Kouroi, Archaic Greek Youths - a Study of the Development of the Kouros Type in Greek Sculpture

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KERKENES SPECIAL STUDIES 1

SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM

THE MONUMENTAL ENTRANCE

TO THE PALATIAL COMPLEX

AT KERKENES DAĞ, TURKEY

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Ovrlookng th Ancnt Ct on th Krkns Dağ rom th Northwst. Th Palatal Complxs Locatd at th Cntr o th Horzon Jst to th Rght o th Kal

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KERKENES SPECIAL STUDIES 1

SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS

FROM THE MONUMENTAL

ENTRANCE TO THE PALATIAL

COMPLEX AT KERKENES DAĞ,

TURKEY

by

CATHeRiNe M. DRAyCOTTand

GeOffRey D. SuMMeRS

with contribution by

CLAUDE BRIXHE

and Turkish summary translated by

G. B∫KE YAZICIO˝LU

ORieNTAL iNSTiTuTe PuBLiCATiONS • VOLuMe 135

THe ORieNTAL iNSTiTuTe Of THe uNiVeRSiTy Of CHiCAGO

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Lbrar o Congrss Control Nmbr: 2008926243

iSBN-10: 1-885923-57-0

iSBN-13: 978-1-885923-57-8

iSSN:0069-3367

The Oriental Institute, Chicago

©2008 b Th unvrst o Chcago. All rghts rsrvd.Pblshd 2008. Prntd n th untd Stats o Amrca.

ORieNTAL iNSTiTuTe PuBLiCATiONS, VOLuMe 135

Series Editors

Lsl Schramr

and Thomas G. urban

with the assistance of

Kat L. Johnson

Series Editors’ Acknowledgments

Th assstanc o Sabahat Adl, Mlssa Blal, and ScottBrantng s acknowldgd n th prodcton o ths volm.

Spine Illustration

fragmnt o a Grn’s Had (Cat. No. 3.6)

Printed by Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Th papr sd n ths pblcaton mts th mnmm rqrmnts o AmrcanNatonal Standard or inormaton Srvcs — Prmannc o Papr or PrntdLbrar Matrals, ANSi Z39.48-1984.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LiST Of ABBReViATiONS ........................................... ........................................... ....................................... vii

LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................................................. xPREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................... x

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................. xv

BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................................. xv

DiSCOVeRy Of SCuLPTuRe AND iNSCRiPTiONS. Geoffrey D. Summers ....................................... .......... 1

CATALOG .......................................... ........................................... .......................................... ......................... 7

SCULPTURE (CAT. NOS. 1–10). Catherine M. Draycott .............................................................................. 8

introdcton ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... .......... 8

Statar (Cat. Nos. 1–2) ..................................... ........................................... ....................................... 10

Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr ........................................... ........................................... ... 10 Catalog No. 2. fragmnt rom Had o Lon Stat ....................................... ................................ 21

Small Rls (Cat. Nos. 3–8) ........................................... ........................................... ......................... 24

Catalog No. 3. Small Rls rom a Block ...................................... ........................................... ... 24

Catalog No. 4. Rostt ........................................ ........................................... ................................ 54

Catalog No. 5. Sngl Rostt Ptal .......................................... ........................................... .......... 55

Catalog No. 6. Crvd Moldng ........................................ ........................................... .................. 55

Catalog No. 7. fragmnts wth Crvd Moldng on Backgrond.................................................... 55

Catalog No. 8. fragmnt rom Moldng(?) ....................................... ........................................... ... 56

Mscllanos Sclptr (Cat. Nos. 9–10) ....................................... ........................................... .......... 56

Catalog No. 9. fragmnt rom Stat o Brd o Pr ........................................... ......................... 56

Catalog No. 10. Possbl Rl o Lon Tal(?).............................................................................. 58

Smmar and Commnts ........................................... ........................................... ................................ 58

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS (CAT. NOS. 11–12). Geoffrey D. Summers .......................................... .......... 61

introdcton ......................................... ........................................... ........................................... .......... 61

Catalog No. 11. Stppd Slab or Bas ....................................... ........................................... .......... 62

Catalog No. 12. Bolstr Slab.......................................................................................................... 63

Tntatv Commnts on th Orgnal Composton o th Sclptd and inscrbd Monmnt................ 65

INSCRIPTION FRAGMENTS (CAT. NOS. 13–20). Catherine M. Draycott after Claude Brixhe....................... 67

Catalog No. 13. inscrpton fragmnt i ..................................... ........................................... .......... 67

Catalog No. 14. inscrpton fragmnt ii .......................................... ........................................... ... 67

Catalog No. 15. inscrpton fragmnt iii ......................................... ........................................... ... 68

Catalog No. 16. inscrpton fragmnts iV and X .......................................... ................................ 68

Catalog No. 17. inscrpton fragmnt V................................................................ ......................... 69

Catalog No. 18. inscrpton fragmnts Vi and Vii ......................................... ................................ 69

Catalog No. 19. inscrpton fragmnt Viii..................................................... ................................ 70

Catalog No. 20. inscrpton fragmnt iX ......................................... ........................................... ... 70

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THe PHRyGiAN iNSCRiPTiONS. Claude Brixhe, translated by Catherine M. Draycott ................................ 71

CONCORDANCe Of iNVeNTORy AND CATALOG NuMBeRS ..................................... ............................. 77

INDEX OF PLACE NAMES ....................................... ........................................... .......................................... . 81

TüRKçe ÖZeT. Translated by G. Bike Yazıcıoğlu............................................................................................ 83

PLATES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LiST Of ABBReViATiONS

arc archtctral lmnts

ca. circa, approxmatl

cat(s). catalog(s)

c. confer, compar

cm cntmtr(s)

CT Clearance Trench

.g. exempli gratia, or xampl

t al. et alii, and others

tc. et cetera, and so orth

g(s). gr(s)

GPS Global Postonng SstmiD idntcaton Nmbr(s)

bd. ibidem, n th sam plac

.. id est, that is

K Krkns nmbr

METU Middle East Technical University

mm mllmtr(s)

m mtr(s)

n(n). ootnot(s)

no(s). nmbr(s)prs. comm. prsonal commncaton

pl(s). plat(s)

stn stone

STT Schmdt Tst Trnch

TR Trench

TT Test Trench

vol. volm

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LIST OF PLATES

frontspc. Ovrlookng th Ancnt Ct on th Krkns Dağ rom th Northwst

1. Map o Anatola and Adjacnt Rgons Showng Sts Mntond n th Txt; entr iron Ag Ct on KrknsDağ, Sn rom Mannd Hot-ar Balloon

2. Tranglatd irrglar Ntwork (TiN) Smlaton o th Ct Mad n ArcVw 3D Analst rom 1,400,000 GPSReadings

3. Plan o Monmntal entranc to Palatal Complx, Showng Locatons o Trnchs

4. Plan o Monmntal entranc to Palatal Complx

5. Plan o eastrn end o Palatal Complx

6. Trnch 11 rom east n earl Stags o excavaton n 2003, wth Part o Trnch 1 n forgrond; and Mass oBrnt and fsd Sprstrctr falln nto Doorwa throgh Woodn facad, fgr Crochs on Brnt earthfloor o Room on far Sd o facad

7. front Porton o entranc, Lookng east at end o 2005 Sason; n forgrond is Rbbl Bas o fondatonTrnch or Tmbr facad, fv Larg Pavrs Mark Poston o Wd, Dobl Doorwa wth Sandston Plnthon Rght; and Rar o entranc, Lookng Soth, wth Rbbl-lld fondaton Slot and Latr Pts, Not fllemptd; n forgrond, Dstrbd Colmn Bas. falln Anconc Stl n Cntr, Dran at Rght, and Brntearthn floor o Room n Cntral Scton at Lt

8. Trnch 11 and Part o Trnch 1 at end o 2003 Sason; and Lookng Wstward throgh Monmntal entranc atend o 2005 Sason

9. Soth Towr-lk Platorm wth fgr b Cornr; and Sandston Colmn Bas b front o Soth Towr-lkPlatorm

10. Rar o entranc, Lookng Soth, Dran Jst bhnd fgrs wth Dstrbd Colmn Bas at Lt; and Stonfalln rom Soth Towr-lk Platorm

11. Ornamntd Archtctral Blocks falln rom Cornr o Soth Towr-lk Platorm; and front Porton o entranc

at end o 2004 Sason, Showng Collaps onto Pavmnt at Rght, Scton throgh Pttd fllng n MddlGrond, and Partall excavatd fondaton or Woodn facad n forgrond

12. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Rght Sd and front

13. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Skrt, Vrtcal Cross Scton; and Skrt, Horzontal Cross Scton

14. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: front Rght Angl and front

15. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: front Lt Angl and Lt Sd

16. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Lt Rar Angl and Back

17. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Rght Rar Angl and Rght

18. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Lookng up to Stat as it Ma Hav Bn Vwd

19. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: fac

20. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Skrt, Dowl Hol, and Channl, also Shows Chopp, Short, flat ChslMarks; and Skrt, Dowl Hol, and Channl

21. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: fac, Rght Angl; and Har at Tmpl, uppr Rght Sd o Had

22. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Shat wth frrls and Lowr Part o fac; and Rght Hand GraspngShat and C or Braclt arond Wrst

23. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Part o ear Lob, uppr Rght Sd; and Dtal, wth Crls o Har atBack o Had

24. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Lt Sd o Had; and Otln o uppr Part o ear, Lt Sd oHead

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25. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Har at Lt Tmpl; and Crls o Har at Back o Had

26. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Non-jonng fragmnt o Torso

27. Catalog No. 2. fragmnt rom Had o Lon Stat: Sd; front; and Sd

28. Catalog No. 3. Small Rl: fragmnts Attrbtd to front fac o Rl-carvd and inscrbd Block, Shownn Approxmat Orgnal Locatons

29. Catalog Nos. 3–9: fragmnts Attrbtd to Sandston Block, Pls Rlatd Small Rls, and ft o Raptor

Carvd n Rond 30. Catalog No. 3. Small Rl: Rconstrcton o Angl Vw o Rl-carvd and inscrbd Block

31. Catalog No. 3.1. Small Rl: fragmnts wth Wngd Rostt and Jonng inscrpton fragmnts CatalogNo. 8

32. Catalog No. 3.2. Small Rl: Rostt Dsk fragmnts

33. Catalog No. 3.3. Small Rl: Two Conrontng Hman ft on inscrbd fram Grondln and inscrptonfragmnt Cat. No. 15

34. Catalog No. 3.4. Small Rl: fragmnt o fst; and Catalog No. 3.5. Small Rl: fragmnts Showng HandHoldng Rod and Possbl Part o Torso and uppr Lgs wth frngd Drapr

35. Catalog No. 3.6. Small Rl: fragmnt o Grn’s Had

36. Catalog No. 3.7. Small Rl: Two Jonng fragmnts wth Plm and e o Grn; and Catalog No. 3.8. SmallRl: Two Jonng fragmnts o Paw o Grn or Lon

37. Catalog No. 3.9. Small Rl: fragmnts Showng an e, ear, and Mzzl o a fln; and Catalog No. 3.10.Small Rl: fragmnt Showng Lowr Jaw o Lon

38. Catalog No. 3.11. Small Rl: fragmnt o Lon Sholdr and Man; and Catalog No. 3.12. Small Rl:fragmnt o Lon Sholdr(?)

39. Catalog No. 3.13. Small Rl: fragmnt o Lon Nck wth Man; and Catalog No. 3.14. Small Rl: fragmnto Lon Man wth Sholdr edg(?)

40. Catalog No. 3.15. Small Rl: fragmnt o Lon Man; Catalog No. 3.16. Small Rl: fragmnt frngd wthDntls Rsmblng Lon Man; and Catalog No. 3.17. Small Rl: fragmnt frngd wth Dntls RsmblngLion Mane

41. Catalog No. 3.18. Small Rl: fragmnt wth fathrd Shaps; and Catalog No. 3.19. Small Rl: fragmnto Dntl-rngd Drapr and Part o foot(?)

42. Catalog No. 3.20. Small Rl: Lmb-lk fragmnt; and Catalog No. 3.21. Small Rl: Lmb-lk fragmntwth Dntlatd, C-lk Band

43. Catalog No. 3.22. Small Rl: elbow-lk fragmnts wth engagd Thmb-lk Part

44. Catalog No. 3.23. Small Rl: elbow-lk fragmnt; and Catalog No. 3.24. Small Rl: fragmnts wth VgtalNod and extndng Dntlatd Tndrls

45. Catalog No. 3.25. Small Rl: Trmnal Bd o Vgtal elmnt; and Catalog No. 3.26. Small Rl: fragmnto Dntlatd Tndrl

46. Catalog No. 3.27. Small Rl: fragmnt o Dntlatd Tndrl; Catalog No. 3.28. Small Rl: fragmnt oDntlatd Tndrl; and Catalog No. 3.29. Small Rl: fragmnt o Dntlatd Tndrl

47. Catalog No. 3.30. Small Rl: fragmnt o Dntlatd Tndrl; and Catalog No. 3.31. Small Rl: Palmtt-lk fragmnt emanatng rom fragmnt o Plan and Dntlatd Bands

48. Catalog No. 3.32. Small Rl: Palmtt-lk fragmnt; and Catalog No. 3.32. Small Rl: Palmtt-lkfragmnt

49. Catalog No. 3.34. Small Rl: Palmtt-lk fragmnt; and Catalog No. 3.35. Small Rl: Crvng fragmntwth Dntlatd frng

50. Catalog No. 3.36. Small Rl: fragmnt wth Dntlatd frng; and Catalog No. 3.37. Small Rl: Slcfragmnt wth Rbbd Pattrn

51. Catalog No. 3.38. Small Rl: Small fragmnt wth Crvd and incsd fac; and Catalog No. 3.39. SmallRl: fragmnt wth Tracs o Dntls(?)

LIST OF PLATES

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52. Catalog No. 3.40. Small Rl: Convx edg fragmnt, edg o Torso(?); and Catalog No. 3.41. Small Rl:fragmnt wth factd Srac

53. Catalog No. 3.42. Small Rl: Small factd fragmnt; and Catalog No. 3.43. Small Rl: fragmnt wthSmoothd Srac

54. Catalog No. 3.44. Small Rl: fragmnt wth Smoothd Srac; and Catalog No. 4. Rostt

55. Catalog No. 5. Sngl Rostt Ptal; and Catalog No. 6. fragmnts o Crvd Moldng

56. Catalog No. 7. fragmnt wth Crvd Moldng on Backgrond; and Catalog No. 8. fragmnt rom Moldng(?) 57. Catalog No. 9. fragmnt rom Stat o Brd o Pr

58. Catalog No. 10. Possbl Rl o Lon Tal(?)

59. Catalog No. 11. Stppd Slab or Bas: Porton o Stppd Slab; and Stppd Slab Showng Cornr o RcssdTop wth Otr Cornr Mssng

60. Catalog No. 11. Stppd Slab or Bas: Drawngs o fragmnts Blongng to Stppd Slab or Bas

61. Catalog No. 11. Stppd Slab or Bas: Drawngs o fragmnts Blongng to Stppd Slab or Bas

62. Catalog No. 12. Bolstr Slab: Angl Vw

63. Catalog No. 12. Bolstr Slab: Top, Sd, and Bottom

64. Catalog No. 12. Bolstr Slab: Top and Bottom

65. Catalog No. 3. Small Rl: Possbl Assmblag o Rl elmnts on front fac o Block 66. Catalog Nos. 1, 3, 11, and 12. Possbl Assmblag o elmnts nto On Monmnt

67. Catalog No. 13. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt i, Attrbtd to Bottom Lt Cornr, front o Block; and CatalogNo. 14. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt ii, unplacd fragmnt

68. Catalog No. 15. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt iii, Bottom Cntr, front o Block

69. Catalog No. 16. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnts iV and X, Possbl rom Top Rght Cornr o Block(?)

70. Catalog No. 17. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt V, Attrbtd to Top Cntr, front fac o Block

71. Catalog No. 18. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnts Vi and Viia1–2 n Top Lt Cornr, front o Block

72. Catalog No. 18. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt Viib, Lt edg o Block wth Ddcaton inscrpton and Parto inscrpton on front fac

73. Catalog No. 19. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt Viii, Prhaps Blongng to Bottom Cntr, front fac oBlock(?); and Catalog No. 20. Small Rl: inscrpton fragmnt Xi, Small unplacd fragmnt

74. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Rconstrcton o Rght o Stat and Rconstrcton o front oStat

75. Rlr Stat rom Palac Bldng J at Zncrl (Bonatz 2000: A6, pl. 2); Stat o Mal fgr Holdng Clb-lkinstrmnt, rom Tll Hala (Orthmann 1971: Tll Hala Bc/4, pl. 13a); Stat rom Tatanaz (Bonatz 2000: A10,pl. 13); and Stat n Maraş Msm (Bonatz 2000: A11, pl. 3)

76. Matar and yoths Grop rom Boğazkal (Boardman 1994: g. 2.5); Lmston Matar Rl rom etlk (Praon1987: 27, pl. 9b); and Andst Matar Rl rom Gordon (Gordon photo 55-64134, wth thanks to th GordonArchv, Pnnslvana unvrst)

77. Stl Showng Kbl or Votar rom Mt (Cladopols), Clca (flschr 1984: 86, g. 1); Sandston Had

rom Matar Stat, fond at Salmankö (Praon 1987: 8, pl. 3d); and Lmston Had o Mal fgr romGordon (Gordon photo G 5406, wth thanks to th Gordon Archv, Pnnslvana unvrst)

