santoso

Traditional : protection from diseases and more specifically, infections disease.

Modern : a reaction to foreign substances, including microbes as well as macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, without implying a physiologic or pathologic consequence of such a reaction.

Immune system : the cells and molecules responsible for immunity

Immune response : collective and coordinated response of immune system to introduction of foreign substances.

Immunology : the study of immunity in this boarder sense and of the cellular and molecular events that occur after an organism encounters microbes and other foreign macromolecules.

Innate Adaptive (specific)

Active

Passive

Humoral

Cell-mediated

Limited capacity to distinguish one microbe from another

Not only provide early defense against microbes, but also plays several important roles in the induction of specific immune responses

The principal components :Physical barriersBlood proteinsPhagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) and

other leukocytes (NK)

Exquisite specificity for distinct moleculsSpecialization, which enables to respond in

particular ways to different types of microbesAbility to “remember” and respond more

vigorously to repeated exposures to the same microbes

SpecificityDiversityMemorySpecializationSelf-limitationDiscrimination of self from non-

self

Immune response are specific for distinct antigens

The portions of such antigens that are specifically recognized by individual lymphocytes are called determinants or epitopes

The total number of antigenic specificities of the lymphocytes in an individual, called the lymphocyte repertoire, is extremely large.

At least 109 distinct antigenic determinants

Exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen

Response to second and subsequent exposures to the same antigen called secondary immune response are usually more rapid, larger, and often qualitatively different from the first or primary immune response to that antigen

The immune system responds in distinct and special ways to different microbes

Such adaptation have developed to maximize the efficiency of anti microbial defense mechanismes

All normal immune responses wane with time after antigen stimulation

This is largely because immune response function to eliminate antigens and thus eliminate the essential stimulus for lymphocyte activation.

Immune system able to recognize, respond to and eliminate many foreign (non-self) antigensfunctional inactivation of self-reactive lymphocytes after their encounter with self antigens while not reacting harmfully to that individual’s own (self) antigenic substances

Immunologic unresponsiveness is also called tolerance

Maintaned partly by the elimination of lymphocytes that may express receptors specific for antigenss and partly by

RecognitonActivationEffector

CytokinesEffector mechanims of T cell- mediated

immune reactionsEffector mechanisms of immunoglobulin E-

initiated immune reactionsThe complement system

Compises a group of more than 30 serum and cell surface proteins that interact with other immune system molecules and with one another in a highly regulated manner to provide many of the effector functions of humoral immunity and inflamation.Mengakibatkan osmotic lysis pada bakteriOpsonisasiReaksi inflamasiKemotaksisMenghilangkan kompleks imun

Mediate cytolysisOpsonization of foreign organisms or particlesActivation of inflamationPromotes solubilization and phagocytic

clearance of immune complexesPromote humoral immune response