Kyrgyz ppt

7/29/2019 Kyrgyz ppt

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Impacts from Sustainable Land

Management Investments

Case Study - Kyrgyzstan

UNCCDCRIC - 5

Buenos Aires, ArgentinaMarch 2007


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Outline

Introduction

Desertification and Land Degradation Processes

Kyrgyzstan Water Resources and Irrigation

Water User Associations in the Kyrgyz Republic

Case Study WUA Performance in Orok Village

Conclusions


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Objectives

What are Impacts from investments in Sustainable Land and

Water Management (SLM)? Linkages between SLM, economic growth, poverty

reduction, and good governance?

Do investments in Natural Resources Management Improve peoples livelihoods? Decrease land degradation rates?

Strengthen local environmental governance?

Do Water User Associations (WUAs) Achieve positive results in SLM?


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Desertification and LandDegradation

Desertificationis land degradation

Reduces ecosystem integrity Productivity, biodiversity, and resilience

Causes Multiple, complex, and varied

Over-exploitation of natural resources Poor agricultural practices, overgrazing, deforestation, etc.


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UNCCD in Central Asia

National Action Programs (NAPs)

Subregional Action Plan (SAP) Monitoring and evaluation of

processes Drought early warning system Improving water use in agriculture Combating land degradation

Cooperation Water-saving technologies in

agriculture Enterprises for agricultural

technology Water Users Associations

(federations) Best practices Principles of free-market-oriented

agricultural systems

Country

Area

Arable

land

Irrigated

land

millionha

millionha

millionha

Kazakhstan 271.7 22.5 3.6

Kyrgyzstan 19.8 1.3 1.1

Tajikistan 14.3 0.9 0.7

Turkmenistan 48.8 2.2 1.8Uzbekistan 44.7 4.7 4.3

Central Asia 399.4 51.4 11.4


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CACILMCentral Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management

ADB supported program to Promote sustainable land

management

Build capacity in land and water

resource management

National ProgrammingFramework (2006 2016)

Capacity building Agriculture, Forestry, Pastures Research

Integrated resource management


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UNCCD in Kyrgyz Republic

Joined 1997, ratified 1999 Coordination Council - Leads in implementing UNCCD National Action Plan

Natural resources management Public awareness

Combat land degradation Land productivity Improve economy Promote rural tourism Restore pastures

Reforestation Monitoring


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Kyrgyz Land & WaterResources

Area Total land - 19.85 million ha

Arable land - 1.3 million ha

Irrigated land - 1.1 million ha 2003

Highly saline 14,900 ha

Moderately saline 31,600 ha

Slightly saline 65,200 ha Waterlogged 114,100 ha


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Kyrgyz Economy

Mountainous country Ave. elevation 2,750 m

Population - 5 million

Agriculture 34% of GDP 43% of work force 20% of exports

Water Use Agricultural

9.4 billion m3

Domestic and industrial 0.3 billion m3

Kyrgyz GDP per capita 1995-2004


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Kyrgyz Land Reforms

Transition

From Large, collective

and state farms

Centrally plannedeconomy

To Many small-scale

producers in amarket economy

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

AgriculturalProduction(%)

State (%)

Private (%)

Kyrgyz Agricultural Output, 1990 2005


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Kyrgyz Farm Management

Shortage of Support services

Microfinance

Inputs

Infrastructure Marketing outlets

Small size of farms Initial land distribution

Un-economic units

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Yield(1

00kg/ha)

