KulPDFsa Hranom i Sranjima
Transcript of KulPDFsa Hranom i Sranjima
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Space nutritionHistory and future challenges
Csar Alonso Rodrguez
CIMA
Centro de Instruccin de Medicina Aeroespacial
Madrid
La semana delEspacioIFEMA Madrid 12-15 de mayo 2011
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Relationship between man and the Earth planet
throughout the evolution
2 millon years
Direct contactwith the Earth
surface
Last century
Higher, longer and
faster flightsAlonso C 2006
1961
First manned
space flight
1783
First manned
balloon flight
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Man is the weak link of the
spacecraft-cosmonaut binomium*
* Concept introduced by R. Hickmanfor modern fighter aircrafts
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Spaceflight human hazards
Microgravity
Radiations
Noise
Work overload
Psychosocial
problems
Sleep
deprivation
Motion
sickness
Confinement
EVA
Countermeasures-Selection
-Training
-Nutrition
-Exercise
Lack of
pressure
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Space flight physiological changes that influence nutrition
Microgravity
Headward fluid shifts
Blood
volume muscle mass
Weight loss
Space motion
sickness
Facial
congestionNasal
congestion
Taste
Appetite
bones calcium
smell
Energy
intake
Physical activity Heat
CO2
Nauseas
GI disturb.
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Space nutritionCircumstances
Space crew health
To supply proper energy and
nutrients intake
To protect from radiations
Acceptability ( smell and taste)
Easy digestion
To avoid monotony
Operations
Reduce weigth and volume of meal
and its packages
Reduce meal preparation time bycrew
Mnimal amount of food and
package residues
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Space nutritionGeneral Issues
Caloric requirement: 36- 44 Kcal/Kg/day
- Men >30 years: 1.7 (11.6 weight+879) Kcal/d.
- Women >30 years: 1.6 (8.7weight+ 829) Kcal/d Proteins:1g/kg/d ~12-15 % ( 34 a 149 g/day)
animal / vegetal ratio 60/40
Lipids: 150 g/d ~ 25-30 % ( 11- 42 %)
Carbohydrates ~55% (37-72 %)
Fiber
Water 2000cc/d
Minimizing bone loss -Ca 1200 mg/d
- P
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Space nutrition
Types of space food
-- Rehydratable foodRehydratable food
-- Thermostabilized foodThermostabilized food
-- Intermediate moisture foodIntermediate moisture food
-- Natural form foodNatural form food-- Irradiated foodIrradiated food
-- Frozen foodFrozen food
-- Refrigerated foodRefrigerated food
-- Fresh foodFresh food
-- CondimentsCondiments
Most of them are commercially available
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Soups
chicken soupcream of mushrooms .
Casseroles
pasta and cheesechicken and rice.
Breakfast
Scrambled eggs with cereals
Beverages
Coffee, tea, fruit juices, cider.
Space food
Rehydratable food
Water is removed from foods
(freeze drying)
They keep essential fatty
acids and flavour
Packages of flexible materialwith adaptor
Water is replaced prior to
consuming foods and drinks
Space n trition
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Thermostabilizedfood
Heat processed to destroy microorganisms andenzymes that cause spoilage.
Individual servings are available in aluminum cansthat can be opened by pulling a tab, flexible
packages or plastic cups.Examples ofthermostabilized food
- The majority of fruits and fish ( salmon and tuna fish) ineasy opening cans
- Many dishes ( combinations of veal, chicken or ham withmushrooms, tomato or eggplant) in flexible pouches.- The puddings in plastic cups
Intermediate moisture foods. They arepartially dehydrated to avoid the bacterial growth,preserving a soft texture that allows to have themwithout extra handling.
Examples ofi.m.f
- dried peaches, pears, apricots.- beef jerky
Space nutrition
Thermostabil ized food and intermediate moisture food
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Natural form food Ready to eat, inflexibles pouches.
- peanuts, nuts, cookies, brownies
Irradiated food They are sterilized by ionizingradiation, packaged in flexible foil pouches andcan be stored at room temperature.
- Beef steak, smoked turkey
Condiments. Polyethylen packages containingketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, liquid pepperand salt.
Space nutrition
Natural form food, irradiated food and condiments
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Aries I
Mercury1962-65
Gemini1965-66
Apollo1967-72
STS1981-11
Skylab1973-74
ISS 2000-16
The USA space racePast present and future
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Space nutrition
Project Mercury 1962-1965
Major meal prior to the launch
Objective: Diet easy to chew, to swallow and to digest
Men consisting on
meat, vegetables and fruits presented as
- bite-size cubes
- pouches of freeze-dehydrated food,difficult to rehydrate
- aluminum toothpaste type tubes. The semilquid content wassqueeze through a straw into the mouth Ternera
con
verduras
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Space nutrition
Project Mercury
John Glenn 20.02.1962 4h. 55min 3 orb
first american astronaut eating while in orbit
Menu- Apple Pure 80 Kc
- Beef gravy 130 Kc
- Beef & vegetables 60 Kc
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Space nutrition
Project Gemini
Cubes coated with a edible gelatine
No more aluminum tubes
More variety, mostly freeze-drying dehydrated
foods with better packaging.