78. Lmston Dobl Lon Bas rom Gordon (photo corts o Mar Vogt); Rght Sd and front o ivor Handlfgr o “Prst” rom ephsos (Boardman 2000: g. 3.9a–b); and ivor fgr fond at Dlph (Boardman1991: g. 52)

79. Drawng o Slvr “Prst” fgr rom Tomb D at Baındır (atr Akrgal 1992: 69, g. 3); Drawng o ivorMothr and Chldrn Grop rom Tomb D at Baındır (atr Akrgal 1992: 69, g. 1); and Drawngs o ThrSclptd Sds o Pllar rom Dadalı (Praon 1987: 28, pl. 10, bottom)

80. On o Svral Orthostat Rls fond n th Vcnt o Ankara (Praon 1987: 22, pl. 7b); and On o TwoAnkara Orthostat Rls Showng Lons (Praon 1987: 17, pl. 6b)

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81. Orthostat Rls rom Sakgöz, Showng Grn-hadd fgr and Two Smmtrcall Arrangd Hman-hadd Gns (Orthmann 1971: Sakgöz A9–A10, pl. 50c); and Orthostat Rls rom Carchmsh, ShowngSmmtrcall Arrangd Grn-hadd Gns (Orthmann 1971: Karkms e/5, pl. 26d)

82. Orthostat Rl rom Carchmsh, Showng Smmtrcall Arrangd Lon Hnt (Orthmann 1971: Karkms e/3,pl. 26b)

83. Comparson o Phrgan and No-Httt Stats: Boğazkal Kbl Grop (Boardman 1994: 25, g. 2.5);

Krkns fgr, Catalog No. 1; Hadlss fgr rom Tatanaz (Bonatz 2000: A10, pl. 3); Bardd fgrrom Tatanaz (Bonatz 2000: A9, pl. 3); Monmntal Rlr fgr rom Zncrl (Bonatz 2000: A6, pl. 2); andMonmntal Rlr fgr rom Malata (Bonatz 2000: A13, pl. 4)

84. St Plan o Krkns Dağ, Showng Major fatrs

85. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: front

86. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Rght Angl Vw

87. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Rght Sd o Had, Showng Part o ear Lob and Brokn end oinstrmnt Carrd b fgr

88. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Clos-p o fac

89. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Back o Torso and Had, wth Som Nw fragmnts Addd

90. Catalog No. 1. Stat o Drapd fgr: Rght Sd o Had, Showng Rbbd Har and Ara whr Crl Has

Brokn O 91. Catalog No. 2. fragmnt rom Had o Lon Stat

92. Catalog No. 3.3. Small Rl: Jonng fragmnts wth Part o inscrpton fragmnt Catalog No. 15 and TwoConrontd ft

93. Catalog No. 3.5. Small Rl: Jonng fragmnts Showng Hand Holdng Rod and Drapd Lg(?)

94. Catalog No. 3.6. Small Rl: fragmnt o Grn’s Had

95. Catalog No. 3.19. Small Rl: Dntl-rngd Drapr and Part o foot(?)

96. Catalog No. 9. fragmnt rom Stat o Brd o Pr

97. Catalog No. 10. Possbl Rl o Lon Tal(?)

98. Catalog No. 17. inscrpton: inscrpton fragmnt V

LIST OF PLATES

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PREFACE

Ths volm s concrnd wth ragmnts o sclptd and nscrbd ston ond n th Monmntal entranc to th

Palatal Complx at Krkns Dağ, an iron Ag captal locatd on a low montantop n cntral Anatola. Th objctvo ths pblcaton s to prsnt ths nds wth an ntrprtaton o th sbjcts rprsntd, thr orms, and a lmtdcommntar. Ths prsntaton s ntndd to locat th Krkns sclptrs wthn th wdr dbat abot th chronologo Phrgan art, althogh ths s not an ss whch ths book tackls tsl. Thr ar two sctons: Gor D. Smmrs’ovrvw o th crcmstancs o th dscovr and an ntrm dscsson o th contxt o th pcs, ollowd b thcatalog o th pcs rom Krkns. Wthn th catalog, thr ar or man sctons. Cathrn M. Dracott provds astd o th sclptr, ollowd b Smmrs’ prsntaton o th archtctral lmnts and hpothtcal rconstrcton.in th nal sctons, Clad Brxh and Dracott provd an ovrvw and catalog o th Old Phrgan nscrptons.i Anal rport on th xcavatons at th Palatal Complx, now bng prpard, wll contan dtald docmntaton o thndspots o th ragmnts pblshd hr, man o whch wr rcovrd rom Bzantn prod robbr pts. it s clarthat most o th ragmnts n ths volm cam rom two pcs, a sandston stat o a drapd gr and a panldsandston block wth small-scal rl carvng and nscrptons n Old Phrgan on rasd bordrs. Ths two pcs

ma possbl, bt b no mans crtanl, hav bn lmnts o a sngl monmnt. in an vnt, th mbllshda monmntal ntranc that ld to what was prsmabl an adnc hall wthn an xtnsv palatal complx. Thwr smngl smashd drng th lootng and sackng o th ct that clmnatd n an normos r. it s argd thatth dstrcton can b datd to th md-sxth cntr B.C. and that th sclptr was o no grat ag at th tm o thdstrcton.ii

Th dscovr o ths pcs was nxpctd. Th, and ndd vrthng ls at Krkns, appar to lack goodparallls, althogh ths s probabl no mor than a rlcton o how lttl o anthng databl to th rst hal o th sxthcntr B.C. s known rom cntral Anatola. Th strongl Phrgan charactr o Krkns, ncldng ts archtctrand pottr, has com as somthng o a srprs, althogh wth hndsght t prhaps shold not hav, gvn th Phrgannatr o arlr dscovrs mad at both Boğazkal and Alaca Hök, whch wold also sm to b o broadl smlardat.iii

Whl t s possbl that xcavaton o th rmanng parts o th Monmntal entranc wold ld a w smalladdtonal ragmnts rom th ll o latr dstrbancs, rslts o an sch xcavaton ar nlkl to b commnsrat

wth th ort and xpns rqrd. frthrmor, xcavaton o th platorms wold nvtabl man th loss o whatshattrd wallng stll rmans. in an vnt, no xcavatons n th vcnt o ths ntranc ar plannd or th ors-

abl tr.

Gor D. Smmrs

2008

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i for th prmar dton o th Old Phrgan inscrptons, s Brxhand Smmrs 2006.ii No stabl tmbr or dndrochronolgcal datng o th constrctono th ntranc has bn rcovrd. Pottr at Krkns gnrallrsmbls Mddl Phrgan matral rom Gordon, bt t s not tpossbl to dat t mor c losl. Thr s no pottr o th tp knownas Alşar iV.

iii for iron Ag chronolog at Boğazkal, s Gnz 2004 wthrrncs. for Phrgan nscrptons at Alaca Hök and th narbhlltop shrn at Kal Hsar, s Brxh and Ljn (1984: 227–43).Dscsson o Phrgan lmnts ast o th Kızılırmak Rvr can bond n Brndt-ersöz (2006).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Vr man ndvdals, nstttons, and organzatons hav contrbtd to th Krkns Projct n a grat vart

o was. Th hav don so throgh partcpaton as tam mmbrs, rnds and collags, sponsors o rsarch, andprovdrs o nrastrctr and cratr comorts n th ld. Ths volm concntrats on onl on aspct o th projct,th ragmnts o sclptr and nscrpton rom th Monmntal entranc to th Palatal Complx whch was xcavatdbtwn 2003 and 2005. it s ttng to thank hr th ndng bods or that prod o rsarch. Grants or xcavatonwr awardd b th Anatolan Archaolog Rsarch fondaton (2004–05), th Brtsh insttt o Archaolog atAnkara, th Charlott Bonham-Cartr Trst, th Jokowsk faml fondaton, John Kll Consltng inc., Mrs. LndaNo Lan (2003), th Lob Classcal Lbrar fondaton, Mlborn unvrst (2005), th Orntal insttt o thunvrst o Chcago (2005), Dr. Norman Solhkhah (2003), th Stahl fnd o th unvrst o Calorna at Brkl(2003), and th Rolx Awards or entrprs (2003).

Cathrn M. Dracott’s std o th Krkns sclptr ovr svral ars was mad possbl thanks to a WllamLambard Mmoral fnd grant rom th Soct o Antqars o London, ldwork grants rom th Brtsh insttto Ankara and th Soct or th Promoton o Hllnc Stds, th Mrstn Rsarch Grant rom th School o

Archaolog, Oxord, and rsarch travl grants rom Wolson Collg and th Cravn Commtt, unvrst o Oxord.Bsds th nsghts o Gor D. Smmrs, Scott Brantng, and Clad Brxh, sh wold partclarl lk to thankthos who sllssl gav advc, commnts, and normaton: R. R. R. Smth, Sr John Boardman, John Bans, StphanDall, Ssann Brndt-ersöz, Knnth Sams, Martn Hng, Kth DVrs, flx Prson, Mar Vogt, Lnn Rollr,frdhlm Praon, Trvor Brc, Lât Smmrr, Davd Stronach, Drk B. Conts, elln Rc, and Chrstophr H.Roosvlt. Partclar grattd s xtndd to Sanna Aro-Valjs, who gnrosl agrd to rad and commnt on a drato th manscrpt, and whos xprts n No-Httt art mad hr npt trl nvalabl. Thanks also to th sta o thBrtsh insttt at Ankara.

