KS3 Science

Organisms 1

Home Learning

Name : _____________________________________Class : ______________________________________

Teacher : ___________________________________

In this topic you will learn about:• How the human body works and interacts• How simple celled organisms develop into

complex multicellular organisms.Practical Skills:• Make predictions and decide variables• Draw conclusions• Create modelsThis topic has links to:• Organisation – GCSE• Bioenergetics – GCSE Maths in science: • Standard form• Converting units

https://www.loom.com/share/e757c22d542e43529d66a390863bb766

Introduction

Booklet expectations:

The booklet is your responsibility to look after and keep tidy.

You are expected to bring the booklet to every lesson with that class teacher.

Any corrections / self assessment to be completed in green pen, as indicated by your class teacher – Or when you see the ‘feedback & assessment’ logo

Any response to marking and literacy codes to be completed in green pen.

Any diagrams are to be drawn in pencil, graphs using a pencil and ruler etc.

All activities are to be completed, including homework, to the best of your ability, and corrected where needed.

When reading through the notes, you are expected to highlight any words you do not understand, then write their definitions on the glossary pages at the back of the booklet.

Lesson 1: Exploring the skeleton

Lesson 2: Joints and Interacting musclesLesson 3: Antagonistic pairs and skeletal problemsLesson 4: Damaging the body systems

Lesson 5: Describing animal and plant cellsLesson 6: Specialised cellsLesson 7: Observing cells

Lesson 8: Unicellular organismsRevision Activities

Contents:

Week commencing 19th October – 30th November2 lessons per week

Glossary

Key term Definition

Skeleton All the bones in the body

Joint Where two bones meet; allows movement

Antagonistic Two muscles that act in unison to create movement

Unicellular Living thing made up of just one cell

Stimulant A drug that raises levels of activity in the body

Depressant A drug that lowers levels of activity in the body

Hallucinogen A drug that can cause hallucinations

Analgesic A drug that acts to relieve pain

Nucleus Part of a cell that contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities

CytoplasmJelly-like substance in a cell, where most of the chemical reactions occur

Cell membraneLayer around a cell that controls substances entering and leaving the cell

Cell wall Tough outer layer of plant cells, made of cellulose

Mitochondria Structures in a cell where respiration occurs

Ribosomes Structures in a cell where protein synthesis occurs

Vacuole Part of a cell that contains liquid, and can be used by plants to keep the cell rigid and store substances

ChloroplastStructure in plant cells where light is absorbed so that photosynthesis can produce food

Lesson 1: Exploring the Skeleton

Learning outcomes:

• To be able to identify the major bones in the body (3).

• To be able to describe the role of the skeleton (4)• To be able to explain why we have different shaped and sized bones (5).

How many of these labels can you add to your diagram in the correct place?

PatellaTibiaCraniumRadiusRibTarsalsFibularUlnaFemurHumerus

CarpalsMetatarsalsClavicleScapulaPhalanges PelvisSpineSternumMetacarpalsPhalanges

For any you don’t know check at the end of your booklet for the answers.

What is the function of the skeleton?

- Protection- Support- Movement- Produces blood cells- Bones store minerals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv6v2lOmhtI

Fill in the missing words to describe the functions of the skeleton:

• Gives the body s______ and s______________

• Allows m_______________

• Protects vital, internal o___________

• Produces b_________ cells

• Stores m______________

What organs do the bones protect?

Protecting Bones

Cranium

Vertebral

Column

Pelvis

Ribs

At the top of each oval below is the name of a protective bone. Add to the ovals the organs that each bone protects. Use the words from the word bank. Each word links with only one of the protecting

Word BankSpinal cord

LiverLungs

Internal reproductive organsBrainHeart

Bladder

The bone marrow is where new _________ cells are made.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrE6Y0Se8bw

What is the job of:

- Red blood cells __________________________________________

- White blood cells __________________________________________

Importance of bone marrow: Joe’s story

Why might people register to be a bone marrow donor?

Why might people choose not to register?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8jU5G5PXQ0

For each bone, think about the following things.

Tennis ball for scale

Bone 1 Bone 2 Bone 3Bone 4

1. Why is this bone the size it is?

2. Which animal might this bone be from?

3. Why does it need a bone like this?

4. Where in the body might you find this bone?

Plenary: How many of these bone anagrams can you solve?

1. Laplatel2. Siradu3. Saltras4. Nual5. Viccalle6. Lanphanges7. Numrets

Lesson 2 – Joints and Muscles

Learning Outcomes:• describe the roles of tendons, ligaments, joints and muscles• Identify the muscles and explain how they make different movements

Identify the following major muscles on the figure below. For any you don’t know check at the end of your booklet for the answers.

latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectorals, biceps, triceps, abdominals, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, gluteus maximus

Muscles are made up of lots of fibre-like tissues, connected together and their function is to bring about movement.