On board water generation from the fuel cells
Water was injected into the packagethroug the nozzle of a water gun
(21C temperature ), turning into a pure
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Space nutrition
Project A p o l l o 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 2
Bigger variety of foods
Hot (67C)and ambient temperature
water available for reconstituing foodand beverages improving taste
Spoon bowl container for rehydratablefood
Introduction of thermostabilized foods inflexible pouches and plastic aluminumfoils
Individual servings
Apollo spoonbowl
Cerealswithfruits
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Space nutrition
Project Skylab1973-1974
Dining area with
-freezer-refrigerator
- table with trays to hold and warmdishes.
-collapsible beverage dispensers.
Rehyd 49%, T-E 24%, Nat F.15%,
Cong/ refr 11%, Irrad 1%
Space nutrition
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Space nutrition
space shuttle 1981-2011
Rehydratation station
Air convenction oven
Food drawers
Fixing food on trays velcroed
to middeck stowage lockers Food tray with eating utensils
No freezer
no refrigerator
Galley in orbiters middeck
The Soviet Union and Rusian Federation space race.
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Vostok1961-63
Voskhod1964-65
Soyuz 1967-
2011
MIR1991-2001Salyut
1971-82
ISS2000-10s
The Soviet Union and Rusian Federation space race.Past, present and future
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Space nutrition
Project Vostok 2
6. 08.1961. 25.3 hour duration 17 orbitsGherman Stepanovich TitovFirst cosmonaut/ man to have a meal in space
Menu: three tubes containing:
Vegetales puree
liver pate
fruit juice
Space nutrition
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Cosmonaut menu using aluminum tubes. 1972
Cosmonaut beverages packages
Bite sized noncrumbling bread 1972
Space nutrition
Russian space race
Soyuz, Salyuz, MIR
So y u z m i ss i o n s
Energy intake~2800-3000 Kcal
Protein ~140 g/dCarbohydrates~ 345 g/d
S t iti
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Space nutrition
MIR Space Station1991-2001
Features
Choices of reshydratable,thermostabilized,intermediate moisture and natural form food
Fresh food available at intervals with the Russian Progress spacecraft arrivals Most drinking water is recycled
Rehydration and heating stations available
No freezers nor refrigerators
Big selection of dishes supplying ~3000 Kcal/ cosmonaut/day
Space nutrition
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Space nutrition
International Space Station
It has freezers and
refrigerators
No capacity to produce
extra water because theelectric power is generated
by solar arrays
Water recycled from the airand other sources is not
enough for the food system
Foods heated in MW and air
convection ovens
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Space nutrition
International Space Station
Foods
Type of food Examples % of total
Rehydratable meals Freeze-drying Potatos/
shrimps
20
Rehydratable drinks Tea, coffee, juices 22
Thermostabilized Cans and pouches 30
Irradiated Some meats 3
Natural form cookies, nuts 10
Frozen; Refrigerated Fruits ,vegretables 20- 25
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International Space Station
Food systems
Daily Menu
EVA food
Sa f e H a v e n Fo o d ISS Frozen food storage
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Future long duration manned space missions
Is the human physiology the limiting factor?
1903
lunarstation
Return tothe moon
MARS
Medical risks
-Accidents -Surgical diseases-Cancer -Cardiovascular diseases
-Malnutrition -Medical diseases
-Hearing loss -Decompression sickness
- Mental disorders
Time records of human space
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Valeryi Poliakov
The longest single human spaceflight437,7 days.
MIR Station 8.01.1994 a 22.03.1995
Sergei Krikalev
Cumulative stay of 804 days in outer space
achieved in 6 space flights
Time records of human space
staying
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Cademia
Rusian Academy of Sciencies project in colaboration with ESA toinvestigate the medical and psychological consequences of a
Mars journey.
pace nu r onMars Space Mission
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Mars Space Mission
Difficuly to maintain the nutrition properties, the taste and aroma of many food
items for more than one year
Vacuum packaged apple servings : 1)recently ; 2)after 2 yearsFoil and plastic laminate provide a longer product shelf life but not enoughfor long-duration space missions.
Space nutrition
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Bio-regenerative life support model
Green PlantsO2
Edible plants
warehouse
CO2
waste
water minerals
Light
400- 700 nm
Adaptado de Mitchell 1994
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Space Experiment Research
and Processing Lab
Biomass chamber production
Soybean Astroculture ISS
SeedlessTomatos STS-63
Space Potatos
Future long-duration
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gspace flights
Selection and trainingof space surgeons
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Thank for
yourattention
Dr. Cesar Alonso
CIMA
caloro1 @oc.mde.es
La semana del espacio
IFEMA. Madrid 12- 15 de mayo del 2011