Grains

Cotton

Kyrgyz Agricultural Yields, 1990 2005


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Kyrgyz Arable Lands

Problems Soil erosion

Salinity

Waterlogging

Loss of vegetative cover

Weed cover

Caused by Abandonment of farms

Unsustainable agricultural practices Weak linkage between land users and state agencies and

private sector

Decreased land reclamation

Poverty of rural population


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Kyrgyz Irrigation Systems

Problems Secondary salinization

Lack of Drainage

Waterlogging

Erosion

Caused by

low efficiency of irrigation networks due to poormaintenance

low efficiency of water use at the farm level

deterioration of drainage network

lack of financial and technical resources


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Payment for Water

Farmers pay $0.75/1000 m3

Parliament wont

increase to $2.50/1000 m3

Cost of irrigationsystem andservice $58/ha 6 x more than

expendituresIrrigation fee for different regions of Kyrgyzstan


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Water User Associations

Land privatization Land Code

Law on Farming1999

WUAs 1995 2002

On-farm irrigationsystems transferred toWUAs

Development of Kyrgyz WUAs 1999 2007

2005

Water rights based onhydrological basins

Tariffs reflects irrigationand drainage systemO&M costs


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IMT in Kyrgyzstan

IMT to WUAs 1991

504 irrigation systems 1 million irrigated ha

2005

430 WUAs 708 thousand irrigatedha

Successful where cash crops are grown

favorable economicconditions

water-short areas Improvements expected Rule of law Financial management Water user awareness Farmer participation

Irrigated land under Kyrgyz WUAs


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WUA Sustainability

Establish & collect fees Cover O&M, and

administrative costs Water service fees

In kind payments Allowed up to 30% Running 50% - 80%

ISF Collection Rates in of Kyrgyzstan


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Case Study: Orok Village

Orok Village Administration Jantai Tush WUA

Irrigated land 1,247 ha

Water use 8,500,000 m3

Debt $3,108

6833 inhabitants 1931 families

1867 have no conveniences 210 Poor Families ($186/person/year) 65 Moderately Poor ($124/person/year) 28 Extremely Poor ($44/person/year)

Livestock has increased inn last 4years


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WUA State & Activities

Established 2002

Canal network 65 km

50 km unlined

Net value $55,334

O&M $907 - $1,295

Staff Director

Accountant

Hydraulic technician

Ditch riders (seasonal)

Farmers: Where can we get good seeds?


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WUA Water Supply Interfarm irrigation system

Ala-Archa river Kirovsky canal

Jantai main canal

Canals P-1 and P-2

Some flumes are damaged

Water delivery difficult

Water Intake andSupply (thousands

m3

)

Irrigation for seedling emergence


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Irrigation Systems Water Use in Irrigation & WUA

Effectiveness ~100% using furrow and border strip

irrigation

65% measured volume with a weir

35% measured volume "by eye

~100% water distributed appropriately

Irrigation ServicePayments


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Crop Yields

Farmers have 7 tractors

2 harvesters

3 balers

6 trucks

Crop Yields (% of 2003)


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Farm Animals

(2004 as % of 2002)


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Farm Microcredit

Some farmers obtained loans ($958 - $5,180) Some farmers did not

High rates (up to 30%)

Difficult document preparation

Repayment difficulty Length of loan period


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Some Problems Shortages of

Funds (farmers, village, WUA) Maintenance of machinery, irrigation systems and structures. New machinery and equipment

Processing and storage facilities Markets Pastures

Shortcomings of land and agrarian reform Break-up of large enterprises Reduction of

Management services Technical knowledge Seed farming

Lack of knowledge about Farming Effective use of water


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Conclusions

Problems of WUAs

Tariffs for irrigation services are too low

Excessive "in kind" payment of irrigation service fees

WUAs Passive Lack physical infrastructure Management not aware of authority and responsibility Incomplete managerial functions Lack management transparency Poor auditing conditions


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Conclusions

Benefits of WUAs Water users

Use irrigation water more responsibly Understand that excessive use of water for irrigation has a cost Participate in water management Undertake mutually agreed activities for resource management

Participate in establishing tariffs for irrigation water supply Control operation and maintenance of irrigation systems Take responsibility for decision making and implementation Reduction of moisture-loving crops

WUAs New institutions have demonstrated potential and vitality

Set example of proper management of local associations Provide input to water sector reform Assist in restructuring water resources management Improve water distribution Advise on irrigation methods

Kyrgyz ppt

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