Your heart is basically a giant muscle, contacting and relaxing to pump blood around the body.This movement is involuntarily –you can’t control it.

Hinge Joint:

Allows movement only forwards and backwards, like the hinge in a door

Ball & Socket Joint:

One of the bones in this joint has a spherical end, allowing movement in many directions

Pivot Joint:

Allows rotation around an axis

Use the information above to complete the sentences.

______________ joint = Allows movement only forwards and backwards

_______________________ joint = Allows movement in many directions

_______________ joint = Allows rotation around an axis

Link the type of joint with the movement it allows and an example of that type of joint.

Ball and socket

Hinge

Fixed

None

360°

180°

Skull

Elbow

Hip

Ligaments hold bones together. They prevent movements that are extreme and help to stop dislocation.

This is soft connective tissue, and its role is to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber for joints. It stops bones rubbing together.

Tendons join muscles to bones. When a muscle contracts (shortens), it pulls on tendons, which pulls on the bone and causes movement.

Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant, stopping friction between the bones in the joints so they don’t rub together.It acts as a shock absorber.

Component of the Joint Function

Cartilage

This is soft connective tissue, and its role is to __________ friction and act as a shock __________ for joints.

Ligament

Their role is to help join bone to bone and keep the joints _______ during movement. They prevent _________ that are extreme and help to stop ___________.

Tendon

Their role is to help join _______ to _______. They help to give the power needed to move bones. When a muscle _________ (shortens), it pulls on these, which pulls on the _______ and causes movement.

Protects the heart and lungs

Stops bones rubbing together

Attaches muscle to bone

Attaches bone to bone

Acts as a lubricant in joints

Cartilage

Rib cage

Synovial fluid

Ligament

Tendon

Match up the component of the joint with its function:

Use the information on the bottom of the previous page to complete these tasks.

Plenary - Design a robot

You need to create a robot that does not look human. It needs to have all the different joint types.You will need to label why it has that joint type, e.g. a ball and socket for 360 degree movement, a hinge joint for weight bearing etc.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGSsIF-gfLE

Lesson 3: Antagonistic pairs & skeletal problems

Learning outcomes:

• Describe antagonistic muscles with examples• Explain how some medical conditions affect the skeletal system.

Muscles work in pairs to create movement. These are called antagonistic pairs. This is where one muscle contracts (the agonist) and one muscle relaxes (the antagonist)

Antagonistic MusclesMuscles work in _________ to create movement. These are called antagonistic pairs. This is where one muscle contracts (the a_________) and one muscle relaxes (the a________________)

Flexion at the elbow:Agonist is the ___________Antagonist is the _________

Extension at the elbow:Agonist is the ___________Antagonist is the _________

Agonist

Antagonist

Fixator

The muscle that works to stabilise the prime mover to stop unnecessary movement – it connects to the same bone as the origin

The prime mover – the muscle that contracts and shortens during movement

The end of the muscle that connects to a stable bone (one that doesn’t move)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCminz-X52I

Use the information on the previous page and the links to complete the following tasks. Check your answers at the back of the booklet.

Movement Agonist Antagonist Fixator Joint Type

Flexion at elbow

Bicep Tricep Trapezius Hinge

Extension at elbow

Tricep Bicep Trapezius Hinge

Flexion at knee

Hamstring Quadricep Gluteus Hinge

Extension at knee

Quadricep Hamstring Gluteus Hinge

Raising your arm

horizontally at the shoulder

Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi

Trapezius Ball & Socket

Lowering yourarm at your

shoulder

LatissimusDorsi

Deltoid Trapezius Ball & Socket

Problems with the skeletal system

Use the information on the previous page to help you complete this table and answer the question.

Give a brief summary of some of the problems that can occur with the skeletal system. Include, what it is, how it happens and how it can be treated.

Skeletal

Problem

What went wrong? How is it treated? How is technology

helping?

Breaks and

Fractures

Arthritis

Osteoporosis

Plenary: High five!

Draw around your hand. On each finger, write something you learnt in the past 3 lessons

Task 1:

Cells are

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

A tissue is

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

An organ is

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

An organ system

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Lesson 4: Damaging the body systems

Learning outcomes:

• Define the terms, tissue, organs, systems.• Describe the effects of recreational drugs on the body• Suggest the effects of organ damage on body systems

The human body is amazing

100 trillion cells4 major types of tissues79 organs11 organ systems1 organism

https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zx8fgk7

Watch the video and write down a definition for the following key terms

Watch the video and Label the body systems. Remember you can check at the back for answers if you are stuck.

