Isu-Isu Sosial yang Berkembang

What is Privacy ?

Beberapa definisi tentang Privasi:

The right to be let alone (Mahkamah Agung Brandeis, 1890)

The right of individuals to control the collection and use of personal information about themselves (Jurnal Privacy)

Privacy is the power to control what others can come to know about you. People gain knowledge about you in only two ways through monitoring or searching ( or by reports relying on the results of monitoring and searching) (Lessig, 1999)

3Privasi dan Keamanan

Keamanan terjaminnya data yangtersimpan di komputer

Privasi data pribadi haruslah dijaga dariorang yang tidak berkepentingan ataupengintai

Masyarakat dan Kejahatan Komputer

Kejahatan Komputer: menggunakan komputer untuk melakukan perbuatan kriminal.

Sukar untuk menentukannya karena:

Untuk menentukan sebuah perbuatan termasuk kriminal menjadi susah

Para hakim sering dibingungkan dengan isu teknikal yang terlibat dalam beberapa kasus.

Perusahaan enggan untuk menuntut karena takut akan menjadi pemberitaan yang merugikan.

Jenis/Bentuk Kejahatan Komputer

Virus Komputer

Penggunaan dan akses yg tidak sah (Unauthorized access and use)

Pengubahan data atau program (Data or program alteration )

Trapdoors

Pemalsuan Digital (Digital counterfeiting)

Penipuan online (Online scams and frauds)

Penggelapan (Cover-ups)

Computer Crime Legislation

8Kejahatan Komputer

Hacker seseorang yang mencoba untuk mengakses ke sistem komputer secara ilegal Biasanya seorang yang memiliki kepakaran komputer

tingkat tinggi

Social engineering Memaksa seseorang untuk memberikan informasi password

Cracker seseorang yang menggunakan komputer dalam kegiatan ilegal

9Metode yang digunakan dalam Kejahatan Komputer

Bomb

Data diddling

Denial of service attacks

Piggybacking

Salami technique

Scavenging

Trapdoor

Trojan horse

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Bomb

Program yang memicu kerusakan pada suatu kondisi tertentu.

Program akan dimatikan pada satu tanggal tertentu

Kadang2 disisipkan / ditanamkan dalam software komersil

Shareware biasanya akan memiliki bomb yang ditanam didalamnya

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Data Diddling

Data yang diubah sebelum atau pada saat memasuki sistem

Pengaudit data harus membuat verifikasi ketepatan sumber data demikian juga halnya dengan pemprosesan yang berlaku

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Denial of Service Attack

Hackers akan memborbardir suatu site dengan request yang melebihi kemampuannya

Mencegah pengguna yang sah untuk mengakses suatu situs

Hacker akan menyebabkan adanya penyerangan yang bersumber dari banyak site yang berbeda secara serentak / bersamaan

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Piggybacking

An illicit user rides into the system on the back of an authorized user

If the user does not exit the system properly, the intruder can continue where the original user has left off

Always log out of any system you log into

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Salami Technique

An embezzlement technique (teknik penggelapan) where small slices of money are funneled (disalurkan) into accounts

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Scavenging

Searching company trash cans and dumpsters for lists of information

Thieves will search garbage and recycling bins of individuals looking for bank account numbers, credit card numbers, etc.

Shred documents that contain personal information

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Trapdoor

An illicit program (program terlarang) left within a completed legitimate program

Allows subsequent unauthorized and unknown entry by the perpetrator (pelaku kejahatan) to make changes to the program

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Trojan Horse

Involves illegal instructions placed in the middle of a legitimate program

Program does something useful, but the Trojan horse instructions do something destructive in the background

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White-Hat Hackers

Hackers that are paid by a company to break into that companys computer systems

Expose security holes and flaws (celah) before criminals find them

Once exposed, flaws can be fixed

Computers and Privacy

Privacy refers to how information about individuals is used and by whom.

Modern computer systems have added a new dimension to the privacy issue.

The greater the ability to collect, store, and disseminate information, the greater the potential for abuse of that information.

Privacy and Electronic Mail

Company electronic mail

Companies are allowed by law to eavesdrop on the e-mail messages sent by their employees.

At many companies, a formal e-mail policy exists and software is used to enforce it.

Spam

At best, spam is merely an annoyance (gangguan) to recipients and can clog a mail network.

At worst, it can disable a mail network completely.

Privacy and Marketing Databases

Marketing databases contain information about the consuming public.

Micromarketers specialize in creating marketing databases and selling information to companies.

Geodemographics categorizes consumers by certain buying preferences.

Computer Security and Safeguards Against Computer Crime

Assess risks

Take caution with employees

Restrict system access and use

Secure transmissions

Use antivirus and other crime-prevention software

Have a recovery plan

Ethics

Ethics atau etika merujuk kepada standar tingkah laku moral (moral conduct).

Kelakuan yang tidak beretika tidak seharusnya ilegal, walaupun pada beberapa kasus dapat menjadi tindakan ilegal.

Why Study Ethics?

Tempat kerja pada masa ini menjadi tersebar dan multikultural.

Banyak organisasi dan sekolah membuat codes of conduct yaitu peraturan yang menjelaskan perbuatan-perbuatan yang dilarang maupun yang dibolehkan.

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Ethics in Computing

Ethics standards of moral conduct

Used to help determine the proper course of action in difficult situations

Computing Issues

Computer ethics

Professional ethics

Programmer responsibility

Ethical use of computers

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Computer Ethics

Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

Apply general ethical principles to computing

Developed by the Computer Ethics Institute

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Professional Ethics

Relates to ethics of those whose work focuses on computer systems

Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct developed by the Association for Computing Machinery

Divided into sections General principles

Professional responsibilities

Guidelines for organizational systems

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Programmer Responsibility

Bug-free software does not exist

Testing can only show the presence of bugs, not their absence

Issues related to software quality

How much testing is enough?