At Ankara mch o th work btwn sasons was carrd ot b rsarch assstants at Mddl east Tchncalunvrst (MeTu), who wr nancd b grants rom th Laarg Sağlık eğtm v Kltr Vakı, whl pkp oth Wb pag s spportd b th Anglo-Trksh Soct Brnard and ins Brrows Mmoral Award. Oc spac sprovdd b MeTu.

Th Brtsh insttt s also th ocal sponsor o th Krkns Projct, whch s carrd ndr th trms o a prmt

ssd annall b th Gnral Drctorat o Cltral Rsorcs and Msms. W wold lk to thank past and prsntGnral Drctors: Alpa Pasnl, Nadr Avc, and Orhan Dzgn, as wll as Assstant Drctors İlhan Kamaz and ülkSagılı. Sta at th Drctorat hav alwas ord ncoragmnt and good advc or whch w ar most gratl.Rprsntatvs drng th rlvant xcavaton sasons wr Mhmt Katkat (2003), Cmhar Sal (2004), and MhmtSvm (2005). Sta o th yozgat Msm hav bn closl nvolvd and shown kn nthsasm, notabl DrctorsMsa Özcan, erol Özn, and Mstaa Akkaa, assstant Hassan Şnrt, and Slm Doğan, long-tm Drctor o thCltr Mnstr Bra n yozgat.

W hav alwas xprncd strong spport and ncoragmnt rom Provncal and Dstrct ocals. W woldlk to thank sccssv Provncal Govrnors, Hsn Önal, Gökhan Sözr, and Amr çk, as wll as Sorgn DstrctGovrnors Mstaa Dndar and Mtn Dall, togthr wth Maors yılmaz Kılıarslan and Ahmt Şmşk.

Partclar thanks ar d to snor sta mmbrs Scott Brantng and isabll Rbn and to xcavaton sprvsorsRém Brthon, Rth Bordol, Mgan Ccca, André Bojall Dao, Tasha Grangr, Pra Hacıgzllr, Shannon Martno,

Krt Sprngs, Natal Smmrs, Brnt Stt, and G. Bk yazıcıoğl. Mndng o th pcs was don b consrvatorNoël Svr, hlpd partclarl b Natal Smmrs and also b elzabth Tn Thompson and Alson Wht. Most oth drawngs n ths volm wr don b Carr Van Horn. Archtctral pcs wr drawn b Bn Claasz Coocksonwhl tntatv graphc rconstrctons o th monmnt wr mad b Ahmt çnc. Othr drawngs wr th work oBrhan Sr and Cathrn M. Dracott. Dracott and Tasha Grangr ndrtook most o th rgstraton o nds. Thmajort o photographs o th sclptr wr takn b Mrat Akar, wth othrs b Dracott and Josph Lhnr. Thplans o th Monmntal entranc wr pt togthr b MeTu stdnts, partclarl Aln Ağar, Tna Kalacı, CoşkKocabıık, and graphc dsgnr Al çınkı ndr th drcton and vr-watchl o franos Smmrs.

Man popl gav advc and ncoragmnt. Ch among ths wr Davd Stronach, who was drctng xcavatonsn th Ashlar Bldng whn th rst nscrbd and sclptd ragmnts wr ond. Craword Grnwalt, Jr., Ssann

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Brndt-ersöz, Ncholas Cahll, Kth DVrs, Mar-Hnrtt Gats, Oscar Mscarlla, Knnth Sams, and MarVogt wr among rnds and collags who provdd valabl nsghts drng vsts to Krkns tsl and on othroccasons.

W wold also lk to thank th Orntal insttt Pblcatons Oc — Thomas urban, Lsl Schramr, Kat L.Johnson, and Sabahat Adl — or th car wth whch ths volm has bn prodcd. G. Bk yazıcıoğl translatd thsmmar nto Trksh. Th commnts and nsghts ord b an anonmos rr wr gratl apprcatd, and as aras possbl all th sggstons wr ncldd. An rrors rmanng n th txt ar attrbtabl wholl to th athors.

Also dsrvng o or grattd ar th vllagrs o Şahmratlı or makng th xpdton wlcom, and partclarlto th workmn who dsplad dlgnc and nthsasm n th ac o slow and tdos xcavaton. Past and prsntMhtar Osman Mratdağı, past Mhtar Al ercas, and th Şahmratlı Vllag Assocaton hav don mch to acltator work and mak or prsnc comortabl.

Th most mportant job, that o xpdton hoskpr and cook, was ndrtakn b Pamla Smmrs who provddan xcllnt vart o Trksh, englsh, and Martan csn. A nal word o thanks gos to franos Smmrs whorns and organzs vr aspct o th Krkns Projct. Wthot hr normos npt thr wold not hav bn anxcavaton, lt alon on that has bn so prodctv and so njoabl.

in Jl 2008 th stat, bolstr slab, and th largr ragmnts o th nscrbd block barng small-scal rlsclptr wr nstalld n a nw prmannt xhbton n th “Krkns Room” at th yozgat Msm. W ar xtrmlgratl to Actng Msm Drctor Hasan Şnrt or ntatng ths dspla, to Msm sta Nrllah Kskn and ümtÖztalas, and 2008 xpdton Rprsntatv Mahmt Altncan or thr nthsastc hlp. Th dspla was dsgnd

and nstalld b erk Lndhal o th Orntal insttt Msm at th unvrst o Chcago, assstd b Astrd Ltrangand Natal Smmrs, whl rstoraton o pcs or dspla was mostl th work o Noël Svr. Ths xhbt was madpossbl b th yozgat Msm, th unvrst o Chcago, Ka Torshn, and th Jokowsk faml fondaton.

Illustration Sources

All sorcs o comparanda llstratons ar gvn n th lst o grs and n captons. Thanks ar d to th Gordontam (Knnth Sams, Mar Vogt, and Garth Darbshr) or plats 76c and 77c–78a; to Wnrd Orthmann or plats75b and 81–82; to Domnk Bonatz or plats 75a, c–d and 83c–; to frdhlm Praon or plats 76b, 77b, and 79c–80; toSr John Boardman or plats 76a and 78b–d; and to th Dtschs Archaologschs insttt or plats 77a and 79a–b.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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2006 Debating Orientali zat ion: Mul tidisciplinary Approaches to Change in the Ancien t Med iterranean.London: eqnox.

Rollr, Lnn e.

1988 “Phrgan Mth and Clt.” in Phrygian Art and Archaeology, dtd b Oscar Wht Mscarlla. Spcaliss, Source: Notes in the History of Art 6: 43–50.

1994 “Th Phrgan Charactr o Kbl: Th formaton o an iconograph and Clt ethos n th iron Ag.”In Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van(6–12 August 1990), dtd b Altan çlngroğl and D. H. frnch, pp. 189–98. Brtsh insttt oArchaolog at Ankara Monograph 16. London: Brtsh insttt o Archaolog at Ankara.

1999a “earl Phrgan Drawngs rom Gordon and th elmnts o Phrgan Artstc Stl.” in Anatolian Iron Ages 4: Proceedings of the Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Mersin (19–23 May1997), dtd b Altan çlngroğl and Rogr J. Matthws, pp. 1–10. Anatolan Stds 49. London:Brtsh insttt o Archaolog at Ankara.

1999b In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatol ian Cybele. Brkl: unvrst o Calorna Prss.

2002 “earl Phrgan Drawngs at Gordon and th Craton o a Phrgan Vsal idntt.” American Journal

of Archaeology 106: 275.2005 “A Phrgan Sclptral idntt? evdnc rom earl Phrgan Drawngs n iron Ag Gordon.” in

Anatol ian Iron Ages 5: Proceedings of the Fifth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van (6–10 August 2001), dtd b Altan çlngroğl and G. Darbshr, pp. 125–130. Brtsh insttt oArchaolog at Ankara Monograph 31. London: Brtsh insttt o Archaolog at Ankara.

2006 “Toward th formaton o a Phrgan iconograph n th iron Ag.” in Anatol ian Iron Ages 6: Proceedings of the Sixth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium, Held at Eskişehir (16–20 August 2004) ,

dtd b Altan çlngroğl and A. G. Sagona, pp. 205–22. Ancnt Nar eastrn Stds Spplmnt20. Ddl: Ptrs Prss.

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Sams, G. Knnth

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2000 Gordion Museum. Ankara: Rpblc o Trk Mnstr o Cltr, Gnral Drctorat o Monmntsand Msms.

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1929 “Tst excavatons n th Ct on Krkns Dagh.” American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 45: 221–74.

