L5 Biodiversity
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Transcript of L5 Biodiversity
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Lecture 5
Biodiversity
http://www.bocklabs.wisc.edu/images/cpv.jpghttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/basidio/mushroomsi.gif -
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Biodiversity
- also called biological diversity
- consists of the forms of life that can bestsurviveEarths conditions
- includes genetic diversity, speciesdiversity & ecological diversity
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm/NHD/ring%2520tailed.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm/NHD/maroons.html&h=158&w=94&sz=12&tbnid=tqEaDBlG9XEJ:&tbnh=90&tbnw=53&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Columba%2Bcaribaea%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG -
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DNA
- carries genetic information in living
organisms
Genes
- segments of DNA
- control hereditary characteristics inorganisms
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Species
- group of organisms that resemble one
another in appearance, behaviour,
chemicalmakeup & processes, andgenetic structure
- actually or potentially interbreed
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Genetic Diversity
- variability in the genetic makeup amongindividuals within a single species
Species Diversity
- the variety of species on Earth
- ~ 1.4 million species described
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Ecosystem Diversity
- also called ecological
diversity
- variety offorests,
deserts, grasslands,
streams, lakes, oceansand otherbiological
communities
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Importance of Biodiversity
- we are dependent on the rich variety ofgenes,
species and ecosystems, for example:
food
medicine
wood energy
industrial chemicals
raw materials
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8 Main Areas of Biodiversity Importance
Ecosystem Stability
Genetic Reserves
Medicinal Agricultural
Industrial
Aesthetic
Ethical
Religious / Spiritual
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Ecosystem Stability
- the activities ofall organisms are inter-related
- we are dependent on one another in
indirect ways
- all direct and indirect benefits from nature
require large, healthy populations
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Genetic Reserves
- used fordomesticated plant and animalbreeding
- genetic engineers splice genes andrecombine sequences ofexisting DNAmolecules
- genetic engineering depends on a broadbase ofgenetic diversity
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Medicinal
- wild stockacts as crucial medicinal blueprint
- many prescription medicines come from plants,
fungi, poisonous animals
- biological communities are being searched for
cures of human diseases
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Agricultural
- we must eat to survive
- we eat only ~ 150 species of ~ 80,000edible species
- ~ 50 animals have been truly domesticated (includes
pets)
- 100% of our animal protein comes from 8 animal
types (ducks, geese, turkeys, chickens, goats, sheep,
pigs, cattle)
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Industrial
- modern industrial technology uses plants andanimals in many of its products
- plants supply us with: oils, paper, perfumes,poisons
- animals provide: leather, fur, silk, wool,lubricants
- cosmetic & pharmaceutical industries benefit
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Aesthetic
- organisms are a source ofbeauty,joy,
wonder, recreational pleasure
- preserve forsymbolic value, intrinsic
interest
- landscapes and organisms are
inspiration for the arts
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Ethical
- each species has an inherent right toexist, equal to that ofany other
species
- Deep Ecologyworldview: organisms
have a right to exist and that humans
should not cause theirextinction
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Religious / Spiritual
- people find spiritual solace and comfort in
nature
- some religions teach people that they are
superior to all other creatures
- other religions teach respect for nature and that
man is a steward fornature
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Extinction
- complete disappearance of a speciesfrom Earth
- e.g.,
Jamaica rice rat
Giant yellow galliwaspJamaican Parauque
Black-capped Petrel
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Endangered Species
- so few individual survivors that the
species could soon become extinct
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Black-billed Parrot
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=members.chello.nl/rjansen2/parrots/amazons/images/blackbilled.jpg&imgrefurl=http://members.chello.nl/rjansen2/parrots/amazons/blackbilled.htm&h=255&w=152&sz=11&tbnid=QKVqwUqaWhQJ:&tbnh=105&tbnw=63&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amazona%2Bagilis%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG -
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Yellow-billed Parrot
