L-Conservation of Stone and Other Materials

VolumeOne Causes of Disorders

and Diagnosis

Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress 'Conservation of Stone and Other Materials: Research -

Industry- Media', held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, with the cooperation of ICCROM, EUREKA/EUROCARE, ICOM, ICOMOS and the Getty Conservation Institute.

Paris June 29-July 1, 1993

EDITEDBY

M.-J. Thiel UNESCO, Paris

E & FN SPON An lmprint of Chapman & Hall

London · Glasgow · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras

.. ·.

Contents

Scientific Committee Organizing Committee Preface Foreword

VOLUMEONE Causes of Disorders and Diagnosis

PART ONE POLLUTION AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS

1 The human factor in the preservation of the monumental heritage of Easter Island A.E. CHAROLA World Monuments Fund, New York, NY, USA M. BAHAMONDEZ PRIETO and M.E. V AN DE MAELE SIL VA Centro Nacional de Restauracion, DIBAM, Santiago, Chile C.A. WEBER and A.E. CABEZA National Parks Division, CONAF, Santiago, Chile R.J. KOESTLER The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA

2 Dust pollution at the Taj Mahal -A case study R.K. SHARMA and H.O. GUPTA Archaeological Survey of India, Dehra Dun, India

3 The Egyptian monuments: problems and solutions Z.HAWASS Giza Pyramids and Sakkara, Egyptian Antiquities Organization, Egypt

4 Considerations sur les facteurs d'alteration de la pierre en

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relation avec la pollution atmospherique 27 (Consideration of the role of atmospheric pollution in the alteration of stone) V. FURLAND and F. GIRARDET Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de Conservation de Ja Pierre, Departement des Materiaux, Lausanne, Switzerland

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5 Deposition and enrichment of atmospheric pollutants on building stones as determined by field exposure experiments 35 M. STEIGER, F. WOLF and W. DANNECKER Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany

6 Presence de microsuies soufrees dans l'atmosphere d' Arles: influence possible sur la primatiale Saint-Trophime 43 (The presence of sulfurous soot particles in the atmosphere: the possible influence on the primatial Saint-Trophime in Arles) F. BANNERY, A. GAUDICHET and R. LEFEVRE Laboratoire de Microscopie Analytique Appliquee aux Sciences de La Terre, Universite de Paris XII, Val de Marne, Cretail, France P.AUSSET Laboratoire de /'Institut Fran~ais de Restauration des Oeuvres d'Art, Paris, France

7 The first stages of marble weathering, preliminary results after short-term exposure ofnine months 51 S.SIMON Geological Institute, University of Munich, Germany R. SNETHLAGE Bavarian State Conservation Office, Munich, Germany

8 Study of patinas on ornamental stone M. ANORBE URMENETA and F.J. SAINZ DE CUETO Laboratorio Central de Estructuras y Materiales, CEDEX MOPT, Madrid, Spain J.M. MARTIN POZAS Departamento Geologia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain J.A. DIEZTORRES Laboratorio Geotecnia, CEDEX MOPT, Madrid, Spain

9 Alteration des mortiers de ciment places dans une ambiance

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aerienne salie: interet de l'ajout de metakaolin 67 (Alteration of cement mortars placed in a saline air environment - the importance of the addition of metakaolin) J .L. BOSC, M. CHABANNET and J. PERA Laboratoire des Materiaux Mineraux, INSA, Lyon, France F.AUGER Laboratoire de Construction Civile et Maritime, IUT, La Rochelle, France

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10 The marble decay of Pilastri Acritani and problems of conservation V. FASSINA and M. ROSSETII Laboratorio Scientifico Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici, Venice, ltaly G.FUMO Soprintendenza ai Beni Ambientali e Architettonici, Venice, ltaly F. ZEZZA and F. MACRI Politecnico di Bari, ltaly

11 Sulfation mechanism of travertines: effect of S02 concentration,

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relative humidity and temperature 83 H. GÖTÜRK, M. VOLKAN and S. KAHVEci Departmentof Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

12 Relations entre les variations des conditions environnementales et les processus de degradation successifs des Temples de Karnak (Egypte) 91 (Tue relationship between the variation of environmental conditions and successive degradation processes on the temples ofKarnak (Egypt)) P. BROMBLET Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, Champs-sur-Marne, France

13 Synergistic effects of S02 and N02 in their action on marbles studied by reversed flow gas chromatography 99 C. VASSILAKOSandA. SALTA Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

14 New aspects of decay caused by crystallization of gypsum K. ZEHNDER Institut für Denkmalpflege ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

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15 Observations and explanations ofstone decay in Oxford, UK 115 H.A. VILES St Catherine' s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, U K

16 Deterioration and conservation ofthe National Congress building stone, Argentina M.B.P. DE DE MAIO and M.B. DOMINGUEZ National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic

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17 The etTects of past treatments on the acceleration of weathering processes in the statues on Prato della Valle 129 V.FASSINA Laboratorio Scientifico, Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici, Venice, ltaly S.BORSELLA Comune di Padova, Settore Edilizia Pubblica e Beni Culturali, Padova, ltaly