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Svas, Tacsr Tk

1999 Eskişehir-Afyonkarahisar-Kütahya İl Sınırları İçindeki Phryg Kaya Anıtları. T. C. Anadol ünvrstsyaınları 1156; edbat faklts yaınları 5. eskşhr: T. C. Anadol ünvrsts Sosal Blmlrenstts.

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2000 “formaton o th Phrgan Stat: Th earl iron Ag at Gordon.” Anatolian Studies 50: 37–54.

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Zgsta, Ladslav

1984 Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Bträg zr Namnorschng, N folg 21. Hdlbrg: C. Wntr.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1

DISCOVERY OF SCULPTURE

AND INSCRIPTIONS

G EOFFREY D. S UMMERS

The Io Age capita at Kekees Da is the agest pe-Heeistic cit o the Aatoia Patea. Betwee2003 ad 2005, ecavatios at the Mometa Etace to what is thoght to have bee a paatia compe of vecosideabe popotios have eathed fagmets of scpte ad isciptios i Od Phgia. What foows isiteded to povide a bief backgod to these discoveies, as we as to give a oveview of thei achaeoogicacotet ad cta settig. A sepaate vome devoted to the ecavatios wi cotai detaied epots o cotet,statigaph, achitecte, ad othe fids.

LOCATION OF KERKENES

GEOGrAPHyKekees Da ies o the othe edge of the Cappadocia Pai cose to the cete of mode Tke (p.

1a). The motai itsef is a gaitic bathoith that eaches a atitde of cica 1,500 m above sea eve. The highpoits, the Kae (caste) o the easte side, the Kiemitik (pace with potte) at the sothweste etemit, adthe high sothe idge, ae a ope to stog wids fom eve diectio. The owe, othe secto of the cit,o the othe had, is somewhat moe sheteed (ps. 1b–2).

Views of the sodig cotside ae epasive, patica to the soth ad sotheast whee, i ceacoditios, the peeia sow-capped peak of Ecies Da ooms age o the hoizo. Kekees Da ths ove-shadows the east–west ote which is to this da foowed b the mode highwa that s fom Eope via Akaato Sivas, Ezm, ad Ia. The eevated site aso oveooks sevea otes ig oth ad soth betwee theMediteaea Sea ad the Back Sea. Whie the cetait of this commadig positio povides a patia epaa-

tio fo the choice of this motaitop ocatio fo the estabishmet of a ew Io Age capita, the ata hb ofceta Aatoia ies somewhat to the soth, i the aea of aciet Kaesh (mode Ktepe) ad roma Caesaea-Mazaka, which became the mode povicia capita of Kasei. Ths Kekees cotoed appoimate the sameothe zoe, withi the bed of the Kızıımak rive (the red rive o cassica Has rive), as did the eaieHittite capita of Hattša (Bo©azkal), which ies abot fift kiometes to the otheast as the cow fies.

I ate peiods this egio, which foms a kid of iteface betwee Pots ad Cappadocia, was of mioimpotace, with the mai Heeistic ad roma cete beig at the somewhat povicia site of Tavim.1

ClIMATE AnD HyDrOlOGy

The egio is chaacteized b og, hash wites ad shot, hot smmes, athogh the high eposed posi-tio of Kekees Da ofte attacts cods eve i high smme ad is ve feqet eposed to bitte wids. I

a bad ea the site ca ie de sow fom ate novembe to ate Api. Agicte is ai fed with good gazigo the highe sopes fo catte ad, i the past, hoses.Oe impotat facto i the choice of this patica ocatio was dobtess the eative abdace of pee-

ia wate seepig fom fisses i the gaite. Pat of a epaatio fo the eceptioa size of the waed cit,2.5 kiometes sqae, ma ve we have bee the desie to icde sfficiet wate soces withi the cicit(ps. 2, 84). O the east side of the Kae, fo istace, the ie of the wa appeas ot to foow the most defesibeie of the Kae itsef, bt a cose fathe to the east, which potects the spigs at the base of the Kae withi thedefeses.

1

1 Fo a ecet oveview of Tavim, see Stobe ad Gebe 2000.

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2 SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS FROM KERKENES, TURKEY

MODERN ADMINISTRATION

Kekees fas i the Distict of Sog withi the Povice of yozgat. The site is state ad with gazig ightsegisteed i the ame of Şahmatı Kö, whee the ecavatio hose, the depot, ad the Kekees Eco-Cete aeocated. reseach is caied ot de the tems of pemits issed aa b the Geea Diectoate of Ctaresoces ad Msems. Specia fids have bee deposited i the yozgat Msem whie std mateia is hosedi the Kekees depot ad aboato.

MODERN NAMES OF KERKENES

I Tkish, “Kekees” is a bid of pe, sometimes efeig to a Egptia vte ( Neophron percnopterus),

bt sa to the lesse Kesta (Falco naumanni). Mode maps show Kekees o Kekeez Haabei, meaig“Kekees is.” Howeve the wod “kekees” ca aso have the meaig of “poo” i the sese of beig bae.The Kae, o caste, o the acopois is sometimes show as Kekavs Kae.2 This appellation does not appear to

have a specific histoica associatios. Some maps abe the othe tip of the cit Bç, meaig towe. Theseames, ad thei eaie vaiats, wee thoogh eamied b Bitte (1960–61). It is ot thoght that a of theseames ae of sigificace with espect to the aciet cit.

TrEnCHES: TErMS AnD nOTATIOnI 1928, Eich Schmidt ecavated fotee test teches iside the cit ad i the ecopois to the west.3 The

oigia mbes desigated to the teches have bee etaied, athogh the ae ow efeed to as Schmidt TestTeches 1–14.4 Whe additioa Test Teches wee dg i 1996, the meica seies was eteded. B 2004,thee wee eeve ew Test Teches (15–25). I 1999 ad 2000, the tems of the pemit aowed fo the ceaaceof stoe bbe. Iitia ceaace at the easte ed of the Paatia Compe (p. 3) was divided ito discete aeasfo the ppose of ecodig, these aeas beig temed Ceaace Teches. Whe, i 2000, a ecavatio pemitwas gated to M. Msa Özca, the the Diecto of the yozgat Msem, fo a pogam of coaboative eseach,some of the Ceaace Teches wee f ecavated withot the omecate beig chaged. Whe a ecavatiopemit was gated fo a seies of majo campaigs begiig i 2002, a ew seqece of Teches was iitiated(p. 4). Sice 2002, ew Teches (Trs) ad Test Teches (TTs) have bee ecavated. Test Tech ad Techmbes seqetia accodig to the ode i which the ae beg.

OVErVIEW OF THE IrOn AGE CITy

KErKEnES AS A nEW FOunDATIOn

The cit was a ew fodatio. Whethe o ot Kekees Da is to be idetified with the Hitti te Mot Daha,ad egadess of what Hittite ct istaatios ma ie bied beeath o have bee obiteated b Io Age stc-tes ad teaces, it is safe to sa thee was o ba settemet at the site befoe the fodatio of the Io Agecit.5 no secod-mieim B.C. potte o objects have eve bee fod at Kekees. Te eas of etesive aditesive emote sesig, empoig baoo photogaph, cose coto diffeetia GPS sve, ad a vaietof geophsica methods have show that the majo steets ad ma of the ba bocks wee aid ot o aftethe ie of the cit defeses ad the positio of each of the cit gates had bee decided po (ps. 2, 84).6 There

ae good easos to thik that mch of the ba pa, togethe with the itea divisio of ba space, fomeda itega pat of the pocess of fodig the cit. Ideed it is had to imagie that it cod have bee othewise,eve if ma ess desiabe potios of ba space, sch as steep sopes ad mash aeas, wee eft ope i theiitia phase of estabishmet.

2 Fo the Kae, see Smmes 2001.3 Schmidt 1929, bt Teches 04 ad 05 ae icoect paced. Opate 84, the ae i the ight ocatio.4 Some Schmidt Test Teches wee e-ecavated i 1996; these aeidicated o pate 84.

5 Fo cofictig views o the Hittite geogaph, see Ge 1995 adGo 2005. Both schoas ae coect, fo easos cea set ot bGe, i pacig Zippaada i the geea egio of the Ei Öz SBasi athe tha at Aaca Hök.6 Fo a oveview of the methods, see Batig ad Smmes 2002.

