227© The Author(s) 2017I. Ropi, Religion and Regulation in Indonesia, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2827-4

No Names of regulations

1. Government Decree No. 12/1946 on taking control of administration related to Islam previously carried out by different ministerial offices

2. Ministerial Decree No. 2/1185.K.J./1946 on new sections for the Protestant and Catholic groups in the Ministerial office

3. Statue No. 22 Year 1946 the Law No. 22/1946 on Islamic marriage4. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 1185/KJ/1946 on the Structure of

Ministry of Religious Affairs5. Joint Decree of Minister of Religious Affair and Minister of Education No. 1142.

BHGA/1946 on Islamic education6. Joint Circular of Minister of Internal and Minister of Religious Affairs No. 3/1947

on 3 roles of kaum [government-paid religious leader] (modin, koyim, lebe and amil)7. Presidential Stipulation No. 4/1963 on the prevention and control to printed

materials potentially disturbing public order8. Presidential Stipulation No. 1/1965 on the prevention or misuse and/or religious

vilification9. Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967 on Religion, Belief and Chinese Culture

10. Presidential Instruction No. 10/1968 on Control and Surveillance of activities of foreigner who work in Indonesia

11. Statute No. 5/1969 on Elevating President Stipulations and President Decrees as Statute

12. Joint Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister of Internal Affairs No. 01/Ber/Mdn-Mag/1969 on roles of state officials in maintaining order and stipulating harmonious religious life and worship among the adherents

Appendix 1

List of ReguLAtions on ReLigion in indonesiA RefeRRed in the Book (BAsed on YeAR of issuAnce)

228 228 APPENDIX 1

No Names of regulations

13. Decree of Minister of Internal Affairs No. 221/1975 on the documentation of marriage and divorce in civil registrar office as part of the enactment of Marriage Law

14. Telex of Minister of Internal Affairs No. 264/KWT/DITPUH/DV/V/1975 on the use of private houses as public places of worship (churches)

15. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 44/1978 on Islamic preaching through radio broadcast

16. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 9/1978 in regards with Islamic preaching (dakwah) through radio broadcast

17. Circular of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 3/1978 on Islamic preaching (dakwah) through radio broadcast

18. Decree of Minister of Internal Affairs No. 97/1978 on Christian marriage in Indonesia in accord with Staatblad 1933 – 75 Jo Staatblad 1936 – 607 for Hindu and Buddhist marriages

19. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 4/1978 on polices to aliran-aliran Kepercayaan (Javanese religious beliefs and local beliefs)

20. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 14/1978 on follow-up to Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 4/1978 on polices to aliran-aliran Kepercayaan (Javanese religious beliefs and local beliefs)

21. Letter/Circular of Minister of Religious Affairs to Governor of East Java No. B/5943/78 on aliran kepercayaan

22. Letter/Circular of Minister of Religious Affairs to all Governors in Indonesia No. B.VI/11215/1978 on religious grouping, marriage, vowing and funeral service for the adherent of aliran kepercayaan

23. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 70/1978 on guideline for religious mission

24. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 77/1978 on foreign aid to religious organisations in Indonesia

25. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 8/1979 on guidance, supervision and control to Islamic organisations and sects that contradict to Islamic teachings

26. Letter of Minister of Religious Affairs RI to Minister of Internal Affairs No. MA/650/1979 on marriage documentation of the adherent of aliran kepercayaan

27. Letter/Circular of Minister of Internal Affairs No. 477/74054/1975 on practical guideline in inputting data about religious affiliation as stated in Decree of Minister of Internal Affairs No. 221a/1975

28. Joint Decree Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister of Internal Affairs No. 1/1979 on guideline for religious mission and foreign aid to religious organisations in Indonesia

29. Letter/Circular of Minister of Justice to heads of provincial courts No. JM/2/23/1979 on the enactment of immigration form of KIM-S as prerequisite in applying Indonesian citizenship for foreign missionaries

30. Decree of Governor of Jakarta No. 648/1979 on re-enactment of administrative procedures in establishing places of worship and places of religious activities in Jakarta

229APPENDIX 1

No Names of regulations

31. Decree of Governor of Jakarta No. 649/1979 on rules in establishing places of worship and places of religious activities in Jakarta

32. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 13/1980 on guidance for Muslim community in preserving environment

33. Joint Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs, Minister of Internal Affairs and Attorney General No. 67/1980; No. 224/1980; No. Kep.III/JA/10/1980 on practical guideline for Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967 on religion, belief and Chinese culture

34. Letter/Circular of Minister of Internal Affairs to all Indonesian Governors and Heads of Districts No. 477/286/SJ/1980 on guideline of administrative documentation for marriages of the adherents of aliran kepercayaan

35. Letter/Circular of Minister of Religious Affairs to the Head of MORA office in Central Kalimantan No. MA/203/1980 on the fusion of Kaharingan (local belief in Kalimantan) into Hinduism

36. Letter/Circular of Attorney General to Minister of Religious Affairs (up. Directorate General Islamic Guidance and Pilgrimage) No. B-397/D.I/1980 on marriage among the adherents of Sapto Darmo (aliran kepercayaan) in Bojonegoro East Java

37. Letter/Circular of Minister of Religious Affairs to Minister of Internal Affairs No. B. VI/5996/1980 on marriage, identity card and funeral ceremony for the adherents of aliran kepercayaan

38. Radiogram/Telegram of Minister of Religious Affairs to all Provincial Head of MORA No. MA/610/1980 on procedure to fill in form in census for the adherents of aliran kepercayaan

39. Radiogram/Telegram of Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister of Internal Affairs to all Governors and all Provincial Head of MORA No. 470.071/6380/SJ.MA/610/1980 on practical guideline of procedure to fill in form in census for the adherents of aliran kepercayaan

40. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 35/1980 on consultative forum for religious groups

41. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 49/1980 on recommendation in regard with the application of foreign missionaries to do activities in Indonesia

42. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 50/1980 on recommendation for naturalization of some foreign missionaries

43. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 5/1981 on guideline for religious preaching

44. Instruction Minister of Religious Affairs RI No. 4/1981 on the documentation of foreign missionaries in Indonesia

45. Decree Regional Office of the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Semarang No. MK.03/1-a/0385/1983 on Roles and Requirement for Establishing Places of Worship

46. Letter/Circular of General Secretary of Ministry of Religious Affairs No. SJ/6631/1985 on celebration and commemoration of religious festive days

230 APPENDIX 1

No Names of regulations

47. Joint Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister of Health No. 294/1986; No. 788/Men.Kes/SKB/XI/1986 on comprehensive guideline on health program through religion

48. Circular of Governor of Jakarta No. 4/1987 on controlling activities on religious charities in Jakarta

49. Letter/Circular of Minister of Cooperation No. 03/M/l/1987 on developing cooperation/small business in religious organisations and education

50. Joint Decree of Minister of Transmigration and Minister of Religious Affairs No. SKB.02/Men/89; No. 22/1989 on improving religious life for prospective transmigrants

51. Instruction of Governor Jakarta No. 39/1991 on managing the places of worship52. Presidential Decree No. 75/1995 on the activities of foreigners on religion field53. Decree of Minister of Religious Affairs RI No. 84/1996 on practical guideline in

eliminating unrest among religious adherents54. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 6/1996 on maintaining religious

harmony among the adherents55. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 1/1997 on appeal to increase

awareness to various issues that may disturb Indonesian unity particularly on religious matters

56. Instruction of Minister of Religious Affairs No. 2/1997 on campaign in eliminating the latent influence of communism through religion

231

pResidentiAL stipuLAtion no. 1/pnps/1965 jo. LAw no. 1/1969 on pRevention oR Misuse And/oR

ReLigious viLificAtion

President of the Republic of Indonesia

Considering:

a. that to secure the state and society, national revolutionary aspira-tions and national development leading to a just and prosperous society, there is a need to enact regulation to prevent the misuse or religion vilification;

b. that to secure revolution and public order, this issue should be regu-lated by Presidential Stipulation;

Given:

1. Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution; 2. Article IV of the Transitional Provisions of the 1945 Constitution; 3. Presidential Decree No. 2/1962 (as mentioned in state gazette No.

