 55: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
V. Australopithecines: south & east Africa, mid-1900’s
![Page 56: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
V. a: South Africa
Taung
![Page 57: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Autumn,1924: Taung child
Discovered by quarry workers at Buxton Lime Works (?)
Originally hypothesized to have been killed by other hominids;punctures around orbits match predatory bird claw pattern.
![Page 58: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Raymond Dart (1893-1988)Prof. Anatomy, University of Witwatersrand
Dart christens the fossil: Australopithecus africanus, “southern ape from Africa”
![Page 59: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
South Africa
Swartkrans,Sterkfontein,Kromdrai
![Page 60: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Sterkfontein, South Africa
![Page 61: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Sterkfontein
Curator, Ron Clarke, preparing australopithecine skull
![Page 62: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
“Mrs. Ples”: Plesianthropus transvaalensischristened by Robert Broom, 1938
Sts 5, SterkfonteinMember 4
--Now included within Australopithecus
![Page 63: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Pelves: Sts 14
Chimp
Modern human
![Page 64: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
South Africa
Swartkrans,Sterkfontein,Kromdrai
![Page 65: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Kromdraai & Swartkrans: Paranthropus robustus
Described & christened by Robert Broom,late 1930’s, initially on specimensfrom Kromdraai
![Page 66: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
V. b: East Africa
![Page 67: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Louis Leakey (1903-1972)
![Page 68: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Mary Leakey (1913-1996)
![Page 69: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Olduvai Gorge, N. Tanzania
Louis Leakey began work: 1931, with Hans Reck…
![Page 70: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Olduvai Gorge
![Page 71: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Paranthropus (Zinjanthropus) boisei
Olduvai hominid 5 (OH 5)Photo courtesy U.S. National Museum
Discovered 1959by Mary LeakeyOlduvai Gorge, site FLK 1
Dates on volcanic ash layers in FLK 1 at 1.75 million yrs.
![Page 72: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Paranthropus boisei
Known from several E. African sites:Olduvia & Peninj, Tanzania;Koobi Fora & West Turkana, Kenya; Omo Shungura & Konso Gardula, EthiopiaPossibly from Malawi as well.
Characterized by massive face, diamond-shaped in frontal view;dished on side view. Large cranial crests and zygomatic arches.
![Page 73: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Photo courtesy: U.S. National Museum
KNM WT 17000: the “Black Skull”. Collector: Alan Walker, August 1985
Specimens havebeen collected from: West Turkana, Kenya;Omo, Ethiopia.
![Page 74: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
What do we know about Paranthropus?
• Time span: 2.5 to 1.3 m.a. – Contemporaneous with E. African Homo sp.
• Endocranial volumes between 400 and 550 cm3
• Small incisors & canines; large-crowned, heavily enameled premolars and molars (most-developed in P. boisei): “Megadonty”.
• Postcranially: small; retain basic australopithecine body plan: ape-like upper body on a bipedal lower body.
![Page 75: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
0 H. neanderthalensisH. heidelbergensis
0.5 H. erectus
1H. ergaster
1.5
2 H. habilis P. boisei H. rudolfensis
2.5
3 Australopithecus africanus
3.5 K. platyopsA. afarensis
4A. anamensis
4.5 Ar. ramidus
5
5.5 Ardipithecus kadabba
6
6.5 Sahelanthropus
Time (millions of years before
present)
H. sapiens
Taxa
P. robustus
R. Stearley, redrafted from several sources
![Page 76: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Homo habilis
KNM 1813, collected by Kamoya Kimeu, at Koobi Fora, Kenya, 1973
![Page 77: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
H. habilis: type specimen, 1960
Types: OH 7: 2 dozen bones and 14 teethOH 8, foot
Discovered by Jonathan Leakey, November 1960
Bones exhibit gnawing by carnivores --probably hyenas; distal ends of toes gnawed away!
Type of foot, OH 8, demonstrates parallel alignment of metatarsals,unlike apes or australopithecines, with fully-developed double arch on lower surface. Ankle designed for weight-bearing.
BUT: OH 62, discovered 1986 in Olduvai Gorge, demonstrates arm boneproportions which are like those of chimpanzees.
![Page 78: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
H. habilis reconstruction
Westfalisches Museum
Cranial capacity: 590-700+ cm3
![Page 79: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Homo rudolfensis (?)Skull KNM ER 1470,Discovered by Bernard Ngeneo, 1972Age 1.9 m.a.
Reconstruction, 2007by T. Bromage et al.