Can you remember what part of the body which does each function?

_____________ – pumps blood around the body._____________ – take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide._________ – sends messages around the body to tell it what to do._________ – provide support and structure so a human can move._____________– transport blood around the body._____________ – absorb nutrients from the food we eat._____________– carries impulses sent from the brain to the body._____________ – attach to bones to allow a human to move.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0

Match the correct explanation to the problem below.

• A heart attack

• Punctured lung

• Cut vein

• Brittle bones

• Broken spinal cord

• Removal of part of the intestines

Blood struggles to circulate the body, organs die.

Oxygen cannot be absorbed, organs starved of oxygen

Blood struggles to get to where it’s needed, organs starve

Poor support for the body, breaks are common, low mobility

Messages cannot travel to the body from the brain, paralysis.

Poor absorption of nutrients – frequent toilet visits, risk of lack of vitamins + nutrients.

Legal

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

__________________________

Put the drugs in 2 columns depending if they are legal or not.

Illegal

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

_________________________

A drug is defined as: a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

Read the information on the previous page and note down the type of drug, the effects on the body/mind, the body systems affected and examples of each.

Analgesics

Stimulants

Depressants

Hallucinogens

Lesson 5: Describing animal and plant cells

Learning outcomes:

• Describe the structures found in both cell• Explain the functions of these structures• Communicate ideas about cell effectivity

Cells are the basic building blocks of plants and animals.

The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

A cell is the smallest unit of life.There are many different types of cell, and each have a specific job.

Plants and animals are made up of many different types of cells – we say that they are multicellular

Cells have several components, given the name organelles.

Each cell is slightly different, but there are some key differences between plant and animal cells.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHTvqW7CzXY

Task 1:Label the features of both the animal and plant cells.

Animal cell

Plant cell

MitochondriaRibosomes

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell WallChloroplast Vacuole

Name of organelle

Function Plant Animal

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nBtY6LR030

Watch the video and use it to help you complete the table.

Inside the nucleus – genetic information is stored in the form of chromosomes.Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total)

DNA is divided up into smaller sections, called genes.

Inside Mitochondria

Oxygen and glucose (sugar) enter the cell through the cell membrane.

Once inside the mitochondria, a chemical reaction called respiration occurs.

This releases the energy we need for movement, digestion and all other life processes.

Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)

Lesson 6 – Specialised cells

Learning outcomes

•To be able to identify various specialised cells.• To be able to describe the role of various cells.• Can explain why the shape and structure of the cell relates to its function

Many cells are specialised so that they can carry out a particular job. This means they have certain adaptations – features that make them good at their jobs.These jobs could include • Movement• Detecting information• Sending impulses

CA B

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/clips/z2xmhyc

Look at the pictures of cells and decide which one is which. Egg cell, sperm cell and red blood cell. What is the job of each cell type?

Many cells are not your typical cells. Many cells are specialised so that they can carry out a particular job. This means they have certain adaptations – features that make them good at their jobs.These jobs could include - Movement- Detecting information- Sending impulses

Ciliated Epithelium Cell

Has hairs (cilia) which 'waft' to trap dirt and germs

Red Blood Cell

Large surface area allows it to carry

more oxygen

Palisade Leaf Cell

Filled with green chloroplasts to absorb maximum

light energy from the Sun

Nerve Cell (Neurone)

long, thin and 'wire-like' to send messages

around the body

Use the information on this page to help you complete the table on the next page. Remember you can check your answers at the back.

Lesson 7: Observing cells

Learning Outcomes:

Can operate and label a microscope to focus an image.Can compare the two types of microscopesCan create detailed cell diagrams

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJyOQmdwHhE

Two types of microscope

Light microscopeElectron microscope

https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/microscopy/znykmfr

What are the 2 types of microscope called?

1. __________________________________________

2. __________________________________________

Light microscopes…..• Use a light source in order to produce an image.

The light passes through the sample, through the lenses into our eyes.

• Have a magnification power of around x1500 • Have a smaller resolving power than electron

microscopes

Electron microscopes….• Use a beam of electrons to produce an

image. Some electrons pass through the sample but some are absorbed. This creates an image on a screen.

• Have a magnification power of around x10,000,000 (makes it bigger)

• Have a larger resolving power than Light Microscopes (can see more detail)

Feature Light Microscope Electron Microscope

Image made by?

Magnification power

Resolution

Complete the comparison table below:

Label the main parts to a light microscope:

Lesson 8 – Unicellular organisms

Learning Outcomes:

Recognise the different types of unicellular organisms.

Explain how they are adapted.

Compare and contrast features of the different types.

We have already discovered that animals and plants are made of many different types of cells. We say these are multicellular organisms.