34/ 1962); 4. Article 2, paragraph (1) Decree of MPRS No. II/MPRS/1960;

Appendix 2

© The Author(s) 2017I. Ropi, Religion and Regulation in Indonesia, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2827-4

232 APPENDIX 2

decided

Assign: PRESIDENTIAL STIPULATION NO. 1/PNPS/1965 ON THE PREVENTION OR MISUSE AND/OR RELIGIOUS VILIFICATION

Article 1Each person is prohibited to deliberately in public communicate persuade, or solicit public support for an interpretation of a religion or a form or religious activity that is similar to the interpretations or activities of an Indonesian religion but deviates from the tenets of that religion.

Article 2 1. Any person who violates the provisions mentioned in Article 1 will

be given an order and a stern warning to stop the offense in form of a joint decree of the Minister of Religious Affairs, Minister/Attorney General and Minister of the Internal Affairs.

2. If the offense under subsection (1) is conducted by an organization or religious sect, then President of the Republic of Indonesia may dissolve the organization, and may declare the organization or the sect as deviant after the President received recommendation from the Minister of Religious Affairs, Minister/ Attorney General and Minister of the Internal Affairs.

Article 3If, after any action taken jointly by the Minister of Religious Affairs and Minister/Attorney General and Minister of the Internal Affairs or by the President of the Republic of Indonesia as stated in provision of Article 2 to any person, organization or sect, they still continue to violate the provision of Article 1, then that person, the follower, the member and/or board of member of the organization may be punished with five years’ imprisonment.

Article 4In the [Indonesian] Book of Penal Law will be inserted a new article as follows:

Article 156a

233APPENDIX 2

Sentenced to imprisonment for five years anyone who deliberately shows the feelings or acts in public:

a. that is fundamentally hostile, misuse or vilify a religion observed in Indonesia;

b. with the intention to prevent others from observing any religion which is based on Ke-Tuhanan Yang Maha Esa (lit. the belief in God Almighty).

Article 5This stipulation of President of the Republic of Indonesia shall come into force on the day of enactment.

So for the sake that everyone will aware of [this stipulation], it is ordered to insert this Stipulation of President of the Republic of Indonesia in by State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia.

Stipulated in: JakartaOn: January 27, 1965.

President of the Republic of Indonesia,SUKARNO

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257© The Author(s) 2017I. Ropi, Religion and Regulation in Indonesia, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2827-4

Index1

1 Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to footnotes.

AAdji, Oemar Seno, 120, 125n8agama ardhii, 118agama samawi, 118agama suku, 153, 155, 156, 160n32Ahmadis, 223, 224Ahmadiyah, 1, 7, 8, 11Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 173,

174, 179n32Ali, A. Mukti, 144, 145, 147,

158n9–12, 159n13, 159n15aliran kebatinan, 121–4, 132, 148aliran kepercayaan, 143, 145, 148,

149, 166, 167aliran sesat (or aliran sempalan or

aliran menyimpang), 147al-Qiyadah al-Islamiyah, 211Aminuddin, Lia, 211Amish community, 35Anshari, Endang Saifuddin, 9, 12n5Anshary, Muhammad Isa, 93, 115n26anti-establishmentism clause, 16Article 18 of the United Nations

Charter or the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 82

‘atheistic’, 31, 32Atkinson, 46, 54n2, 54n4,

54n5, 54n7Ayyub, Abubakar, 171

BBAKORPAKEM (Badan Koordinasi

Pengawasan Aliran Kepercayaan di Masyarakat/Coordinating Body for the Supervision of Local Beliefs in Society), 148, 206, 208

Balinese Hinduism, 119Ball, Alan R., 22, 27n21Basyuni, Muhammad Maftuh,

204, 215n17Beaman, Lori G., 24, 28n28, 28n31belum beragama (‘not yet possessing a

religion’), 155Benda, Harry J., 9, 12n8Besluiten (Governor General’s

Decisions), 51

258 INDEX

Biro Urusan Hindu Bali (Bureau of Balinese Hindu Affairs), 119

BKKI (Badan Kongres Kebatinan Indonesia/Indonesian Kebatinan Congress Body), 109–11

Blandine Chelini-Pont, 36, 37, 41n20, 41n21, 41n23

Boland, B.J., 9, 12n5BPUPK[I] (Badan Penyelidik Usaha-

Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (Indonesia), 1, 2

‘bureaucratizing’ Islam, 103–7Bush, Robin, 188, 195, 196n9,

196n10, 196n12, 196n14, 197n16

CChalil, Moenawar, 53, 56n28Chinese temples (kelenteng), 154Cina or Chinese, 143, 153–5,