ECV: 700 cm3
![Page 80: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
0 H. neanderthalensisH. heidelbergensis
0.5 H. erectus
1H. ergaster
1.5
2 H. habilis P. boisei H. rudolfensis
2.5
3 Australopithecus africanus
3.5 K. platyopsA. afarensis
4A. anamensis
4.5 Ar. ramidus
5
5.5 Ardipithecus kadabba
6
6.5 Sahelanthropus
Time (millions of years before
present)
H. sapiens
Taxa
P. robustus
R. Stearley, redrafted from several sources
![Page 81: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Oldowan tools (“Mode I”)
University of Missouri collections
“Chopper”, formed from quartzite pebble, Swaziland
![Page 82: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Oldowan tools (“Mode I”)
Oldowan tools span time frame 2.6 m.a. to 1.6 m.a.;known from E. Africa and S. Africa only
![Page 83: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Overall Progression
I. Early Anatomical Investigations & TaxonomyII. Archaeological Finds in early-mid 1800’sIII. Initial Finds of Neanderthals in mid-late 1800’sIV. Discoveries, Interpretations & Frauds, 1890-1920.V. Australopithecines—south & east Africa: mid-1900’sVI. H. erectus & H. ergasterVII. Later Discoveries in east AfricaVIII. Current Discussion and Controversies
![Page 84: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
VI. A: H. erectus: in SE Asia
Zhoukodian skull, composite
Photo courtesy U.S. National Museum
Age of deposit:780,000 to 400,000 yrs.
![Page 85: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
“Lantian man”, Sinanthropus lantiensisDiscovered by J. K. Wu, 1963 & 1964Chinese Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology
Biostratigraphy &paleomagnetic stratigraphy Places the cranial remains around 800,000 yrs. before the present—early than Zhoukoudian remains.
1982: referred to H. erectus
![Page 86: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Central Java
Solo River Sites
Sangiran
![Page 87: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Back to Java: Ngandong
Photo courtesy U.S. National Museum
Ngandong 7
Described by G.H.R. Von Koenigswald, late 1930’s
![Page 88: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
H. erectus
Photo courtesy U.S. National Museum
Sangiran 17, discovered Sept. 1969. Cranial capacity: 1029 cm3
![Page 89: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
0 H. neanderthalensisH. heidelbergensis
0.5 H. erectus
1H. ergaster
1.5
2 H. habilis P. boisei H. rudolfensis
2.5
3 Australopithecus africanus
3.5 K. platyopsA. afarensis
4A. anamensis
4.5 Ar. ramidus
5
5.5 Ardipithecus kadabba
6
6.5 Sahelanthropus
Time (millions of years before
present)
H. sapiens
Taxa
P. robustus
R. Stearley, redrafted from several sources
![Page 90: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
H. erectus/H. ergaster: cranial characters
Photo courtesy U.S. National Museum
Brain size:ECV 600 to 1100 cm3
in specimens > 1 million yrs.
ECV 750 to 1200 cm3
in specimens < 1 million yrs.
Locomotor/balance:Ant. & post. semicircular canals enlarged
Median nuchal line, indicating nuchal ligament
(new feature)
Facial reorganization:Margins of nasal cavity everted
Orbital region of face is wider than midface
![Page 91: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Musculo-skeletal comparisons
From Bramble & Lieberman, 2004
a and b: modern human c: H. erectus
c and d: chimpanzee
d: Australopithecus
![Page 92: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Nariokotome Boy, KNM-WT 15000
Discovered by Kamoya Kimeu, August 1984
Third molars not erupted; milk canines present in upper jaw
Degree of fusion in epiphyses in upper armand pelvic bones, if similar to modern, yield age estimates in young teens.
Stature: 1.73 meters.
Long bone element ratios are like those of modern humans (e.g., relative arm length to leg length)
Narrow hips; barrel-shaped chest
![Page 93: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Nariokotome Boy, KNM-WT 15000
“Lucy”A. L. 288-1
![Page 94: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Musculo-skeletal comparisons
From Bramble & Lieberman, 2004
a and b: modern human c: H. erectus
c and d: chimpanzee
d: Australopithecus
![Page 95: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
“Mode II Tools”
![Page 96: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Overall Progression
I. Early Anatomical Investigations & TaxonomyII. Archaeological Finds in early-mid 1800’sIII. Initial Finds of Neanderthals in mid-late 1800’sIV. Discoveries, Interpretations & Frauds, 1890-1920.V. Australopithecines—south & east Africa: mid-1900’sVI. H. erectus & H. ergasterVII. Later Discoveries in east AfricaVIII. Current Discussion and Controversies
![Page 97: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
VII. Later Discoveries in E. (& NE.) Africa
![Page 98: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Nariokotome Boy, KNM-WT 15000
Discovered by Kamoya Kimeu, August 1984
Third molars not erupted; milk canines present in upper jaw
Degree of fusion in epiphyses in upper armand pelvic bones, if similar to modern, yield age estimates in young teens.
