Kris Arvid Berglund
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How Artisan Distillation Works Kris Arvid BerglundUniversity Distinguished Professorof Forestry and Chemical EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824 USAandProfessor of Biochemical & Chemical Process EngineeringLule University of TechnologySE-971 87 Lule SWEDEN
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MSU/ LTU ARTISAN DISTILLING PROGRAMEstablished to promote the establishment and expansion of artisan distillersActivities include: education, service, and researchDesigned as a dedicated program for distilled spirits
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FACILITIESMichigan Brewing Company-houses program, alternating premises licenseA150l Christian Carl still equipped with a three tray side column and a packed column is for high rectification work. (120l to be added at LTU)A 450l Christian Carl still for stripping and botanicalsAn 800l, 38-tray Christian Carl still (on line in March 2009)A 10l Christian Carl still for experimental workComprehensive analytical instrumentation: GC, HPLC, Anton Paar DMA 5000 densitometer
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EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIESWorkshops- two dayMSU, Webberville, MIWSU, Mt. Vernon, WACornell University, Geneva, NYCoursework at MSU, CHE 491Book entitled, Artisan Distilling on CD-ROM, internet download (free) at www.artisandistilling.org
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RESEARCH ACTVITIESDevelop quality indicators- congener monitoring and controlControl of regulated compoundsYeast screening for congenersActivated carbon finishing
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Some definitionsThe agency that licenses at the Federal level is Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, the Department of Treasury (TTB), not the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the Department of Homeland Security (BATF).All spirits are defined in the Code of Federal Regulations-27 CFR Part 5.21Make sure anything you wish to make is defined!
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Recognized classes of spiritsClass 1; neutral spirits or alcohol.Class 2; whisky.Class 3; gin.Class 4; brandy.Class 5; blended applejack.Class 6; rum.Class 7; tequila.Class 8; cordials and liqueurs.Class 9; flavored brandy, flavored gin, flavored rum, flavored vodka, and flavored whisky.Class 10; imitations.Class 11; geographical designations.Class 12; products without geographical designations but distinctive of a particular place.
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DISTILLATION- MOTIVATIONConcentrate aromas, flavors, and alcoholSeveral operational parameters possibleRemove the negative compounds
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DISTILLATIONA process involving an equilibrium between two phases - liquid and vapor.
For a pure compound, a sharp boiling point usually exists.
For a mixture, however, a phase equilibrium exists over a range of temperatures.
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UNIQUE VLE OF ETHANOL-WATER SOLUTIONSFor ideal mixtures, the mvc is always at a higher concentration in the vapor phase than the lvcThe boiling point of the mixture should be a continuously increasing value as the concentration of the lvc is increasedThis is not the case for ethanol-waterThe boiling point has a minimum value for a mixtureThis is called a minimum boiling azeotrope
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DEW CURVEBUBBLE CURVEvaporliquidmixture
Chart5
100100
95.595.5
8989
86.786.7
85.385.3
84.184.1
82.782.7
82.382.3
81.581.5
80.780.7
79.879.8
79.779.7
79.379.3
78.7478.74
78.4178.41
78.1578.15
78.378.3
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
1
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
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AZEOTROPE
Chart7
79.879.8
79.779.7
79.379.3
78.7478.74
78.4178.41
78.1578.15
78.378.3
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point
Boiling Point Diagram Near Azeotrope
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
1
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point
Boiling Point Diagram Near Azeotrope
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INCREASING TEMP.