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3

urBAn MOrPHOlOGy

The cit was potected b a seve kiomete cicit of soid stoe was pieced b seve stog gates. Theewas a high ad bae acopois, the Kae, ow cowed b the emais of a Bzatie caste, a paatia compewithi a zoe of pbic bidigs o the high sothe idge, waed ba compods that ehibit some of thechaacteistics of cetaized paig, a sophisticated sstem of wate coectio ad distibtio, ad a etwokof steets.7 Thee is a etama tempe at Kaabaş, abot 650 m de oth of the othemost tip of the cit. 8

SHOrT lIFE OF THE CITy

The cit, despite its size, stegth, ad gade, was o i eistece fo a shot time. This cea cocsioca be demostated b the ests of geophsica sve. Amost the etie ba space was sveed with a f-gate gadiomete, whie the owe pat of the cit was sveed b meas of esistivit. The combiatio of thesemethods podced image of emakabe cait. The high visibiit of sbsface emais is i pat de to theack of emats of ode stctes beeath those that wee stadig at the time of the destctio. It is te thatthe cit was a cotia bidig site; evidece fo the gada fiig of space withi oe ba bock, which edto iceasig cowded stctes, is disceibe i mch of the ceta aea. yet, thee seems awas to have beesfficiet space fo the eectio of ew bidigs withot the eed to esot to demoitio of the od. Ecavatiosi the owe pat of the cit have doe othig to ate this picte of a sige bidig peiod with “hoizota

statificatio.”9

The oe (kow) eceptio to this picte is at the easte ed of what we have itepeted as beig the PaatiaCompe (ps. 3–5). Hee, a ea massive stcte, icdig a pai of massive stoe towe-ike eemets sp-poted b a stoe gacis of a obvios defesive ate (Stcte A), was epaced b a mometa pogamof paatia bidig, pat of which ivoved majo modificatios to ad patia demoitio of the pima schemeso as to iset a mometa etace eadig to what is thoght to have bee a adiece ha. That thee shodhave bee adica ateatios to pbic bidigs o sch a impessive scae withi a sma mbe of eas eedoccasio o spise whe compaed to Sadis, whee it appeas that a the phases of t massive ldia foti-ficatios wee sqeezed ito ess tha sevet eas.10 The site of Kekees ma ot have asted oge. Whie aeaie estimate of ess tha fot eas was based o the (icoect) assmptio that the defeses ad mch of thecit was fiished at the time of the destctio, etedig the ife of the cit to as mch as oe hded easmight be eqa mistake. Athogh discssio of the egth of time that eapsed betwee the fodatio ad the

destctio of the cit has o diect beaig o the absote date of eithe evet, it does have impotat impicatioswith egad to the cicmstaces of the fodatio ad the idetit of the fodig powe.

Fthemoe, thee was o additio to the oigia mbe of seve cit gates, eve thogh thee was o oeopeig, the West Gate, i the 2.5 kiomete og weste wa. Had the cit bee i eistece fo ma geea-tios, it cod be epected that secoda gates wod have bee iseted i this og, weste stetch of defeseso as to povide ess esticted access to the gazig ad ad pehaps to ochads ad vieads.11

Fia, eithe the sma amot of potte o the few atifacts that have bee ecoveed ths fa ae ico-sistet with a fai bief occpatio coveig itte moe tha the fist haf of the sith cet B.C.12 In general,

the foms ad fiishes of Io Age potte at Kekees cose esembe mateia fom the og Midde Phgiapeiod at Godio. The Kekees ceamics fa betwee the ed of the Aişa IV paited taditio ad the spead of(ecogizabe) Achaemeid shapes, pacig it withi the seveth ad sith ceties B.C. Tighte datig of cetaAatoia Io Age ceamics is ot et possibe.13

7 GIS Taspotatio modes at Kekees wee the sbject of a doc-toa thesis b Batig (2004).8 Fo Kaabaş, see Smmes et a. 1996: 226–33, with fig. 1, ps. 25,39–40.9 Fo iteim epots o the ests of geophsica sve i the ce-ta aea of the owe potio of the cit, see Smmes, Smmes, adBatig 2004b; Smmes ad Smmes 2006.10 Fo Sadis, see Cahi ad Ko 2005: 609.11 Steep peeia wate coses ad spigs o the sopes oppositethe weste side of the cit have ties of bakside stoage esevoisthat wee cotempoaeos with the Io Age cit. Pehaps desiged

fo stock-beedig, especia of hoses, athe tha agicte, theipesece demostates the se of agicta esoces b the cit.12 Thee is o we-dated seqece of ecavated “Midde” Io Agepotte fom ceta Aatoia cet avaiabe, athogh the e-empa wok of Hema Gez has povided a eceet fame-wok based o the disjoited statigaphic ad ceamic evidece fomBoazkae (Gez 2004).13 Sampes of potte fom Kekees ae beig eamied b PeteGave, lisa Keahofe, ad Be Mash as pat of thei wide-agigAatoia Io Age Ceamics Poject (http://aia.e.ed.a/).

DISCOVERY OF SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS

oi.uchicago.edu




DESTruCTIOn By FIrE

Whethe the cit was take b foce o had capitated withot offeig esistace is kow. no evidece of afight has come to ight, bt o oe cit gate, the Cappadocia Gate, has bee ivestigated so fa. I a evet, sometime afte its capte the cit appeas to have bee sstematica ooted ad its majo bidigs pt to the toch. 14

Immediate afte the big bt befoe ai had washed chacoa fom the gacis face, the etie seve kiometecicit of stoe defeses was thow dow. Foowig this deiab hostie act, the cit was abadoed. The act

of thowig dow the defeses, theeb edeig them seess to a fte caimat to the site, was i itsef adetakig eqiig commad of ot icosideabe mapowe ad ogaizatio. It is aso a se idicatio thatthe coqeig powe had ot the itetio to sta ad e, bt to desto ad move awa.

IDEnTIFICATIOn WITH PTErIA

It seems easoabe to sggest that the aciet ame of this site, the agest-kow pe-Heeistic cit iAatoia, wod occ somewhee i the aciet ecods. If this pesmptio has vaidit, thee appeas to be btoe cadidate, ad that is the pace that Heodots cas Pteia.15 This eqatio was fist peceived b S. Pzewoski(1929), the agmets moe f set ot b Geoffe D. Smmes (1997), ad teta evidece sbjected to detaiedscti b Chistophe Tpi (2004). Thee is o case to epeat o ampif those agmets hee; sffice it tosa that the stog agmets i favo of idetifig Kekees with Pteia deped o the destctio beig i some

wa coected with evets sodig the Batte of Pteia foght betwee the foces of Cs the Geat of Pesiaad those of Koisos, Kig of ldia, aod the midde of the sith cet B.C.16 This wod have take pace afew weeks befoe the capte of the ldia capita Sadis, fo which a date i the 540s seems high pobabe.17

noe of the discoveies made so fa at Kekees ae icompatibe with a mid-sith cet B.C. date fo thedestctio ad abadomet. It is aticipated that dedochooog wi eveta cofim dates i the fist hafof the sith cet o, jst possib, sight eaie fo the costctio of bidigs. 18

ExCAVATIOnS AT THE PAlATIAl COMPlEx:COnTExT OF THE SCulPTurE AnD InSCrIPTIOnS

OVErVIEW OF STruCTurES AT THE EASTErn EnD OF THEPALATIAL COMPLEX

Ecavatios at the easte ed of what has bee temed the Paatia Compe wee boght to a sccessfcocsio i 2005 (ps. 4–6a). A miimm of thee majo stcta phases, each of which etaied a sbstatiaemodeig of this pbic ed of the compe, have bee idetified. I ode to povide a iteim cotet fo thescpte ad isciptios, a bief oveview is offeed hee.

The eaiest phase idetified is compised of a high stoe-faced gacis sppotig a pai of ta towe-ikebidigs (Stcte A) o eithe side of a boad ecess. I both costctio techiqes ad mateias, as we asachitecta cocept, this ea phase is echoed b the cit defeses, patica as eveaed b ecavatio ofwhat we have temed the Cappadocia Gate. It is pobabe that Stctes C ad D wee both eected dig thisfist phase.

I a majo adaptatio of this fotified momet, the gacis was ct thogh o both the othe ad sothe

sides. At the oth, a og east–west boda wa to the Paatia Compe was bit, whie o the sothe sidethe oigia stoe-paved etace was coveed b the costctio of the teaced Stcte B. It was dig this

14 The geomagetic image appeas to show that majo bidigswee deibeate toched athe tha destoed b a fie sweepigacoss the cit fom oe o moe cetes. The evidece sggests thatbidigs wee ceaed ot befoe the fie sice, so fa, o sigs ofhied fight have bee fod.15 It is te that the aciet ame of Midas Cit, to take bt oe e-ampe, is kow. O the othe had, if the dates of the fodatio,ad coseqet of the destctio, ae to be aised sigificat it

might be epected that some metio of the cit at Kekees wod beecogizabe i neo-Assia ecods fom the time of Midas.16 A vome of fia epots wi cotai a detaied discssio of thehistoica ad cta settig of the cit.17 Most ecet discssed i Cahi ad Ko 2005: 605–08.18 See The Aegea Dedochoog Poject (http://www.ats.coe.ed/dedo/2002ews/2002adp.htm). We ae deep idebted to PeteKihom fo his sppot ad ecoagemet.

