KUSMAROV - From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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From C ounter-Insurgency to Narc o-Insurgency: Vietnam and the International War on Drugs Jeremy Kuzmarov Journal of Policy History, Volume 20, Number 3, 2008, pp. 344-378 (Article) Published by Penn State University Press For additional information about this article Access Provided by CAPES-Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior at 06/15/11 2:56A http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jph/summary/v020/20.3.kuzmarov.html

Transcript of KUSMAROV - From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency: Vietnam and

the International War on Drugs

Jeremy Kuzmarov

Journal of Policy History, Volume 20, Number 3, 2008, pp. 344-378

(Article)

Published by Penn State University Press

For additional information about this article

Access Provided by CAPES-Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior at 06/15/11 2:56A

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jph/summary/v020/20.3.kuzmarov.html

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the journal of policy history, V. 20, N. 3, 2008.C © 2008 T P S U, U P, PA.

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From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency:

Vietnam and the International War on Drugs

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346  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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348  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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352  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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354  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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356  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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 jeremy kuzmarov  |  357

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358  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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360  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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 jeremy kuzmarov  |  361

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362  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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 jeremy kuzmarov  |  363

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364  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

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 jeremy kuzmarov  |  365

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notes

1. H. D. S. Gw, “T B cia C’ P Dw: A Rw

P H A W. MC” Le Mgzne, 20 O 1972, cia fi, RDP80,

2000/05/15 (N A, C P, M.).2. S J S IV, “T I B S V,”

Wshngtonn Mgzne, J 1968, 33–38.

3. J S IV, In ouh (Nw Y, 1969), 77.

4. P w, D. R Rff, U W, S  

S W, N 2004 (), M. D. S, “D, V,

V V: A Ow,”   Amern Journl o Drug nd Alohol Abuse (M

1976): 557–70.5. J A, “gi D R K S,” Wshngton Post, 3 F 

1971, B11; G E, “gi V G H E,” New York mes, 25 F 

1971, 39; J A, “C D gi D A ,” Wshngton Post, 5 J

1971, D13.

6. A , A Gzz J., “T V’ SW: M,” Sene Dgest, A 1969, 17–20, B. D A J., “A I

S C M D,” New York mes, 5 S 1971, 1.

7. Sw A, “W M-L” Newsweek, 24 M 1971, 108, R M. S,

“S S gi’ S-M S M N B I,” New York mes, 

25 M 1970, 14, “M-L D Q R” New York mes, 16 M 1970, 24.

8. S, x, Ew J E, Ageny o Fer: Optes nd Poltl Power  (Nw Y, 1977); C P, Lokdown Amer: Pole nd Prsons n n Age o 

Crss (L, 1999); D B, Smoke nd Mrrors: Te Wr on Drugs nd the Polts

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366  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

o Flure (B, 1996); M K, Te Quest or Nrot Control  (NwH, 2002); M M, Te Fx (Nw Y, 1998).

9. S, x, D L, On Drugs (M, 1995); J A.I, Te Wr on Drugs: Heron, Cone, Crme, nd Publ Poly (P A, 1984;

. ., 1996).

10. S, x, C R H G. L, Crk n Amer: 

Demon Drugs nd Sol Juste (B L A, 1997); C R,

Crked Coverge: elevson News, the Ant-Cone Crusde, nd the Regn Legy 

(D, 1994); N C, “D P S C,” Prson Nton: Te

Wrehousng o Amer’s Poor, . H W (Nw Y, 2003).

11. B, Smoke nd Mrrors, 104.

12. R M. Nx, “S M C D A

P C” 17 J 1971, P P P US (W, D.C., 1971), 744, M F. M R H. S, “

W H P,” R S S M, 92 C., 1 ., 21

M 1971 (W, D.C., 1971), Drug Forum, J 1972, 98.

13. S “T cia’ F O ” Rmprts, 13 J 1968, 8; A W.

MC, Te Polts o Heron n Southest As, w C R L P. A

(Nw Y, 1972); “MG C W D C I-C W,”18 S 1972, P R, Nx P M, E K P (N

A, C P, M.), x 32, 3.

14. O x D W’ “S D: T A

D W T B, 1970–1975” (P.D ., K S U, 2003),w z .