Chart4
10
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
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COMPARISON OF UNITS- MOLE, WEIGHT, ANDVOLUME FRACTIONSVOLUMEWEIGHTMOLE
Chart2
000
0.410520.3430.17
0.694920.6190.3891
0.737560.6650.4375
0.763740.6940.4704
0.791960.7260.5089
0.815250.7530.5445
0.823760.76350.558
0.838880.7810.5826
0.855410.8010.6112
0.878850.830.6564
0.885990.8390.6599
0.892290.8470.6841
0.916910.8790.7385
0.933270.9010.7815
0.971920.9560.8943
111
Liquid Phase
Vapor Phase
EtOH Water VLE
Chart1
10
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point
Boiling Point Diagram Near Azeotrope
x EtOHwt. fractvol. fract.T BoilingV-xV-yW-xW-yMole-xMole-y
000100000000
0.0190.0470.0587195.50.058710.410520.0470.3430.0190.17
0.07210.1660.20399890.203990.694920.1660.6190.07210.3891
0.09660.2150.2625686.70.262560.737560.2150.6650.09660.4375
0.12380.2650.3213885.30.321380.763740.2650.6940.12380.4704
0.16610.3380.4049284.10.404920.791960.3380.7260.16610.5089
0.23770.4440.5213282.70.521320.815250.4440.7530.23770.5445
0.26080.4740.5516182.30.551610.823760.4740.76350.26080.558
0.32730.5550.6332981.50.633290.838880.5550.7810.32730.5826
0.39650.6270.7024380.70.702430.855410.6270.8010.39650.6112
0.50790.7250.7910979.80.791090.878850.7250.830.50790.6564
0.51980.7350.7997879.70.799780.885990.7350.8390.51980.6599
0.57320.7740.8330379.30.833030.892290.7740.8470.57320.6841
0.67630.8420.8883578.740.888350.916910.8420.8790.67630.7385
0.74720.8830.9199278.410.919920.933270.8830.9010.74720.7815
0.89430.9560.9719278.150.971920.971920.9560.9560.89430.8943
11178.3111111
y EtOHwt. Fract.vol. fract.T boiling
000100
0.170.3430.4105295.5
0.38910.6190.6949289
0.43750.6650.7375686.7
0.47040.6940.7637485.3
0.50890.7260.7919684.1
0.54450.7530.8152582.7
0.5580.76350.8237682.3
0.58260.7810.8388881.5
0.61120.8010.8554180.7
0.65640.830.8788579.8
0.65990.8390.8859979.7
0.68410.8470.8922979.3
0.73850.8790.9169178.74
0.78150.9010.9332778.41
0.89430.9560.9719278.15
11178.3
Liquid Phase
Vapor Phase
EtOH Water VLE
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TYPES OF DISTILLATIONSimple batch- no rectification
Alambic- some rectification
Column- active rectification
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BATCH DISTILLATIONUse cutsHeads- remove acetaldehyde, methanolHearts- product rich in aromas and flavorsTails- fusel oils, dilute
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RECTIFICATION- EQUILIBRIUM CONTACT Rectification is the result of equilibrium contact between two phasesThe liquid and vapor leaving the contact are in equilibriumRectification, also called enrichment, results in a higher concentration than would occur in a single equilibrium contact
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SIMPLE BATCH (RAYLEIGH) DISTILLATION
-
12
Chart4
10
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
-
vaporliquidmixture12
Chart5
100100
95.595.5
8989
86.786.7
85.385.3
84.184.1
82.782.7
82.382.3
81.581.5
80.780.7
79.879.8
79.779.7
79.379.3
78.7478.74
78.4178.41
78.1578.15
78.378.3
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
1
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
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DIRECT FIRED STILL (ALAMBIC)Some vapor condenses to liquid and returns to the pot
-
Classic cognac distillation
-
INDIRECT STEAM HEATING (ALAMBIC)Some vapor condenses to liquid and returns to the pot
SteamFigure courtesy of Christian Carl Ing. GmbH
-
INDIRECT HEATING WITH RECTIFICATION INCREASING TEMPERATURE DOWN THE COLUMN, HIGHEST TEMPERATURE IS IN THE POTFigure courtesy of Christian Carl Ing. GmbH
-
RECTIFICATION COLUMNS
Figure courtesy of Christian Carl Ing. GmbH
-
SIEVE TRAY
-
BUBBLE CAP TRAY
-
BATCH COLUMN STILLBoilerPartialcondensorD, xDLRefluxratio
-
123456XFEEDxDISTThe number of trays needed for a specific separation is determined by stepping off..