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5

phase that the Adiece Ha appeas to have bee bit ad the stoe pavig, with cea visibe aigmets ofedgig stoes o settig ies, was eteded o a aigmet (sight soth of west) eadig diect towad thewide ceta doowa of the ateoom. The Adiece Ha is a ve age bidig that was coveed b a pitched oofof thatch, o possib woode shiges, the aftes of which wee sppoted b two ows of stot woode comsestig o amost cidica sadstoe bases that stood abot 1 m ta ad wee pehaps amost 1 m i diamete.19

The chooogica eatioship betwee this pbic ha ad the Asha Bidig that a o its othe side hasot bee detemied statigaphica, bt mateias ad costctio techiqes wod sggest that the Adiece

Ha was pt p fist.20 That the Adiece Ha ad the stoe pavig that ed p to its boad doowa pe-date thebidig of the Mometa Etace i the et ad fia phase of costctio is pove b the aigmet of thesettig ies i the pavemet.21

The fia phase, ad the oe that most coces s hee, was the costctio of the Mometa Etace(p. 4). A pai of age aised patfoms o eithe side of a ope, 10 m wide, stoe-paved passage wee bit ofgaite, sadstoe, ad imestoe, with each ta cose divided b age hoizota timbes. I peimia epotsad pbicatios these patfoms wee temed “towes,” bt it has become cea that the wee oofed patfomspobab edged with age semi-icoic epesetatios, which appea as thogh the ma have bee ceeatios.22

At the top of the icied fowad sectio of the pavig thee appeas to have stood a geat woode facade cotai-ig wide dobe-eafed doos (ps. 6b–7a). It is possibe that betwee the patfoms thee was some kid of aisedwakwa behid the ppe pat of the woode facade. At the ea was a secod timbe facade of simia desig adpopotios to the fist (p. 7b). Betwee the two facades was, as ecostcted, a ectaga-paved aea with aoom o eithe side. Feestadig eemets withi this etace icde pais of sqae sadstoe com bases,oe set i fom the fot ad oe at the back, with shaow cica ecesses betwee 80 ad 85 cm i diamete(ps. 7a, 8–10a). A pai of ectaga sadstoe piths, o the sothe of which has svived ate distbace,wee embedded i the pavig immediate i fot of the fist woode facade (p. 7a). Thee is o evidece as towhat oigia stood o these piths. At the ea, agaist the achitave i the facade ad facig the AdieceHa, a aicoic gaite stee stood i fot of a sqae “ibatio hoe.” The smmet of the etie achitectascheme is sch that a ecavated secod stee, stadig agaist the achitave o the soth side of the doowa,ca be cofidet estoed o the pa (p. 4).

Somewhee i the Mometa Etace, pehaps o the sothe patfom fom which the wee thowdow, stood scpted sadstoe pieces, oe of which was iscibed. These icded a state of a hma fige (cat.o. 1), cica 1 m i height, which was appaet smashed befoe the fie ad scatteed acoss the gaite pavig,whee some fagmets wee high bt whie othes escaped the effect of the tmtos fie (ps. 6b, 10b–11a).The same fate befe a iscibed ad scpted momet beaig paeo-Phgia isciptios (cat. o. 3), a mti-faceted o stepped sab with a ecessed top (cat. o. 11), ad a stoe sab embeished with egaged bostes (cat.o. 12). Thee is o cea idicatio as to whee these pieces wee paced withi the etace, bt it is diffict tosee how a cod have stood diect o the icied pavig. Some o a might have bee set p o oe o both ofthe fakig patfoms. The distibtio of the few fagmets fod estig i the bt debis o the pavig makeit ike that a of the scpted pieces wee associated with the coms o the stoe piths.23

POST-DESTruCTIOn DISTurBAnCE

log afte the fie ad the abadomet of the cit, pobab i the ea Bzatie peiod if a amost mitcoditio Jstiiaic coi is a gide, thee was ve cosideabe obbig of the Mometa Etace. A seiesof agged, sometimes oveappig o itecoected, pits wee dg (p. 11b). The positios ad etet of thesedistbaces efect itefeece b tease htes athe tha stoe obbes. The discove of a aima homade of a thick god sheet wapped aod a wood fom,24 as we as the thee-qates ife-size hidqates of

19 These com bases wee obbed, bt sfficiet fagmets of oebase wee ecoveed i 2003 fo the sight cocave pofie ad theappoimate size to be ecostcted.20 Fo a peimia epot o the Asha Bidig, see Stoach adSmmes 2003.21 Settig ies ae ows of pavig stoes aid ot i staight ies todemacate the edge of a aea of pavig.

22 Fo peimia otice, see Smmes, Smmes, ad Batig2006.23 Detaied docmetatio wi be peseted i the fia ecavatioepot.24 http://kekees.met.ed.t/kek2/16imfies/photos/2005dp/ 05dpc1819.htm.

DISCOVERY OF SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS

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two opposed ibe ct ot fom sheet boze (Smmes, Smmes, ad Stoach 2002: 11–12) that wee affied,pehaps, to a pedimet, povide a hit of what spedos might have bee take.

Ma of the fagmets of the iscibed ad scpted momet, most of the state, ad othe caved fagmetswee ecoveed fom the fi of these obbe pits. The etet of the obbig was ot f eaized at fist ad eveoce the te ate of the distbed fi of the etace passage was destood it poved eteme diffict totace accate the edges of the ate cts. This diffict aose becase the ootes had scabbed aod deeathage bocks ad aso becase the seem to have patia backfied as the poceeded. The ve oose ate of

the pit fis ad aso of the bt debis ito which the pits wee dg added to the difficties, as did coces fothe safet fo wokme ad staff dig ecavatio.

SCulPTED AnD InSCrIBED SAnDSTOnE AnDRELATED FRAGMENTS

SurVIVAl AnD rECOVEry OF THE FrAGMEnTS

The itesit of the fie was sch that both gaite ad sadstoe had sometimes vitified, demostatigthat tempeates highe tha eight hded degees, ad pehaps eceedig oe thosad degees Cesis, wee

attaied. Some caved fagmets have bee patia vitified whie othe bits that appea to have come fom theiscibed momet ae so meted that thei oigia shape is ow ecogizabe. yet moe fagmets wee totadestoed b the heat. The task of medig was made eve moe diffict b the ateatio of sface tete adfie-idced coo chage, which ested i ed fagmets joiig back oes.

The sadstoe that was seected b the scptos has a ata tedec to facte both aog ad acoss bed-dig paes. Oe est of this was that eief cavig ad iscibed, aised bodes have sheaed off the coe bock.The coe bock was ot ecoveed, pehaps becase it was shatteed ito ecogizabe pieces o it ve possibstood o the sothe patfom with the est that o a few scpted ad iscibed fagmets sheaed off adcame dow oto the pavemet. Whateve the ocatio, it is cetai that the post-destctio obbig ested ifthe damage ad oss. As fo the ecove of what svived, it ca be caimed with cofidece that o sigifi-cat fagmets wee missed give the cae ad attetio with which the debis wee soted thogh i the coseof ecavatio, this beig demostated b the sma size of sevea ecoveed fagmets.

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CATALOGThe cataog docmets thee kids of fids fom the Mometa Etace to the Paatia Compe at Kekees

Da©: scpte, associated achitecta eemets, ad fagmets of the Phgia isciptio. These ae peseted ithee diffeet sectios. The fist sectio is a cataog of the scpte (cat. os. 1–10), witte b Catheie Dacott.The secod sectio cataogs achitecta eemets, which ma beog to a base associated with the scpte (cat.os. 11–12), witte b Geoffe Smmes. The thid sectio of the cataog pesets the fagmets of the Phgiaisciptio (cat. os. 13–20), which a aod the edges of a bock decoated with eief cavigs; this thid sec-tio was compied b Catheie Dacott afte Cade Bihe’s docmetatio. It shod be oted that the eiefscptes fom the bock have bee cataoged togethe as cat. o. 3, whie the pats of the isciptio fom thesame bock have bee cataoged sepaate as cat. os. 13–20 i ode to peset the tet as a discete eemet. Isome cases, fagmets fom this bock ca both eief cavig ad sectios of the isciptio, i which case thehave bee assiged two cataog mbes, oe fo the scpte ad oe fo the isciptio; these ae cosideedsepaate eemets, athogh of cose it is ot fogotte that the ae both itega to the same momet. Sch isthe case with cat. os. 3.3 ad 15, as we as 3.1 ad 18.

The thee sectios of the cataog a icde a itodctio, which epais the geea ate of the fids adsome detais of thei ecodig. Cataog eties i a thee sectios foow the same basic fomat: fo each etthee is a foesectio with iveto mbes, efeeces to pates ad a thmbai istatio of the item i qes-tio, foowed b a desciptio with detais of dimesios, fidspot, coditio, ad mateias, ad cocdig witha discssio. Beod this, the sectios diffe i some espects, efectig the ate of the fids ad pioities ofthe diffeet athos. Catheie Dacott’s scpte sectio icdes i-depth discssio of the items withi thecataog eties as we as a fia smma with commeta. Geoffe Smmes’ cataog of the achitecta piecesis ecessai biefe ad cocdes with discssio of a potetia ecostctio of the scpted ad iscibedmomet. The isciptio sectio icdes cocise cataog eties o each fagmet, foowig the same cataogfomat, with tasiteatio ad bief epaatio of the wods evideced o the fagmets i the discssio pat ofthe eties. This fia cataog sectio is foowed b Cade Bihe’s commeta o the isciptios. This com-meta is a smma of the pevios etesive docmetatio pbished i Kadmos (Bihe ad Smmes 2006).Fia, thee is a smma of the tet i Tkish, tasated b G. Bike yazıcıo©.