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.avesint.com/images/jyb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.avesint.com/Jamaican%2520YBA.html&h=219&w=250&sz=19&tbnid=gg4vM0mrLnYJ:&tbnh=92&tbnw=105&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amazona%2Bcollaria%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.hesenbirds.nl/images/roodkeelamazaone.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hesenbirds.nl/amazone_nietaanwezig.html&h=202&w=140&sz=11&tbnid=GGsi6f8aT1MJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=68&start=6&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Amazona%2Bcollaria%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG -
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Giant Swallowtail
Butterfly
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Jamaican Iguana
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm/NHD/iguana.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm/NHD/jamaican_iguana.htm&h=128&w=179&sz=12&tbnid=Ba7siuOk--8J:&tbnh=67&tbnw=93&start=12&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Cyclura%2Bcollei%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.iucn.org/info_and_news/pictures/iguana.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/press/recent.html&h=100&w=150&sz=5&tbnid=uzjVXNPWOzwJ:&tbnh=60&tbnw=90&start=10&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Cyclura%2Bcollei%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.onet.net/~eagle/Reptile/collei1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.onet.net/~eagle/Reptile/cyclura.htm&h=341&w=512&sz=51&tbnid=LY-hvO0Z9PoJ:&tbnh=85&tbnw=127&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Cyclura%2Bcollei%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=cgi.iucn-isg.org/images/newsletters/Collei%2520F.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.iucn-isg.org/newsletters/f2000v3n2.php&h=201&w=300&sz=20&tbnid=T_aLU4e3mEgJ:&tbnh=74&tbnw=110&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Cyclura%2Bcollei%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=66.33.93.252/sightings/2001/aug/JohnBinns-Collei.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cyclura.com/article/articleview/225/1/6/&h=267&w=400&sz=41&tbnid=hzWCE6kBFGkJ:&tbnh=80&tbnw=119&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Cyclura%2Bcollei%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG -
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Jamaican Hutia
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm/NHD/connies.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.instituteofjamaica.org.jm/NHD/maroons.html&h=141&w=222&sz=16&tbnid=-JMCISPew94J:&tbnh=64&tbnw=100&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Geocapromys%2Bbrownii%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG -
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Jamaican Boa
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.stockpix.com/stock/animals/reptilesandamphibians/snakes/9543.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stockpix.com/stock/animals/reptilesandamphibians/snakes/9543.htm&h=444&w=296&sz=32&tbnid=3p5YOhv5Vk8J:&tbnh=123&tbnw=82&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Epicrates%2Bsubflavus%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.stockpix.com/stock/animals/reptilesandamphibians/snakes/9546.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stockpix.com/stock/animals/reptilesandamphibians/snakes/indexb.htm&h=296&w=444&sz=29&tbnid=VvM4VyokjdoJ:&tbnh=82&tbnw=123&start=9&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Epicrates%2Bsubflavus%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DGhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=home.t-online.de/home/r.diesel/jamsna1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://home.t-online.de/home/r.diesel/jamsna.htm&h=245&w=360&sz=32&tbnid=S2aqK57b1sIJ:&tbnh=79&tbnw=116&start=11&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522Epicrates%2Bsubflavus%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG -
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Characteristics of Endangered Species
extremely small, localised range
a large territory
living on islands
low reproductive success
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Characteristics of Endangered Speciescontd
specialised breeding areas
specialised feeding habits
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The 3 Main Human Causes of Extinction
Habitat Destruction
Biotic Pollution
Hunting
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Habitat Destruction
- the greatest threat to most wild species
Biotic Pollution
- introduction offoreign or exotic species intoan ecosystem in which it did not evolve
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Hunting
Subsistence
Sport
Commercial
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Conservation Biology
- aims to investigate human impact onbiodiversity
- develops practical approaches to prevent
species extinction
- develops compromises between
conservation priorities & human needs
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I n SituConservation
- on-site preservation
- preservation ofnatural populations in thewild
- best strategy for the long-term protectionof biodiversity
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Ex SituConservation
- off-site preservation
- includes:artificial insemination
in vitro fertilisation
captive breeding programmes
zoos