Stature: 1.73 meters.
Long bone element ratios are like those of modern humans
![Page 99: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Early 1970’s: Prospecting the Afar Triangle, Ethiopia
1972 and 1973: Donald Johansen, Maurice Taieb, &Yves Coppens beginExploration near Hadar, Ethiopia
Hadar
![Page 100: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
“Lucy”A. L. 288-1
Discovered November 1974, by Donald Johansen
Hadar, Ethiopia: Adult female, 3.5 feet tall
Christened: Australopithecus afarensis
A. afarensis currently known from over 400 specimens, from Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia.
Trackway at Laetoli, Tanzania
![Page 101: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Australopithecus afarensis
Estimated body weight: 26-29 kg.
Toes small; foot lacks arch; Big toe rotated slightly outward
Thigh cannot rotate backwardas fully as in Homo
Trunk region pyramidal
![Page 102: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
0 H. neanderthalensisH. heidelbergensis
0.5 H. erectus
1H. ergaster
1.5
2 H. habilis P. boisei H. rudolfensis
2.5
3 Australopithecus africanus
3.5 K. platyopsA. afarensis
4A. anamensis
4.5 Ar. ramidus
5
5.5 Ardipithecus kadabba
6
6.5 Sahelanthropus
Time (millions of years before
present)
H. sapiens
Taxa
P. robustus
R. Stearley, redrafted from several sources
![Page 103: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Late 1980’s: Renewed Prospecting in the Afar Triangle, Ethiopia
1989: Berhane Asfaw Invites Tim White,Giday WoldeGabriel &Gen Suwa to anexploration near Hadar
Hadar
Aramis
![Page 104: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
West side, Middle Awash River Valley
Daam Aatu basaltic tuff, 4.42 m.a.
Gaala vitric tuff, 4.42 m.a.
![Page 105: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Ardipithecus ramidus
ARA-VP-6/500Excavated 1994-95
(originally: Australopithecus ramidus)
Afar word “ramid” = “root”.Ardipithecus:“ground ape”, from Afar word for “ground”.
![Page 106: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
A.ramidusSkull reconstruction
Est. ECV: 300 to 350 cm3
![Page 107: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
VIII. Current Discussion and Controversies
• New finds in Chad and elsewhere• Status of H. habilis ?• What about them Neanderthals?• Origin of anatomically-modern humans• Cognition in fossil hominids• Genetic connections
![Page 108: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Discovered Central Chad, 2001, by Michel Brunet,Adoum Mahamat, Djinboumalbaye Ahounta and Gongdibe Fanone, and Alain Beauvilain
From lake-margin sediments,dated at 6 to 7 million yrs.
![Page 109: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Status of H. habilis?
![Page 110: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Neanderthal as caveman
Image by Frantisek Kupka, 1909, based on Boule’s interpretation
What about them Neanderthals?
![Page 111: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
What about them Neanderthals?
![Page 112: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Origin of anatomically-modern humans
![Page 113: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Origin of anatomically-modern humans
Herto, Ethiopia. BOU VP 16/1Anatomically-modern form160,000 yrs.
Skhul V, Israel. Robust archaic modern human, 80,000 to 120,000 yrs.
![Page 114: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
---More to come, this monthDiscussion on Stearley, 2009 , Perspectives on Science & Christian Faith 61(3): 152-174. Online at Am. Scientific Affiliation website
Cognitive levels?
![Page 115: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
0 H. neanderthalensisH. heidelbergensis
0.5 H. erectus
1H. ergaster
1.5
2 H. habilis P. boisei H. rudolfensis
2.5
3 Australopithecus africanus
3.5 K. platyopsA. afarensis
4A. anamensis
4.5 Ar. ramidus
5
5.5 Ardipithecus kadabba
6
6.5 Sahelanthropus
Time (millions of years before
present)
H. sapiens
Taxa
P. robustus
Genetic connections—where to connect the dots ???
![Page 116: La Chapelle aux Saints, 1908](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022012917/56816457550346895dd626da/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Psalm 8, vs. 3-5“When I consider your heavens, The work of your fingers,The moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are mindful of him, The son of man that you care for him?You made him a little lower that the heavenly
beings, and crowned him with glory and honor.