Chart4
10
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
-
vaporliquidmixture12345
Chart5
100100
95.595.5
8989
86.786.7
85.385.3
84.184.1
82.782.7
82.382.3
81.581.5
80.780.7
79.879.8
79.779.7
79.379.3
78.7478.74
78.4178.41
78.1578.15
78.378.3
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
-
If the reflux ratio is constant,the product concentrationwill decrease during the batch112233
Chart4
10
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
-
Since the concentration in the pot decrease during a bath, in order to keep the product concentration high, the reflux must be increased 123123
Chart4
10
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Chart1
00
0.0190.17
0.07210.3891
0.09660.4375
0.12380.4704
0.16610.5089
0.23770.5445
0.26080.558
0.32730.5826
0.39650.6112
0.50790.6564
0.51980.6599
0.57320.6841
0.67630.7385
0.74720.7815
0.89430.8943
11
Sheet1
x EtOHy EtOHT Boiling
00100010010000
0.0190.1795.50.01995.595.50.0190.17
0.07210.3891890.072189890.07210.3891
0.09660.437586.70.096686.786.70.09660.4375
0.12380.470485.30.123885.385.30.12380.4704
0.16610.508984.10.166184.184.10.16610.5089
0.23770.544582.70.237782.782.70.23770.5445
0.26080.55882.30.260882.382.30.26080.558
0.32730.582681.50.327381.581.50.32730.5826
0.39650.611280.70.396580.780.70.39650.6112
0.50790.656479.80.507979.879.80.50790.6564
0.51980.659979.70.519879.779.70.51980.6599
0.57320.684179.30.573279.379.30.57320.6841
0.67630.738578.740.676378.7478.740.67630.7385
0.74720.781578.410.747278.4178.410.74720.7815
0.89430.894378.150.894378.1578.150.89430.8943
1178.3178.378.311
Sheet1
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Liquid Mole Fraction EtOH
Vapor Mole Fraction EtOH
Ethanol Water VLE
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Mole Fraction
Boiling Point, C
Boiling Point Diagram
Sheet3
-
REFLUX IS INCREASED BY INCREASING COOLING WATER FLOWRATE TO PARTIAL CONDENSER TTEMPERATURE SENSORWATER TO CONDENSERFigure courtesy of Christian Carl Ing. GmbH
-
FLAVOR COMPOUNDS (CONGENERS) IN DISTILLED SPIRITS
-
TYPICAL COMPOUNDS BY GC
Sheet1
Chemical NameRetentionTime (min)Boiling point (deg. C)
Acetaldehyde2.520.8
Acetone3.456.2
Ethyl Formate3.654.0
Ethyl Acetate4.577.0
Methanol4.764.7
Ethanol5.878.0
1-propanol8.797.0
Isopentanol (isoamyl alcohol)16.3132.0
Benzaldehyde33.0179.0
-
TYPICAL GC RESULTS
-
ETHANOL RESULTS FROM PLUM DISTILLATIONHEADSHEARTSTAILS
Chart1
85
87
82
80
78
76
71
64
58
1
Distillate Volume (mL)
Ethanol Conc. (% v/v)
Sheet1
All trays with CC40085All trays40084
8008780086
120082120085
220080220084
320078320081
420076420075
520071490065
615064555055
670058
2 trays with CC400852 trays40085
8008680085
120086120083
220084220080
320080320070
420064420050
-
CONGENER CONCENTRATIONS IN PLUM DISTILLATESHEADSHEARTSTAILS
Chart1
0.30269567710.57362318090.12438143560.08436951480.0212524377
0.09051417370.50170066270.05749395790.10445260510.033395885
0.02084552690.43965257460.01952761390.12698574270.0547523221
0.00758602320.37569988360.00451826880.16787063520.1182030239
0.0053004470.37500662560.00171381120.20602248570.241388246
0.00492636740.4815596130.00550255070.15080878130.1153446981
Acetaldehyde
Methanol
Ethyl Acetate
1-Propanol
Iso Amyl Alcohol
Distillate Volume (mL)
Congener Concentration (% v/v)
Methanol Concentration (% v/v)
Congener Concentration vs Distillate Volume 2 Trays with Catalytic Converter
Sheet1
Sheet1
0.30269567710.57362318090.12438143560.08436951480.0212524377
0.09051417370.50170066270.05749395790.10445260510.033395885
0.02084552690.43965257460.01952761390.12698574270.0547523221
0.00758602320.37569988360.00451826880.16787063520.1182030239
0.0053004470.37500662560.00171381120.20602248570.241388246
0.00492636740.4815596130.00550255070.15080878130.1153446981
Acetaldehyde
Methanol
Ethyl Acetate
1-Propanol
Iso Amyl Alcohol
Distillate Volume (mL)
Congener Concentration (% v/v)
Methanol Concentration (% v/v)
Congener Concentration vs Distillate Volume 2 Trays with Catalytic Converter
Sheet2
Sheet3
-
CONTACT Prof. Kris Arvid BerglundEmail: [email protected]: [email protected]
www.artisandistilling.org
-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSChristian Carl Ing. GmbHProject GREEEN, State of MichiganMichigan State UniversityLule University of Technology