15. S J C. MW, Te Protetors: Hrry J. Anslnger nd the Federl Bureu

o Nrots, 1930–1962 (Dw, 1990); W K, “S F S:

H J. A U S F N P, 1930–1962”   Journl o 

 Amern Hstory (M 1986): 908–27.

16. R P A C N D A,

x 1, JFK P L, B; R B. C, “L C P:

Mx’ A-D C 1970,” Journl o Inter-Amern Studes nd World 

 Affrs (M 1978): 107–31.

17. “T N ffi I-C,” A E S D- S, W D.C., 18 M 1954, B N D D

(N A, C P, M.), x 164, V, 1953–67 (

bndd); W S H J. A “R C N ffi —

V, L, C,” 7 J 1954. bndd, x 164, F V, “V—DS M C P,” A Iq, I C

A, Offi P S I, I D, 18

O 1956. O V , C E. G, Tlnd nd the

Southest Asn Networks o the Vetnmese Revoluton, 1885–1954 (L, 1999), 201–4.

18. S, In ouh, 132; “M D A R,” Ew G. L,

C, MPC, D P M, J 1972, R U.S. A V, D P & P B (N A, C P, M.) x 4,

12 ( DP&P), “M V,” M A P, C 

M H C S, C R B, V, D A, DP&P,

x 4.

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19. “F D D gi’”U.S. News & World Report, 6 A 1970, 32;

Herngs D A A F, P 21 (W, D.C., 1971), 278.

20. A H. F, “P F 1971 D DS D U,”Humn Resoures Reserh Orgnzton, Ax, V (M

1972), 41.

21. W B. P, “M U V: A P R,” USARV 

 Medl Bulletn (S–O 1968): 57.22. Wshngton Post, 9 A 1970, A3.

23. Iw w P. M M, V A, D P V

V A, x U, O H P, www....

24. R A. Rff, “S M U: P Cfi USARV

I S J 1, 1967,” I P G, “H D U

M,” Drug Use n Amer: Problem n Perspetve (W, D.C., 1973), “M A S D (Mw),” 9 N 1967; DP&P (N

A, C P, M.), x 4, 12.

25. Rff S, “M V: A S U A E

M w S C,” Interntonl Journl o the Addtons (M 1970): 15–16;

P w, R Rff, U W S S W,

1 N 2004 (); “D A—G W W: A B H C,” A F I S, 1968, D D,

“R D A R V,” R U.S. A V,

DP&P, x 4, 12.

26. “A D A A S,” H B S SS, 91 C., 2 ., 1277; P w, D. R R. Rff,

U W S S W, 1 N 2004 ().27. C ., “M V,” USARV Medl Bulletn, P

40 (1968): 60–72; C W B. P, “M U V: A P 

R,” USARV Medl Bulletn (S–O, 1968): 56–59; B, Ow,

Wff, “P D U: A S 5,482 S,”  Amern Journl o Psyhtry 

(O 1970); M. D S, “D, V, V V:

A Ow,”   Amern Journl o Drug nd Alohol Abuse (M 1976): 557–70;A H. F, “A S D-R : F Iw

4 A S L (Ax, V., 1972).28. N Z, “H U V U S,” Arhves o Generl 

Psyhtry (A 1975): 955–96; D D, “R U S,”

D A M, H B S D A M 

A S, U.S. S, 92 C., 2 . (W, D.C., 1972).29. P w, D. J H. Jff, 25 F 2005 ().

30. S M F, Lw nd Order: Street Crme, Cvl Unrest, nd the Crss o 

Lberlsm n the 1960s (Nw Y, 2005); Sw A, “T S D,” Newsweek, 

1 F 1971, 76.

31. “T Nw P E N. 1,” me, 28 J 1971, 20; “T gi’ O

E: H,” Newsweek, 24 M 1971, 26; “T H P: W C B D?”

Newsweek, 5 J 1971, 27.