How many minor bugs are acceptable in software about to be released?

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Ethical Use of Computers

Data quality

Protecting customers personal data

Digitally altering data

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Data Quality

Users are responsible for the quality of data entered into the system

Procedures must be in place to detect and correct inaccurate information

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Protecting Customers Data

Particularly relevant to companies doing business over the Internet

Develop privacy policies stating how data will be used

Two approaches Opt-in policy customers are notified of privacy

policy and must agree before their data can be released

Opt-out policy customers are assumed to agree to the release of their data unless they specifically request it be kept private

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Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights refer to the ability to legally use the creation

of others.

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Intellectual Property Rights

Refers to results of intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary, or artistic fields

U.S. Copyright Act provides protection in three areas

Copyrights

Patents

Trademarks

Copyrights

Intellectual properties such as books, music, artwork, and movies are protected in the U.S. by copyrightlaws.

Copyrights can be registered and generally last until 70 years after the creators death.

Web developers should be aware of copyright laws so they do not use copyrighted content on their Web sites without appropriate permission.

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Copyrights

Provides the creator of a literary or artistic work with control over its use and distribution

Widespread distribution of music and videos over the Internet has created quite a controversy

Defining fair use has been difficult

Under fair use, you may use copyrighted works for limited purposes

Digital issues

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Digital Fair Use Issues

Copy-protection schemes make it impossible to copy CDs and DVDs Users claim that violates their fair use rights

Software Users may not modify copyrighted software

Digital images Images on the Web may be downloaded and used as screen savers,

but they may not be distributed or altered

Plagiarism Work taken from the Internet must be cited if it is used in a paper or

other presentation

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Patents

Patent: exclusive right to an invention for the period of 20 years.

Computer-related patents have skyrocketed, and now some business methods and models have been patented.

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Patents

Designed to protect inventions and encourage inventors

Grant patent holder exclusive rights to the invention

Patent Office will grant patent protection to software algorithms and techniques

Will also grant patents for business methods implemented in software

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Trademarks

Trademark: any word, name, symbol, or other device that identifies an organizations goods and services.

Nonregistered trademarks can use the mark .

Registered trademarks can use the symbol .

Health, Ergonomics, and the Environment

Computers have been said to pose a threat to our physical and mental well-being.

Although supporting scientific evidence is far from conclusive, we should all be aware of the major concerns raised about the possible effects of computers on our health.

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Workplace Issues

Healthy computing

Employee monitoring

Environmental concerns

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Healthy Computing

A number of health questions have been raised

Harmful emissions from monitor

Eyestrain from monitor

Back pain from position of chair and desk

Repetitive strain injury

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Repetitive Strain Injury

May affect workers who hold their hands over a keyboard for a long period of time

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common form of RSI

Causes

Speed

Repetition

Awkward positioning

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Ergonomics-Related Concerns

Display devices

Keyboards

Workspace design

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Ergonomics

Refers to human factors related to the use of computers

Ergonomic equipment

Ergonomic behavior

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Ergonomic Equipment

Chair should be pneumatically adjustable

Keyboard platform should be set to proper height

Monitor must be adjustable

Lighting should be adjusted to minimize glare on the screen

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Ergonomic Behavior

Ergonomic equipment must be used properly Turn the screen away from the window to reduce

glare

Cover your screen with a glare protector

Place keyboard to avoid arm and wrist fatigue

Use a raised rest for your wrist

Position your seat back so back is supported

Sit with your feet firmly on the floor

Enlarge fonts so they are easier to see

Take frequent breaks

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Employee Monitoring

Various tools allow an employer to monitor an employees performance Keystroke monitors measure keystrokes per second

Other software tools monitor how long an employee is away from the computer

Monitor the files stored on the hard drive

Monitor the sites visited on the Internet

Many companies have policies that notify employees about monitoring practices

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Environmental Concerns

Power consumption

Computer supplies

PC disposal

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Reducing Power Consumption

Energy Star standards

Limit the power the system consumes when idle

Energy management features

Specify the amount of time the system will wait before turning off system components

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Environment-Related Concerns

The computer industry is moving to less-power-consumptive hardware, such as Energy Star compliant hardware.

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Computer Supplies

Use these strategies to reduce the amount of paper and toner cartridges used Dont print out everything

Use e-mail instead of faxing or sending a memo

Use the back side of already used paper for draft copies

Save heavyweight bond paper for critical items and use recycled paper for routine printing

Make sure used paper is recycled rather than thrown in the trash

Refill and reuse empty ink-jet and toner cartridges

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PC Disposal

Find ways to prolong the PCs life

Upgrade key components

Give the PC to someone in the organization with more limited computing needs

When you buy a new PC, reuse the keyboard, mouse, and monitor

Donate usable equipment to charities and/or schools

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Jurisdictional Issues (Isu2 Hukum)

International issues

Applying national laws to a world-wide medium is a difficult process

It would be impossible to determine if the content of every Web site was legal according to the laws of every country

Issues exist over which countrys court has jurisdiction

National issues

Issues exist over which localitys court has jurisdiction

Imposition of sales taxes on Internet transactions

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Protecting Children on the Internet

The Internet offers many opportunities for children

There are also unsavory (tidak baik) elements on the Internet

Ways to protect children

Blocking software

Child monitoring

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Blocking Software

Used to prevent children from accessing sites on its updatable list of objectionable sites

Blocks pornographic sites and sites with foul language

Blocks sites requesting names, phone numbers, and credit card numbers

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Child Monitoring

Place the childs computer in a public area instead of his or her bedroom

Restrict usage when parents are not present

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