18 Electrical charges and the degradation and conservation of mineral materials - redox states on material 137 J. PÜHRINGER Stockholm, Sweden F.MAKES Royal Armoury, Hallwyl Museum, Skokloster Castle, Stockholm, Sweden B.JOHNSON Uppsala, Sweden

19 Laser determination of weathering depth and provenance by carbon and oxygen isotopes 144 G. ÄBORG, D.E. STIJFHOORN and A. RÄHEIM /nstituttfor Energiteknikk, Kjeller, Norway . R. LOFVENDAHL Riksantikvarieämbetet, Stockholm, Sweden

PART TWO PHYSICAL EFFECTS 153

20 Characterization of pore structure for the interpretation of moisture transport 155 B.MENG Institute for building research ( IBAC), Universitv of Technology, Aachen, Germany

21 Experimental alteration simulation of sandstones by capillary rising and superficial evaporation 163 C. BRUNJAILandJ. LEGRAND Laboratoire de Genie des Procedes, /UT, Saint-Nazaire, France G.BASTIAN Laboratoire de Genie Civil de/' Ecole Centrale de Nantes, /UT, Saint-Nazaire, France

22 Analysis of moisture migration in the walls of the S. Maria dei Miracoli Church in Venice 170 P. BAGGIO, C. BONACINA and A.G. STEVAN /stituto Fisica Tecnica Universita di Padova, ltaly V. FASSINA Laboratorio Scientifico, Soprintendenza ai Beni Artistici e Storici, Venice, /taly

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23 Microstructural and composition characteristics of historic mortars in Venice 178 G. BISCONTIN,f... BAKOLAS, E . ZENDRI Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita di Venezia, Italy P. MARA VELAKI Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Crete

24 Un modele porosite;>ermeabilite pour 'la duree de vie' des ouvrages (A porosity-permeability model for the service life of structures) D. BREYSSE Laboratoire de Mecanique et Technologie (LMT), France B.GERARD Direction des Etudes et Recherches d ' Electricite de France, Centre des Renardieres MTC, France

2S Air pollution and microclimate influences on stone decay of monuments in urban and extra-urban areas (Pavia,

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Lombardy, Italy) 196 V. RIGANTI and M. SPECCHIARELLO Chemistry Department, Pavia University, ltaly R. ROSSETTI, M. TORTELLI, F. VENIALE and U. ZEZZA Earth Science Department, Pavia University, Italy

26 Accurate measurement of expansion and shrinkage in porous stones caused by moisture absorption 204 A. COLANTUONO, S. DAL VECCHIO and 0. MARINO Materials Engineering and Production Department, University of Naples 'Federico II', /taly G.MASCOLO lndustrial Engineering Department, University of Cassino, ltaly

27 Compressive strength of masonry with thick mortar joints 212 M. KARAVEZIROGLOUandl. PAPAYIANNI Aristotle University of Thessalonik i , Greece

28 Influence of mechanical anisotropic behaviour to tensile strength on decay evolution of marbles in monuments U.ZEZZA Earth Science Department, Pavia University, ltaly

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29 Bricks: composition and physical characteristics as a function of the raw materials 228 F. FRATINI, S. CECCHERINI, N. DEGL'INNOCENTI and C.MANGANELLIDELFA CNR, Centro di Studio sul/e Cause di Deperimento e sui Metodi di Conservazione delle Opere d'Arte, Florence, lta/y P.MALESANI Dipartimento di Scienze del/a Terra, Universita degli Studi, Florence, ltaly

30 Contributions to the diagnosis of stone and concrete historical structure using non-destructive techniques 238 1. FACAOARU and C. LUGNANI RCL, Camisano Vicento (VI), ltaly

31 Non-destructive tests for measurement ofmoisture content in porous building materhlls. Theoretical and experimental approach 252 P. BAGGIO and C. BONACINA lstituto Fisica Tecnica Universita di Padova, ltaly E. GRINZATO, P. BISON and C. BRESSAN CNR ITEF, Padova, ltaly

PART THREE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

32 Plant communities on the walls of Venosa Castle (Basilicata,

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Italy) as biodeteriogens and bionindicators 263 G.CANEVA Dipartamento Biologia, Universita Basi/icata, Potenza, ltaly G.DEMARCO Dipartamento Biologia Vegeta/e, III Universitd, Rome, ltaly M.A. PONTRANDOLFI Centro lnternazionale Studi Federiciani, CNR, Tito, Potenza, ltaly

33 Microfabrics of weathered granite in urban monuments N.SCHIAVON Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK

34 Are colour changes ofrocks caused by climate, pollution, biological growth, or by interactions of the three? C. URZI and G. CRISEO lstituto di Microbio/ogia, Universita di Messina, Vill. Sant'Agata, Messina, ltaly W.E. KRUMBEIN and U. WOLLENZIEN Geomicrobiology Division, ICBM, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany A.A. GORBUSHINA Botany Department, St Petersburg State University, Russia

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35 The Hai Saßieni prehistoric hypogeum in Malta. An international etTort for the conservation of an underground limestone monument 287 J.CASSAR National Museum of Archaeology, Museums Department, Malta