32. S P S, Te Dsrded Army: Veterns Afer Vetnm (Nw Y, 1973),

23; E . D, Shook Over Hell: Post-rumt Stress, Vetnm, nd the Cvl Wr  

(C, M., 1997), 12; W J. S, Te Polts o Redjustment: Vetnm Veterns

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368  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

Sne the Wr (Nw Y, 1993); L H ., Myths nd Reltes: A Study o Atttudes

owrds Vetnm Er Veterns (W, D.C., 1980); B W,Stolen Vlor:

How the Vetnm Generton Ws Robbed o Its Heroes nd Its Hstory (D, 1998), 72.O , C E. S, Crmnl Volene, Crmnl Juste 

(Nw Y, 1978), 81; M F, “P P: T Nx A,”

Whte House Studes (S 2007).

33. S J L L, Te Spttng Imge: Myth, Memory, nd the Legy o 

Vetnm (Nw Y, 1998), 114; H. B F, “T Aw M W A

S F,” Vetnm nd Other Amern Fntses (A, 2000). F

-q - w q

w , “V D M W P C,” New York mes, 

24 A 1971, 1.

34. L N. R, Te Vetnm Drug User Returns (SAODAP M S)A, . 2 (W, D.C., 1974); “N U S A Aw:

A Iw 898 R,”   Arhves o Generl Psyhtry (A 1975); L

B M,   An Investgton o the Substne Abuse Behvor o Men o the Vetnm

Generton (P.D ., C U, 1980); R ., “Eff

V Ex Sq D U A S,” Interntonl Journl 

o the Addtons (S 1974): 25–40; W C, “gi D U F R,B Fw A S A,” Wshngton Post, 24 A 1973, A1.

35. S B G, Te Culture o Fer: Why Amerns re Ard o the Wrong 

Tngs (Nw Y, 1999).

36. S, x, BG U, USARV Hq, USARV, 26 S1970, CIB, x 1, “I L P D A V”; D

A, USAV, 1971, D A G W W: A B H C, D D I S (W, D.C., 1968);

“W W S M: A Iw w F B” Fmly, 18 M 1970.

37. “T W D ffi I I U.S. S,” H B

S S, C J, U.S. S, 2 ., P 4, S

E A (W, D.C., 1972), 125–26, . 1, 58; D W, “D D:

H, M, I Nx’ D W,”   Jnus Hed (J 2003): 273;“Iw w Lw W. W,” cbs Nw, 14 S 1972 ().

38. L.W. W M J. G, S. R R, usaid, 1 J 1966,bndd, x 164, F V. S Lw W. W, Strnge Wr, Strnge Strtegy:

 A Generl’s Report on Vetnm, w L B. J (Nw Y, 1970).

39. M J. G, R D, usaid D L. G

Lw W. W, C G III M A F, D, RVN, 9J 1966, .

40. “N V,” 15 N 1967, bndd, x 164, F V.

41. W P, D S, N. 16, C N,

30 N 1967, bndd, x 164, F V, 1953–1967; “M,” J D. E,

A C, D C M. Lw F, A

C, I, B C, 21 M 1967, bndd, x 164,F V. “P P I P Ex N

Lw E Eff N P,” M F W. MB, CORDS

J F. M, 26 N 1968, Offi P S, V D, N,

x 110, 3 ( ops).

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7; Hw G M MC, “A H-H P,” 17 J 1969, A D A P—A F M? D A C, 1973 Ew J 

E A, M L, B U, x 12, 3 ( EJE)54. “F S B G R S S.9 H

D D” J 1971, R U.S. F S A, C I-

B (CIB), x 3; L C, “C MP’ C D,” Army

Reporter, 6 D 1971, 12, “D Tw D ffi ,” Army Reporter, 1 J 1970.55. P S D,” macv, 30 J 1972, CIB, x 1. A N

S C,” R U.S. F S A, CIB, x 2, 4.

56. A M. S, “gi H A E V,” New York mes, 

16 M 1971, A1.

57. “A P S A,” Army Reporter, 15 M 1971, 6; S A. S,

“gi A: T C A,” Te Nton, 4 O 1971; D S,“Hw A H gi’ Q D,” Chrstn Sene Montor, 18 J 1971, 7; D. R

S. W, “T B A D D W M,”   Journl o Drug 

Issues (W 1974), 11–31; C C. B H D. R, W

R M M A, 102-5, 4 J 1971.