160n27, 160n28‘civil and ecclesiastical’, 33Cokroaminoto, Umar Said, 170complete human advancement

(pembangunan manusia seutuhnya), 133

Confucianism, 153–5, 160n30Constitutional Court, 212Cultivation System or Cultuurstelse, 48cultuelle (tradition), 36, 41n21cultural identity, 4customary laws (adat istiadat), 71, 85

Ddakwah, 143, 145, 146, 159n19, 159n20Darmaputera, Eka, 9, 12n6, 92,

98n9, 98n10Dasar Negara, 10DDII (Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah

Indonesia/Indonesian Islamic Mission Council), 172, 173, 181n41

a dead God (Tuhan Mati), 93Dekrit Presiden (Presidential Decree), 24Departement van Onderwijs, Eerdienst

en Nijverheid (Department of Education, Worship and Industry), 48–9

developmentalism, 127developmentalist programs, 221Dewan Nasional (National Council), 110Dewantara, Ki Hadjar, 102, 105Dewas or the Deities, 119discrimination, 17, 18, 34, 37–9, 40n8divine triad, impersonality and

polytheism-animism, 119Djajadiningrat, Hoesein, 71Djambek, Saadoeddin, 130, 136n9Durkheim, Emile, 31, 40n6

EEdge, Peter W., 30, 39n4Effendi, Djohan, 137n20–22,

205, 216n22Effendy, Bahtiar, 9, 12n5Erdodan, 23, 27n15, 28n26Establishment Clause, 16, 26n4Ethical Policy, 59

FFaisal Ismail, 9, 12n5Falun Gong movement, 38fatwa (religious edict), 171–4favouritism, 18, 34, 36–7, 39Federspiel, Howard, 141, 158n3FKD (Front Ketuhanan dan

Demokrasi or the Front of God and Democracy), 108

FKUB (Forum Komunikasi Umat Beragama/The Interreligious Communication Forum), 200–3, 215n13

259INDEX

Foucault, Michel, 139, 140, 158n1Founding Fathers, 1, 2Front Anti Komunis (the Anti-

Communism Front), 108Front Demokrasi Rakyat (People’s

Democratic Front), 108

GGBHN (Garis-garis Besar Haluan

Negara/the Main Guidelines of State’s Policies), 166, 167

Geertz, Clifford, 161, 176n1, 176n3Gill, 25, 28n32governmentalization, 139–60Guided Democracy, 24, 94Gunn, T. Jeremy, 31, 40n7, 41n16Gvosdev, Nikolas K., 20, 21,

27n11–14, 27n18, 27n19

HHabibie, B.J., 185–7Haddad, 23, 27n17, 28n25Hadikusumo, 65, 72–4, 76n18,

76n20, 76n21, 77n38hajj (pilgrimage), 50, 55n19, 55n20,

131, 140, 184Hamka, 90, 91, 93, 97n1, 168,

171, 181n41Harun, Lukman, 163, 176n7Hasan, Teuku, 72, 73Hashem, Omar, 130, 136n9Hasjim, Wahid, 70–3, 108, 114n19Hatta, 59, 62, 70, 72–4, 77n36, 77n38headscarves (jilbab), 184Hefner, Robert W., 185, 196n3Het Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken

(Advisory Office for Native and Islamic Affairs), 51, 55n22, 102

hijab (the headscarf), 32, 33, 35Hooker, M.B., 44, 54n6HOS Tjokroaminoto, 53

IICCPR. See International Covenant on

Cultural and Political Rights (ICCPR)

Ichwan, 50, 51, 55n19, 55n20ICMI (Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim

se-Indonesia/the Indonesian Muslim Intellectual Association), 185, 222

Idenburg, Alexander, 52Ilyas, Muhammad, 106, 109Indonesia is not a theocratic or a

secular state, but rather a religious state (Indonesia bukan negara agama dan bukan negara sekular), 134