36 Methodological evaluation of biocidal interference with stone materials - preliminary laboratory t~ts 295 M.P. NUGARI Jstituto Centrale per il Restauro, Rome, ltaly P. PALLECCHI Soprintendenza Archeologica, Florence, Jtaly D.PINNA Soprintendenza Beni Artistica, Bologna, Jtaly

37 Studies on the temporal development of microbial infection of different types of sedimentary rocks and its etTect on the alteration of the physico-chemical properties in building materials 303 T. WARSCHEID, T.W. BECKER, J. BRAAMS, C. GEHRMANN, W.E. KRUMBEIN and K. PETERSEN Geomicrobiology Division, ICBM, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany S. BRUGGERHOFF Zollern-Istitut, Bochum, Germany

PARTFOUR PETROGRAPHY 311

38 Aspects de la biodeterioration et la bioprotection de la structure en briques d'un monument d'architecture 313 (Biodeterioration and bioprotection of the brick structure of an architectural monument) A. POPESCU Institut de Recherche du Batiment, IN ERC, Bucarest, Rumania T.C. BESCHEA Institut de Recherche en Raffinerie et Petrochimie, ICERP, Ploiesti, Rumania

39 Weathering mechanisms of silicated rocks in continental environments 320 M.A. VINCENTE, J. GARCIA-TALEGON and A.C. INIGO IRNA/CSIC, Salamanca, Spain E. MOLINAandV. RIVES Universidad de Salamanca, Spain

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40 Etude comparative des mecanismes d'alteration des gres en reuvre 328 (Comparative study of alteration mechanisms in sandstones) G.MARTINET Laboratoire d' Etudes et de Recherches sur /es Materiaux, Bagno/et, France L. RASPLUS and J.J. MACAIRE Laboratoire de Geologie des Systemes Sedimentaires, Universite de Tours, France A. LEROUX Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France

41 L'alteration d'un calcaire lutetien dans un milieu urbain 336 (Alteration oflutetian limestone in an urban environment) G.MARTINET Laboratoire d' Etudes et de Recherches sur /es Materiaux, Bagno/et, France J.-S. GUEDON and A. LE ROUX Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France

42 Durability analysis of ornamental rocks under natural weathering conditions 344 M.B.P. DE DE MAIO and M.B. DOMINGUEZ National Institute of Industrial Techno/ogy, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic

43 Mineralogy, texture and physical properties of brick masonry: the San Bartolome Church tower in Logrofio, La Rioja, Spain 351 S. PA VIA SANT AMARIA and S. CARO CALAT A YUD Department of Geology, La Rio ja University, Logrono, Spain L. GARCIA VIGUERA and A. RODRIGUEZ BEA Laboratory of Physica/ Testing of the COAAT, La Rioja, Spain

44 Damage investigations on natural stone monuments in Minas Gerais, Brazil 360 B. FITZNER, K. HEINRICHS and M. VOLKER Geological Institute, University of Technology, Aachen, Germany R. CAMPOS PEREZ CETEC, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

45 Definition of the materials and related problems of a Xlllth century Anatolian seljuk 'mescid': a case study in Konya City 368 S.S. TUNCOKU, E.N. CANER-SALTIK and H. BÖKE Midd/e East Technica/ University, Faculty of Architecture, Restoration Science Branch, Ankara, Turkey

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46 Petra, la cite rose des sables. La pathologie des gres et leur traitement dans la perspective d'une preservation et d'une restauration des monuments 376 (Petra, the pink city of sand. The pathology of its sandstone and treatment for preservation and restoration of monuments) M. ALBOUY and P. DELETIE Electricite de France, Paris, France B. HAGUENAUER, S. NION and D. SCHREINER Universite de Nancy, France J.REWERSKI CRNS , Meudon, France J.SEIGNE IFAPO, Amman, France

47 lnvestigation of the characteristics and properties of 'cocciopesto' from the ancient Roman period R. BUGINI and A. SAL V ATORI CNR, Centro di studio sulle cause di deperimento e sui metodi di conservazione delle opere d'arte, Rome and Milan, ltaly G. CAPANNESI and A.F. SED DA ENEA-Casaccia, Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Rome, ltaly C. D'AGOSTINI and C.F. GIULIANI University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche Archeologiche e Antropologiche dell'Antichita, Rome, ltaly

48 Study of mortars in the medieval city of Rhodes A. MOROPOULOU, P. THEOULAKIS, K. BISBIKOU, A. THEODORAKI and N. CHONDROS National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece G. BISCONTIN, E. ZENDRI and A. BAKOLAS Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita di Venezia, ltaly

49 Behaviour of the bricks in the Corfu Venetian Fortress A. MOROPOULOU, P. THEOULAKIS, K. BISBIKOU National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece G. BISCONTIN, E. ZENDRI, A. BAKOLAS and P. MARA VELAKI Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita di Venezia, ltaly

50 La conservation de la pierre dite 'tezontle' au Mexique (The conservation of 'tezontle' stone in Mexico) M.M. SEGARRA LAGUNES Mexico

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