58. M M MC, . Hw G, “S L,” 9

S 1971, ops, V, N C, x 111, 3.59. SP/4, M S. J, “D B D,” U.S. A V, 9-67-71,

I Offi , Hq, U.S. A V, APO S F 96375, DP&P,

x 4, 3; D L, Nghtmre Drugs (Nw Y, 1966), 49; G N, 

 Mrhun—Deeptve Weed  (Nw Y, 1973).60. V R C M,” J J. Wff, M G

USA C, L W J. MCff, 29 J 1971, R U.S.A V, M P, P D, M&W, x 13, 1.

61. “S D V P D E F macv,” J K.

S G W MCff, D C G, 12 A 1972,

U.S. F S A, DP&P, x 2, 11 (P P fi); M,

J I, bndd Jff D, R: S D J. V , 31 A 1971,

EJE, x 14, 7.62. S J R, “A E L B S

M,” New York Revew, 13 F 1969, 27; A, “T C-C,” Te Movement nd the Sxtes (Nw Y, 1995), 241.

63. S R D, Prtners n Power: Nxon nd Kssnger  (Nw Y, 2007);

R M. Nx, “W H H A?” Reder’s Dgest (O 1967), 50;

R M, Rhrd Nxon nd the Quest or New Mjorty (C H, 2004); KP, Te Emergng Republn Mjorty (Nw Y, 1970).

64. R M. Nx, R N C, 17 S 1968, “LEN

13-3, Sff P D A, x 12, 4 (N A, C P, M.).

65. S K D, “O I: T P U,” N

S A, ://www.w./~.

66. D I-A Aff, , 14 N 1969, C A S P, D S, N A, R G 59,

NSA, O , 18; “T Mx C,” H B

S I J Dq, U.S. S, 95 C., 10 F 

1978 (W, D.C., 1978); “N C Mx: E A  

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Eff, B I N M,” A 1979 (W, D.C., 1979);R V Mz, “D, H R, M W D

L A” (W, D.C., 1997).67. J C. MW, “T P D: T P P

A’ D W,” W O. W III, ., Drug Control Poly: Essys n

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Fer: Optes nd Poltl Power (Nw Y, 1977).68. P w, D. J H. Jff, 24 F 2005 ().

69. “T D P A F,” H A. K M S 

D, 1 J 1970, T W H, Nx P M, N S 

F (N A, C P, M.), x 807 ( NSF).

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o Heron, . D M (Nw H, 1999), 39.71. “RN’ Ifi w D W,” E K J M, Nx

P M, E K P, x 3, 1 ( EKP).

72. “V,” E K J E, 15 S 1970, EKP, x 3.

73. M F. M R H. S, “T W H P,” R

S S M, 92 C., 1 ., 27 M 1971 (W, D.C., 1971);

“S D S” me, 9 A 1971, 21.74. A W. MC, T P H S A, w N A

L P. R (Nw Y, 1972), S Fx B, “H A A C

A,” New York mes, 28 M 1971, 4; M, “W 30,000 gi’ A U H,

Hw C Y F W? A Iw w R M M, M 21,1971” Drug Forum, O 1971.

75. E M, “A W A H,” S B Nw HB A, B W, 18 J 1971, E M P, Lw, M., x

1789, 3. A “MG C W D C I-C W,”

18 S 1972, Nx P M, EKP, x 32, 3.

76. Congressonl Reord, 26 J 1972, cia F (N A, C, P,

M.), , 2001/03/04.

77. “S H. S H,” M D A,” H B S A N C L P

W, U.S. S, 1 ., 9 J 1971 (W, D.C., 1971), 5–31.78. M B K D R, T W H, 25 M 

1971, Nx P M, EKP (N A), x 32, 6.

79. A W. MC, Te Polts o Heron n Southest As (Nw Y, 1972);

“N: MC’ B S,” G. MM G, AE V S S, 5 J 1972, ops, L, x 113, 3; “H’

Sw cia P Nw B A D ffi ,” Publshers Weekly, 31 J 1972;

Lw R. H, G C, cia, M. B. B T, 5 J 1972, cia

fi (N A, C P, M.), RDP80-0160, 2001/03/04.