Indonesian character (jati diri bangsa), 132

the Indonesian criminal code (the KUHP), 120

International Covenant on Cultural and Political Rights (ICCPR), 19, 22, 31

Islamization of the society, 185Islamization of the state, 185, 186isolated communities (suku

terasing), 156

JJAI (Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia/

Indonesian Ahmadiyah Council), 205–9, 217n34

Jakarta Charter, 70, 73, 76n9, 76n22, 77n37, 82, 83, 130, 145

Jamiah al-Mubashirin, 175Judaism, 118, 124

KKafrawi, Fathurrahman, 105, 114n13Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken (Office

of Native Affairs), 9, 12n7

260 INDEX

kebangsaan (nationalism), 60kebatinan, 118, 121, 122, 124, 125kejawen (Javanese mysticism), 66khalifatulfilardhi, 45Knaap, Gerrit, 49, 51, 55n13, 55n23KNIP (Komite Nasional Indonesia

Pusat/Central Indonesian National Committee), 102, 103, 113n1

Kompilasi Hukum Islam (the Compilation of Islamic Law), 185

Krishnaswami, Arcot, 37, 41n25Krussteff, Atanas, 23, 27n22Kuru, Ahmet T., 59, 75n4Kusumasumantri, 102Kuyper, Abraham, 52

Llaïcité, 34, 35, 41n16Latuharhary, 71, 72, 102legal jihad, 211–13, 218n42, 218n43Liberal Policy, 48Liddle, William, 185, 195n1local indigenous beliefs (agama suku

or agama murba), 153, 155

MMaarif, Ahmad Syafii, 9, 12n5MacDougall, John James, 129,

135n3, 135n4Magnis-Suseno, Franz, 201Mailrapporten (Notes from the

Governor-General to the Minister of the Colonies), 51

Majapahit, 44Maklumat Pemerintah (Government

Statement), 103mangkubumi, 45Maramis, 70Margaret Blood, 170, 179n33Marriage Law (Undang-Undang

Perkawinan), 166

Masyumi (Majelis Syura Muslimin Indonesia/Indonesian Muslim Consultative Council), 60

Means, Gordon P., 28n24Media Dakwah, 173, 174, 176n5,

176n8, 178n21, 181n41Migdal, John, 22Ministerial Statement (Maklumat

Menteri), 105Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA),

101–20, 123Mujiburrahman, 10, 13n9Murtopo, Ali, 145Muzadi, Hasyim, 202Muzakkir, Abdul Kahar, 70, 72, 75n9,

76n9, 77n35

NNagarakrtagama, 44national culture (kebudayaan bangsa),

141, 155national identity or character (jati diri

bangsa), 122, 141, 155Natsir, Muhammad, 59, 60, 74, 90,

93, 98n3, 98n12negara berketuhanan, 57, 69negara Islam, 57neutrality, 34–6Ngaju (or Kaharingan), 39Ngaju people, 1571950 Provisional Constitution

(Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara 1950 or the UUDS 1950), 79

1945 Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 or the UUD 1945), 79–83

1949 Federal Constitution (Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat 1949 or the Konstitusi RIS 1949), 79, 84, 86

Noer, Deliar, 60, 65, 75n5, 76n19

261INDEX

nominal Muslims (abangan), 54, 58‘non-theistic’, 31, 32Nusantara, 44, 54n1

Oorthodoxy, 128

PP4 (Pedoman Penghayatan dan

Pengamalan Pancasila/Guideline of Internalization and Implementation of the Pancasila), 167, 169

paham negara integralistik (the concept of the integralistic state), 95

PAKEM (Pengawas Aliran Kepercayaan Masyarakat/Supervisory Body of Local Beliefs in Society), 109, 110, 115n34

Pan-Islamism, 51Panitia Sembilan (the Committee of

Nine), 70, 73Parindra (Partai Indonesia Raya), 53Partai Arab Indonesia (Indonesian

Arab Party), 53Partai Katolik Jawi [Javanese Catholic

Party]), 53Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI/

Indonesian Nationalist Party), 110passive secularism, 59penghulus (religious advisor), 51penguasa (the government or the

ruler), 84, 86perda syariah (shariah by-laws)., 6persecution, 17, 34, 37–9PKI (Partai Komunis Indonesia/the

Indonesian Communist Party), 108, 110, 113n6, 115n26, 128, 131, 132

political regimes (authoritarian or democratic), 23

PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia/Preparatory Committee of Indonesian Independence), 72–4