But there is also another type of living organism, known as unicellularorganisms. We call these micro-organisms, because they are so small you need a microscope to see them!

2 types of unicellular organisms…. Can you spot the differences?

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

There is an organelle that this type of cell does not have – a nucleus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s

Prokaryotes

• First organisms on Earth

• The most ________ type of

organism

• No true ___________

• Very few organelles if any

• Examples: ___________

Eukaryotes

• More _______ organisms

• Have many internal organelles

• 200 times __________ than prokaryotes

• Have a true __________

• Examples: euglena, yeast, amoeba, paramecium

1. What is a unicellular organism

2. Name three different unicellular organisms

3. List 3 ways in which unicellular organisms differ from each other.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn3MTYNe8mM

http://wn.com/euglena_motion

1. What is a unicellular organism

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Name three different unicellular organisms

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the 2 types of unicellular organisms

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe how some prokaryotes are adapted to carry out photosynthesis

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Describe how prokaryotes are adapted to absorb nutrients from the environment.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6. How does a euglena get its food?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe 3 ways in which unicellular organisms move.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

8. Summarise the main similarities and differences between the different types of

unicellular organisms. _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Using some of the features of the unicellular organisms you’ve learned

about, create your own unicellular organism. Remember to label it and

explain what the different parts are used for!

Additional Revision Activities

AnswersLesson 1 – check your answers

Fun

ctio

ns

of

the

Skel

eto

n:

•G

ives

th

e b

od

y sh

ape

an

d s

up

po

rt

•A

llow

s m

ove

men

t

•P

rote

cts

vita

l, in

tern

al o

rgan

s

•P

rod

uce

s b

loo

dce

lls

•St

ore

s m

iner

als

Plenary Answers

AnswersLesson 2 – check your answers

bicepstriceps

hamstrings

gastrocnemius

quadriceps

latissimus dorsi

deltoidpectoral

abdominals

Gluteus maximus

trapezius

Ball and socket 360° Hip

Hinge 180° Elbow

Fixed None Skull

HingeTibia

Femur

Forwards and backwards180◦

Ball and socket

Femur

Pelvis

Many directions360◦

Hinge Humerus Forwards and backwards180◦

Ball and socket

Humerus Many directions360◦

reduce absorber

togethermovements

dislocation

muscle bone

contractsbone

AnswersLesson 3 – check your answers

Muscles work in pairs to create movement. These are called antagonistic pairs. This is where one muscle contracts (the agonist) and one muscle relaxes (the antagonist)

Flexion at the elbow:Agonist is the bicepAntagonist is the tricep

Extension at the elbow:Agonist is the tricepAntagonist is the bicep

AnswersLesson 4 – check your answers

heart

lungs

brain

bones

Arteries/veins

Small intestine

neurones

muscles

Legal Illegal

Caffeine Cocaine

Tobacco Heroin

Alcohol Anabolic Steroids

Glue LSD

Gas Cannabis

Tranquilisers Ecstasy

Aspirin Crack Cocaine

Paracetamol *Mephadrone*

Type of Drug Effect on the body Organs affected Examples

Analgesics Block pain messages, reduce pain Nervous system (brain) Morphine, paracetamol, codeine, aspirin,

Stimulants Increased alertness and energy, increased brain activity and heartrate. A sense of euphoria and talkativeness.

Nervous and circulatory system (heart)

Cocaine, Ecstasy, M-Cat, Crack, Nicotine, caffeine

Hallucinogens Sense of distorted realitySee and hear things that aren’t there

Nervous system (Brain) LSD, Magic Mushrooms

Depressants Relaxed feelings, sleepiness, decreased heart rate and brain activity.

Nervous system (brain), heart

Heroin, ketamine, alcohol, cannabis

AnswersLesson 5 – check your answers

AnswersLesson 6 – check your answers

They have cell walls or They have vacuoles

A

D

AnswersLesson 7 – check your answers

AnswersLesson 8 – check your answers

A living thing made up of a single cell

Amoeba, Protist, Bacteria

Some have:Tails, cell walls, chloroplasts

1. What is a unicellular organismAn organism that is made from only one type of cell2. Name three different unicellular organismsBacteria, amoeba, euglena3. What are the 2 types of unicellular organisms.Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes4. Describe how some prokaryotes are adapted to carry out photosynthesisSome have chloroplasts5. Describe how prokaryotes are adapted to absorb nutrients from the environment.They have a cell membrane to allow substances to enter and leave the cells6. How does a euglena get its food?Makes food using photosynthesis – converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen7. Describe 3 ways in which unicellular organisms move?Flagella, pseudopods, using wind8. Summarise the main similarities and differences between the different types of unicellular organisms.Prokaryotes – no nucleus and Eukaryotes have a nucleus