80. D S, Mster Pop (Nw Y, 1970), 120; J P, Se or Demory:

Te Seret Wrs o the cia (C, 2006), 359; D B, Te Counter-Insurgeny

Er: U.S. Dotrne nd Perormne (Nw Y, 1977), 151.

81. “T A’ B” “T A R,” Hrper’s, O 1972,

116–19; U.S. S, S C S G O w

I A, 94 C., 2 ., F M I, B 1:

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372  |  From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency

F R (W, D.C., 1974), 57, 229–31; W E. C, “L E—T cia R,” Wshngton Str, 5 J 1972.

82. “M A 3, 1971, Rq Ex S A A G R A I S V Offi D ffi ,”

EKP, x 32, 2.

83. “D” E K J E, 14 M 1971, EKP, x 32, 2.

84. S—N M, S D R, 3 J 1971,” EKP, x 11, 3.

85. M w P C L,” M R M.

Nx M R. L, 3 J 1971, EKP, x 32, —D A.

86. S R. C, “M U S,”  Army Reporter, 25 O 1971, 3;

“10,000 gi’ C D H A V,” Pfi Strs nd Strpes, 3 J

1972, 7; “D A F: J H Jff,” New York mes, 18 J 1971, 22.87. V A, D A D P, FY 1973,

H R, J 1973 (W, D.C., 1973); Drug Use n Amer—

Problem n Perspetve, II, S R D U (W, D.C., 1973),

H B S S D A A S

H.R 9503, H R, C A S, 12 O 1971

(W, D.C., 1971), 7543.88. “gi D A E,’ M Jff D J H. Jff,

14 D 1972, EJE, x 9, 9; “U, Dxfi D,” D.

Jff R S. W, 18 J 1973, .; “gi D A E,” R

H E K, 5 D 1972, .89. “D A P: A F M?” Nw Y, 1973, EJE, x 16, 2.

90. D. R S. W, P C, “A Fw U V DU,” D D, D A, O D C 

S O, U.S. A (N A, C

P, M.).

91. G N, Home to Wr: A Hstory o the Vetnm Veterns Movement 

(Nw Y: Cw P, 2001), 179. R R, “A’ D P S

S D,” New York mes, 2 J 1972, 1.92. P S, “D (M) gi’,” Wshngton Post, 16 J 1972, B1;

C R. S, “D’ W: F D U A S V,” Journl o Drug Issues (O 1973): 74.

93. B S C S, “A D A: T M S,”

Cvl Lbertes, N 1971; “C C. B H D. R,”

W R M M A, 102–5, 14 J 1971; C J R.C, C D O C, USA H S G, V, “T 

P D C V P” D A,

U.S. A D C L B, 25 M 1972, DP&P, x 1, 4; P

w, W L, 24 J 2004 (R, M.).

94. I S, “D (M) gi’,” Wshngton Post, 16 J 1972, B1.

95. S, x, S G P R M. Nx, D L,M B H, C C, E K, 18 J 1971, Nx P

M, Offi F, x 12, —J 1971.

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96. S W, Te Wr Wthn: Amer’s Bttle Over Vetnm (B LA, 1994); L B, No Pee, No Honor: Nxon, Kssnger nd Betryl n Vetnm 

(Nw Y, 2001); S H, Te Pre o Power: Kssnger n the Nxon Whte House (Nw Y, 1983). O Nx’ L C,

W Sw, Sdeshow: Nxon, Kssnger nd the Destruton o Cmbod (Nw Y,

1979); B K, How Pol Pot Cme to Power (Nw H, 1985); A W. MC, .

Los: Wr nd Revoluton (Nw Y); N C, At Wr wth As (Nw Y, 1970).97. J-Hff, Nxon Reonsdered (Nw Y, 1994); M S, Te Presdeny

o Rhrd Nxon (Lw, K., 1999);  Abuse o Power: Te New Nxon pes, .

S K (Nw Y, 1997).

98. S, x, D G, Nxon’s Shdow: Te Hstory o n Imge 

(Nw Y, 2003); A J. Mw,Te Unrvelng o Amer: A Hstory o Lberlsm n the

1960s (Nw Y, 1984); D . Cw, Phylls Shlfly nd Grssroots Conservtsm (P, 2005); G H, Te World urned Rght Sde Up: A Hstory o the

Conservtve Asendny n Amer (B, 1996).