Prawiranegara, Alamsjah Ratu, 145, 159n16, 159n17, 166

Prince Diponegoro, 49‘pseudo Islamization’, 186Pye, Lucian, 104

QQadiani, Ahmadiyah, 205Qadiani group, 171, 173

RRabithah ‘Alam al-Islami (Islamic

World Union), 169Ramstedt, Martin, 9, 12n6Rangkuti, Bahrum, 175Rasjidi, Mohammad, 104, 105, 130,

136n8, 136n11Ratulangie, Sam, 72recognition15recognized religions’ (agama yang

diakui), 84Reformasi, 6, 11Regulation on Teaching Licences or

Guru Ordinates, 51religion and affairs of state (din wa

dawlah), 104religious dialogue, 144religious subjects (pelajaran

agama), 105REPELITA (Rencana Pembangunan

Lima Tahun/Five-Year Development Plan), 133

the Republicans and the Federalists, 84restriction, 34, 37–9Rosin, Helmut, 91, 98n4Roy, Yusman, 211

262 INDEX

SSairin, Weinata, 201, 214n6Salim, Agus, 70, 71, 90, 97n2, 106,

114n20, 170Sanasarian, Eliz, 18, 27n10Sang Adhi Buddha (the Original and

Eternal Buddha), 119Sang Hyang Widi, 119SARA (suku, agama, ras dan antar-

golongan/ethnicity, religion, race and class), 140

Sarekat Islam (Islamic Association), 56n30, 58

Schiller, Anne, 10, 13n9Scientology, 35secularization, 130, 132semangat kebatinan, 66Semuel Agustinus Patty, 10, 13n9,

115n27separation, 15Shiah, 224Shintoism, 124Shumubu (Office of Religious

Affairs), 60Sidjabat, Bonar, 9, 12n6, 92,

97n8, 97n10Simatupang, T.B., 91, 98n5, 98n10Simorangkir, J.C.T., 163Sjahrir, 59, 103Sriwijaya, 44Staatbladens (legislations), 50Steenbrink, Karel, 47, 49,

54n9, 55n17Subagya, Rahmat (J.M.W. Bakker), 91,

92, 98n6, 98n7, 98n11, 107, 114n17, 114n21, 115n33

Subardjo, Ahmad, 70Sukarno, 59, 60, 66–72, 74, 75n6,

77n35Sumartana, 49, 55n12, 55n14, 55n15Suminto, Aqib, 9, 12n7

Supomo, 62, 63, 66, 84, 94, 95, 97Šturm, Lovro, 23, 27n23

TTaoism, 124tawhid or monotheism, 220, 221Ten Berge controversy, 121theistic, 31, 32, 35theocratic, 17, 18Theology of Liberation, 148Tibetan Buddhist, 38Tjokrosujoso, Abikoesno, 70Tony Blackshield, 16, 27n6total human advancement

(pembangunan manusia seutuhnya), 183

Trilogy Kerukunan (Trilogy of Religious Harmony), 146

UUN Declaration on the Elimination of

Religious Intolerance and Discrimination, 31, 40n8

unification, 15Urat Tunggang Pantjasila, 90, 97n1

Vvan der Heiden, Isabel, 49, 51,

55n13, 55n23van der Kroef, Justus M., 10, 12n9van Klinken, Gerry, 9, 12n6Verbalen (Files of the Ministry of

Colonies), 51VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische

Compagnie), 47, 48Volksraad (a semi-parliamentary

council), 53, 56n30von Denffer, Ahmad, 10, 12n9

263INDEX

WWadah Musyawarah Antar

Agama (forum on inter-religious consultation), 162, 163

Wadah Musyawarah Antar Umat Beragama, 147, 159n22

Wahabi teachings, 38Wahid, Abdurrahman, 155Weithman, Paul, 15, 26n1westernization, 130, 132Wongsonegoro, 71, 110

YYamin, Muhammad, 64, 66–8, 70, 74,

76n9–17, 76n23–25, 77n27–n35, 77n39, 77n40

Yang, Heriyanto, 10, 13n9Yayasan Amal Bakti Muslim

Pancasila, 184Yudhoyono, Susolo Bambang, 200

ZZoroastrianism, 124Zuhri, Saifuddin, 119, 120