Swami Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda

(Bengali: Shmi Bibeknondo; 12 January 1863 4 July 1902), born Narendra Nath Datta was an Indian Hindu monk and chief disciple of the 19th-century saint Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world and is credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the late 19th century. He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India, and contributed to the concept of nationalism in colonial India. Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech which began, "Sisters and brothers of America ...," in which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.

Born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to mankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the 1893 Parliament of the World Religions. Vivekananda conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint and his birthday is celebrated there as National Youth Day.

Sarojini Naidu

(born as Sarojini Chattopadhyay), also known by the sobriquet as The Nightingale of India,was an Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu served as the first governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh from 1947 to 1949; the first woman to become the governor of an Indian state.[3] She was the second woman to become the president of the Indian National Congress in 1925 and the first Indian woman to do so.

BornSarojini Chattopadhyay13 February 1879Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British India

Died2 March 1949 (aged 70)Lucknow, United Provinces, Indian Union

Alma materKing's College London(18951898); Girton College, Cambridge; University of Madras

OccupationPoet, politician

TitleGovernor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh

Term15 August 1947 2 March 1949

PredecessorFrancis Verner Wylie

SuccessorHormasji Peroshaw Mody

Political partyIndian National Congress

MovementIndian independence movement

Spouse(s)Govindarajulu Naidu (18981949)

ChildrenPadmajaand four others

ParentsAghore Nath Chattopadhyay, Barada Sundari Debi

RelativesHarindranath Chattopadhyay, Virendranath Chattopadhyay

Early life

Sarojini Naidu was born in Hyderabad to Aghore Nath Chattopadhyay and Barada Sundari Debi on 13 February 1879. Her father, with a doctorate of Science from Edinburgh University, settled in Hyderabad, where he found and administered the Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam's College in Hyderabad. Her mother was a poetess and used to write poetry in Bengali. She was the eldest among the eight siblings. Her brother Virendranath Chattopadhyaya was a revolutionary and her other brother, Harindranath was a poet, a dramatist, and an actor.

Naidu passed her matriculation examination from the University of Madras, but she took four years' break from her studies. In 1895, the "Nizam scholarship Trust" founded by the 6th Nizam Mir Mahbub Ali Khan, gave her the chance to study in England first at King's College London and later at Girton College, Cambridge.

Naidu met Govindarajulu Naidu, a doctor by profession, and at the age of 19, after finishing her studies, she got married to him. At that time, inter-caste marriages were not allowed, but her father approved the marriage.

The couple had five children. Her daughter Padmaja became the Governor of West Bengal.

Political career

Sarojini Naidu (extreme right) with Mahatma Gandhi during Salt Satyagraha, 1930

Naidu joined the Indian national movement in the wake of partition of Bengal in 1905. She came into contact with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal NehruSarojini Naidu died of a heart attack while working in her office in Lucknow on 2 March (Wednesday), 1949.

She is commemorated through the naming of several institutions including the Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital and Sarojini Naidu School of Arts and Communication, University of Hyderabad.

Discipline

In its natural sense, discipline is systematic instruction intended to train a person, sometimes literally called a disciple, in a craft, trade or other activity, or to follow a particular code of conduct or "order". Often, the phrase "to discipline" carries a negative connotation. This is the case because enforcement of order is often regulated through the threat of punishment to ensure given instructions are carried out.

Discipline is the assertion of willpower over more base desires, and is usually understood to be synonymous with self control. Self-discipline is to some extent a substitute for motivation, when one uses reason to determine the best course of action that opposes one's desires. Virtuous behavior is when one's motivations are aligned with one's reasoned aims: to do what one knows is best and to do it gladly. Continent behavior, on the other hand, is when one does what one knows is best, but must do it by opposing one's motivations. Moving from continent to virtuous behavior requires training and some self-discipline.

School discipline

School discipline is the system of rules, punishments, and behavioral strategies appropriate to the regulation

Indias System of Controls over Exports of Strategic Goods and Technology

India has been exercising control over the export of material, equipment and technology of direct and indirect application to Weapons of Mass Destruction and the means of their delivery. In fact, the first control over exports of such materials was affected in 1947 in the context of control on export of Monazite and Thorium Nitrate. India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru set out the basis for future controls over strategic exports by noting at the time that the export was "not merely a financial matter. It has international implications.It is desirable for the Government of India to prohibit the export of monazite and thorium nitrate from India (and) this would mean that any export would be in accordance with the explicit permission of the Government of India and subject to the conditions laid down".

India's scientific, technological and industrial capabilities have matured to a stage where India is now a user and producer of a range of dual-use materials, equipment and technologies. This maturation calls upon India to extend itself further as a responsible member of the international community with regard to uncontrolled proliferation of these dual-use products and technologies. India has therefore instituted a domestic regime to prevent the illegal export of dual-purpose items and technologies through the creation of laws and an inter-departmental administrative mechanism.

Cleanliness

Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from dirt, and the process of achieving and maintaining that state.

Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality, as indicated by the aphorism "cleanliness is next to godliness," and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty.

In emphasizing an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the purpose of maintenance and prevention, the concept of cleanliness differs from purity, which is a physical, moral, or ritual state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas purity is usually a quality of an individual or substance, cleanliness has a social dimension, or implies a system of interactions. "Cleanliness," observed Jacob Burckhardt, "is indispensable to our modern notion of social perfection." A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness, but not ordinarily purity; cleanliness also would be a characteristic of the people who maintain cleanness or prevent dirtying.

On a practical level, cleanliness is thus related to hygiene and disease prevention. Washing is one way of achieving physical cleanliness, usually with water and often some kind of soap or detergent. Procedures of cleanliness are of utmost importance in many forms of manufacturing.

As an assertion of moral superiority or respectability, cleanliness has played a role in establishing cultural values in relation to social class, humanitarianism, and cultural imperialism.