99. S Jff K, Nxon’s Vetnm Wr  (Lw, K., 2001); H 

K, “V N,” Foregn Affrs (J 1969); J S, Power nd 

Protest: Globl Revoluton nd the Rse o Détente (C, M., 2003), 242.

100. F x , C H, “S’ C C: T S H Q,”

Rmprts, D 1975, 23.

101. F xé T’ , J A, “P

S V J,” Wshngton Post, 31 A 1970, B11; D L H Bw, Hostges o Wr: Sgon’s Poltl Prsoners, I M E

P, 1973, 14.102. Ew K (D-M.) q S M, ., South Vetnm: U.S.

Communst Conrontton n Southest As, . 3, 1968; F R U

S, 1969–76, . 6, V, J 1969 J 1970 (W, D.C., 2006), 32. S

W J. L, Te Angushed Amern (L, 1968).

103. “F A A 1971” (W, D.C., 1971), 296.

104. “D S,” D S ; S (N A,C P, M.), U.S. S F S A, x 11, 3.

105. “S V C—D,” M 1971, D S ,070626, U.S. S F S A (N A, C P, M.), x

11, 3; M B K, “I-C Offi R S R

I D ffi ,” 3 A EKP, x 30, 5; “GVN Rz

A D S,” A E S D S, 8 J 1971, DP&P, x 286, 2.

106. MC, Te Polts o Heron: cia Complty n the Globl Nrots rde (Nw

Y, 2004); F H T, “I #1: T P’ F A C

N S B P,” L V, H, S 1974,

D P A, x U V C, www....

107. Q V K: H R U.S. A, A S MR C F Aff, U.S. H R (W,

D.C., 1975), 7–8; J H P, Te Greedy Wr (Nw Y, 1971), 155.

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108. “H N—PSD S N C,” M G. MC,D ops, B J M, C V D, ops, Offi A

C Sff, CORDS, DP&P, x 286, 2.109. N G, “B M Eff I D A C

P,” Deprtment o Stte Bulletn, 3 A 1972 (DEA L, I C

N , 1961–75); P O, “U.S. P S W S,”

Los Angeles mes, 27 M 1971, 2.110. “A C V-N,” Deprtment o Stte Bulletn, 3 A

1972, 508 (DEA L, P C, V.), I N C ; “jnid

R,” macv, V, x 12, 1; “J N I D,” macv

D 190-4, V (N A, C P, M.), x 12, 1;

A W. MC, A Queston o orture: cia Interrogton rom the Cold Wr to the Wr 

on error (Nw Y, 2006).111. “jnid Cfi, J 1, 1971 M 31, 1972,” HQUSARV, DP&P, x 36,

7; “S D—T W D,” me, 4 S 1972; N G,

“B M Eff I D A C P,” Deprtment 

o Stte Bulletn, 3 A 1972 (DEA L, I C N ,

1961–75).

112. P J, “S L N D,” Wshngton Post, 1 M 1971, A10“ C S—RVN A-D S C B H,” 6 M 

1971, DP&P, x 6, 2.

113. “D Lw N. 008//SLU E x N

D S, P T”: T U.S. H P S E A: R Sff S C F Aff, H

R,” D 1972 (W, D.C., 1972), 85; “T O D D P,” Wshngton Post, 14 A 1972, A17.

114. “D S ,” A , S, E.A. D

C, 13 O 1972, ops, V, N C, x 112, 8.

115. A-D A,” A C I F, DP&P, x 7,

1.

116. “Iw w N C K,” Te Lstener, 24 N 1977. S K,

How We Lost the Vetnm Wr (Nw Y, 1976).

117. S D F,   A Spel Reltonshp: Te Unted Sttes nd MltryGovernments n Tlnd, 1947–1958 (H, 1997); S B, U.S. Foregn

Poly nd T Mltry Rule, 1947–1977 (B, 1988).

118. “P I A-N A T,” J F.

M, D D, O.P.S. N G, 27 S 1971, ops, T,N C, x 212, 1; B E, P B,

, 17 M 1972, .

119. “aid Ifl Lw E C,” M E K B

E, J Cfi, G L, EKP, x 3, 2.

120. R E, D U.S. O, M B T, J W.

J, A M, B Offi , F-E B, 3 O 1973, ops, T,N C, x 212, 1; L, U.S. Ntonl Seurty Poly nd Ad to the

Tlnd Pole (D, 1977); “U.S. P A T W” (P.D .,

U M, 1975).

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121. S A N, H B S C NA C, H R, 95 C., 1 ., 12–13 J 1977

(W, D.C., 1978), 2–3. O T T K, C H, Te Poltl Eonomy o Humn Rghts:

Te Wshngton Conneton nd Trd World Fssm (B, 1979), 222–25.

122. “P C L F A B,” D S , A

B, S S, 15 N 1972, A A ID, ops, x 212, 3; “S R T P,” A

E B, S S, W, D.C., 5 O 1972, .

123. “T U.S. H P S A,” 41; T F T

L,” Drug Enorement Mgzne (F 1973): 17; “ P T

N A C” I W G N C

H I, EA D C C, 1973, ops, T, N, x 212, 1; A E B S S, F 1973 “N:

P A,” .

124. S C R. MA, “T D W H,” Journl o Drug Issues 

(S 1977): 163–79; “C L-H H,” A E R

D S, 25 J 1973, G R D S, 1970–73,

T (N A, C P, M.), x 3056, 1; “N,”

Deprtment o Stte Bulletn, 3 A 1972, 507 (DEA L, P C, V.),

I C .

125. W P. D, “O C O K: T P L H

H’ A,” Drugs nd Polts, . P E. R (Nw Bw, N.J., 1977), 67;A W. MC, “Rq D L: S C C K

S,” Sttes nd Illegl Prtes, . J MH (Nw Y, 1999).126. C C I N C, World Opum Survey 

(W, D.C: S 1972), C R, 6 M 1975, I

C , 1961–75 (DEA L, P C, V.); “P I A-

N A T,” J F. M, D D, ops N

G, 27 S 1971, ops, T, N C, x 212, 1. O

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World: Poltl Development Ides n Foregn Ad (P, 1973).

127. R D. R, Opum Reduton n Tlnd, 1970–2000: A 30-Yer Journey (B, 2001), 75–82.

128. S, x, “O P M S A:

I R,” D I, cia F (N A, C

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F A B P.

129. “N—K P,” A B S  

S, 5 D 1971, R D T (N A, C

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D.C., 1973), 5; J A, “T O Bfi M F,” Wshngton Post, 31 J 1972, B11.

130. O , w K’ ,

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Study, I R C, 1976; B A, “Ww S: S C A O 6 C,” Bulletn o Conerned Asn Sholrs (O 1977).

131. W S H J. A, “O S V” J 14, 1957, bndd, x 164, F V, R W, Bkfire: Te cia’s Seret Wr n

Los nd ts Lnk to the Vetnm Wr  (Nw Y: S & S, 1995), 254. S

D C, Blond Ghost: ed Shkley nd the cia’s Crusdes (Nw Y, 1994),

148–50; R,   Ar Amer: Te Story o the cia’s Arlnes (Nw Y, 1979);D. C W, rgedy n Prdse: A Country Dotor t Wr n Los (B,

1999), 184–85.

132. S, x, S B. V, “I N C: A

H P P,” Deprtment o Stte Bulletn, 27 J 1975 (DEA L:

I C , 1961–75).

133. A E V S S, W D.C., 28N 1971, R D, L (N A, C P, M.),

x 3075, 6 ( R&D); “N Lw,” A E V

S S, W, D.C., 27 A 1971, R D S,

1970–73, L (N A, C P, M.), x 3075.

134. J W, Poppes, Ppes nd People: Opum nd Its Uses n Los

(B L A, 1982), 18; “U A O M L,”

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Te Rtul Perseuton o Drug Addts nd Pushers (S, 1974), 48.

135. J E, “T G ,” As Mgzne, 23 M 1975, 28;

“T F T L,” Drug Enorement Mgzne (F 1973), 17.136. “T U.S. H P S A,” R Sff S  

C F Aff, H R, D 1972 (W,D.C., 1972), 28.

137. “N C,” A E V S S,

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N C, x 1, 3; “U.S. L G W D A,” Current 

Foregn Poly, D S M S, DEA L, I C,

1961–75 .138. J W, “T P-H Eff A-O Lw A,”

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J W, “M: A O I M U,” P H

D, usaid L, M 1972.

140. “M,” A E V S S, A 1972,R&D, L, x 3075; “M w D. Jff,” N W H SAODAP, N

C—L, x 1, 3; “S M HCL L R

P,” A V S S, W, D.C.,

J 1972, .

141. A A, “L S H W O,” Mm Herld, 18 A 1972,

cia F, RDP80-01601 (N A, C P, M.), ,2001/03/04; M P, “cia R S A L C

O,”Bltmore Sun, 13 M 1972, cia F, RDP80-01601 (N A, C

P, M.), 2001/03/04.

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142. “O S ff L—P P D Ex—ExA A,” A V aid, 1 A 1974, “P D -

V A128—fi” N C, L, x 1, 3.143. “P N C L,” A E V

S S, 11 O, R&D, L, x 3076, 2.

144. Ew K J H, 13 J 1973, N C L, x 1,

3. O w, F B,Voes rom the Pln

o Jrs: Le Under n Ar Wr (Nw Y, 1972); “L H K,” W H,

F N S, J 1972, Nx P M, N S C F,

HAK, H A. K (N A, C P, M.), x 13, 4.

145. “ R—L, F 7–10, 1973,” M O W R

N, N C—L, x 1, 3.

146. S, x, P C, Herbdl Wrre (Nw Y, 1986); N .,Hrvest o Deth: Cheml Wrre n Vetnm nd Cmbod (Nw Y, 1972); B 

W, ., Eode n Indo-Chn: Te Eology o Wr (S F, 1970).

147. MC, Los: Wr nd Revoluton (Nw Y, 1970), 125.

148. H L C M, D usaid, C L D, 24 J 1971,

N C, L, x 1, 5; D w M J N,

A E V S S, W, D.C., M 1974, NC, L, x 1, 4.

149. J E, “T G ,” As Mgzne, 23 M 1975.

150. Fx Bfi, “L’ O C R D Lw,” New York mes, 

16 O 1972, 12; J F, Te Drugged Nton: A Nr’s Story (Nw Y,1973), 127.

151. “A-N L/P C,” G. MM G H W S, D A S, D S, 9 J 1971

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152. “D A P: A F M?” (Nw Y, 1973) EJE, x 16, 2, 32.

153. “P-W S A—A S N I,”

R S M M, C F R (W,

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155. “A C I D R, J 1972,” CIB, x 1, 3.

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156. H K, “D F H D S V,” New York mes, 

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B,” F W C V, 31 M 1971, ops, N C, V,

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158. F S, Deent Intervl  (Nw Y, 1977), 14; J P, Te Hdden

Hstory o the Vetnm Wr (C, 1995), 68; V, Te Phoenx Progrm, 409.

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159. S M F, Lw nd Order: Street Crme, Cvl Unrest, nd the Crss

o Lberlsm n the 1960s (Nw Y, 2005).

160. M E K, “I-C Offi R S R I D ffi ,” 3 A 1971, EKP, x 32, 2. S

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161. “S MG D,” 31 J1972, EKP, x 32, 2.162. R B. S J., “Nx S H K Vw C R C,”

New York mes, 16 O 1972, 1; J F, Te Drugged Nton: A Nr’s Story

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7 J 1975, F D E, H B P S

I C G O, U.S. S, 94 C.,1 ., J 1975 (W, D.C., 1975), 111; J F,Te Drugged Nton: A Nr’s

Story (Nw Y, 1973), 321; O’D ., Young Men nd Drugs: A Ntonwde Survey 

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164. S, x, G. C, Bd Neghbor Poly: Wshngton’s Futle Wr 

on Drugs n Ltn Amer (W, D.C., 2004); C J. J, Power, Ideology,

nd the Wr on Drugs: Nothng Sueeds Lke Flure (Nw Y, 1992); D S,

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