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SCulPTurE (CAT. nOS. 1–10)C ATHERINE M. D RAYCOTT

INTRODUCTION

Scpte fod i the Mometa Etace to the Paatia Compe compises both age stata i the

od ad sma eiefs, most of the atte fom a bock which caied Phgia isciptios o fames aog itsedges. A wee caved fom sadstoe of vaig desities, the isciptios ad sma eiefs fom a fie-gaiedstoe ad the age states fom dese, coase-gaied stoe. noe peseved a taces of pait. The stataicdes a stadig, daped hma fige hodig a od-ike object (cat. o. 1) ad a io, epeseted b a agefagmet of a head with a iea, chevo mae patte (cat. o. 2). The eiefs adoig the iscibed bock (cat.o. 3.1–44) icde hma- o giffi-headed geie figes, beasts sch as ios, a wiged s-disk, ad vegetaeemets. Othe misceaeos fagmets icde eiefs (cat. os. 4–8) eated to, bt ot ecessai beogigto, the iscibed bock; the bottom potio of a state of a bid of pe, jst de ife-size (cat. o. 9); ad pat ofwhat ma have bee a age scae eief i a dese, coase sadstoe (cat. o. 10).

A the scptes wee fod smashed ad scatteed thogh the deep bbe fi i the same aea of theMometa Etace, coveed b Teches 11, 14, 16, ad 17 (p. 3). Most of the eiefs ad isciptios weefod i the sothe pat of Tech 11 ad i Tech 16. A few idivida fagmets wee fod fathe afied,

i Teches 14, highe p i the etace, ad Tech 17. The ife-size hma fige was cofied to Teches 16ad 17, et to the soth towe. Fagmets fom both sets of scpte wee fod thoghot the fi of ate ob-be pits, bt a mbe wee aso fod i the owest aes jst above the pavemet, withi the destctio ae,cofimig that thei destctio was cotempoa with that of the etace. Datig the scptes based o steca o be povisioa, bt based o the basic eative chooogies of neo-Hittite ad Phgia scptes (bothof which ae cotested aeas), the scptes ca be paced i the seveth o sith ceties B.C. The ma possibbeog to the sith cet based o Geoffe D. Smmes’ poposa that the beog to a peiod of eovatio atthe etace shot befoe it was destoed ca. 547 B.C.

The oigia mbe of momets epeseted ad thei dispa cotets withi the etace ae diffictto disce de to the mied scatteig of the fagmets. I geea it is possibe to sa that the momets weeeected eithe betwee the two patfoms, o pehaps eve o top of the sothe oe. A o most of the eemetscod have beoged to oe momet, eithe the eief-caved bock o eve the io sevig as a base fo the

hma fige, ad the bid of pe feet beogig with that state. Howeve, the cod aso epeset discetemomets, which wod make at east fo scptes at the gate. Feates that sggest potetia eatioships aefthe discssed i the cataog eties.

The scptes fom the Mometa Etace of the Paatia Compe at Kekees epeset a sigificatadditio to the sma cops of scpte fom Io Age ceta Aatoia. Cotempoa with the eaiest mo-meta Geek scpte, the ea Kbee figes fom Phgia, possib the othostats i neo-Hittite ste fomea Akaa, ad itte ivo ad sive figes fom Ephesos ad the Baıdı Tmi i Emaı, the Kekeesgop evideces a eated visa cte bt with tota epected eemets. 25 The state of the hma figewith which this cataog stats is pehaps the most statig, epesetig as it does a tpe of fige itte kowi Phgia at so fa, bt which eates to eaie image fom sotheaste Aatoia. The iqe fom of thisad the othe scptes wi pa a impotat oe i evaatig the ambitios ad affiities of the occpats atKekees, ad aso i the wide eamiatio of oveaps, cotiities, ad boowigs betwee nea Easte ad

Phgia visa ctes.26

25 Specific compaada ae efeeced i detai i the cataog eties.Fo a geea oveview of some of the bette-kow cotempoascptes, see Boadma 1991; idem 2000: 85–99; Gimo 1978;Işık 2003; Kaakasi 2004; Özge ad Özge 1988; Pao 1987.

26 The eatioship betwee Phgia ad neo-Hittite at has oftebee commeted o ad has bee etesive discssed i a seies ofpapes b l roe (1999a, 2002, 2005, 2006). See aso Işık 1986,1987; Pao 1987; Kep 2004.

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InVEnTOry nuMBErS AnD nOTATIOn In THE CATAlOG

Two sepaate tpes of iveto mbes ae give i the cataog: “Site Iveto nmbes” (those begiig with a“K”, e.g., K03.167) ad “Ideticatio nmbes,” which ae those assiged to ds ad fagmets dig the iitia e-codig pocess, ecodig ifomatio abot the ea, tech, it, mateia, ad d mbe. Fo eampe, Ideticationmbe 04Tr11u08st01 meas 2004, Tech 11, uit 8, stoe object 1. It shod be oted that some jois betweefagmets wee fod ve ea i the stages of pocessig, i which case o oe Ideticatio nmbe was assiged

to the joiig fagmets. Sch joiig fagmets with oe Ideticatio nmbe i few cases wee fod i diffeetuits of the same Tech. The its epeseted wee peseved i ecods ad idicated i the desciptios i the cata-og eties. As a coseqece, the desciptios i the cataog eties ma ecod moe compisig fagmets ad Techuits tha ae epeseted b the isted Ideticatio nmbes.

Site Iveto nmbes, o “K” mbes, ae assiged to momets athe tha idivida fagmets. Hece, amomet with oe Site Iveto nmbe, sch as the sadstoe iscibed bock (K03.168) ma compise ma fag-mets that have Ideticatio nmbes assiged at a eaie stage of ds pocessig. Site Iveto nmbes ecodthe ea i which the mbe was assiged foowig the “K” (e.g. K04.182 = a mbe assiged i 2004). The mbefoowig the peiod is the iveto mbe. These iveto mbes ae issed cosective fo a sigicat dsfom Kekees dig the peset campaig; the ae ot eset to 1 at the begiig of each ea.

The state of a daped ge (cat. o. 1), the fagmet of io head (cat. o. 2), the iscibed bock with eief cav-ig (cat. o. 3), taos of a peched apto (cat. o. 9), ad the f estoed boste sab (cat. o. 12) wi each eveta

eceive yozgat Msem egistatio mbes whe the ae eteed ito the Msem Defte (e of acqisitios).

nOTE On OrGAnIZATIOn OF TExT

The discssio sectio of the et o the ife-size hma fige state (cat. o. 1) has bee sb-dividedito vaios pats to ease eadig. The cocdig pat of that et additioa icdes ists of neo-Hittite adPhgia states which fom the cosest compaada fo the Kekees fige. The eief-caved ad iscibed bock(cat. o. 3) is cataoged as a sige item, with a iitia discssio of the whoe object, icdig its ecostctio,foowed b sbeties o the idivida fagmets (cat. o. 3.1–44), which icde detais petaiig to the ide-tificatio of the vaios eief eemets ad compaada. That et eds with a discssio of the compaada fothe whoe scpted bock. The pesetatio of the scpte is cocded with smma emaks o the sigificaceof the scpte fo the visa cte of the Io Age cit o Kekees Da.

CATALOG: SCULPTURE (CAT. NOS. 1–10)

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STATuAry (CAT. nOS. 1–2)

1. STATuE OF DrAPED FIGurE

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K04.182 PLATES: 12–26, 66, 74, 83, 85–90

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: — PHOTOGRAPHS: 05dpcs0543, 05dpcs0548, 05dpcs1004, 05dpcs1008, 05dpcs1011, 05dpcs1016, 05dpcs1013, 05dpcs1019, 05dpcs1021, 05dpcs1108, 05dpcs1113, 05dpcs1307, 05dpcs1408, 06dpcj1033, 06dpk0101–07, 06dpk0109, 06dpk0111, 06dpk0116, 06dpk0223

DESCRIPTION

State peseved i ove iet cohesive fagmets. Tota height:1.015 m; height of head (top to bottom of chi): 24.5 cm; width of face:13.5 cm; height of toso: 58.0 cm; height of skit: 41.0 cm; height of atti-bte shaft: 38.0 cm; appoimate diamete of skit at bottom: 30 cm.

Fod dig ecavatios i 2004 ad 2005, jst et to the soth

patfom i the Mometa Etace. The majoit of the fagmets weefod i 2004, distibted thogh a ea Bzatie obbe’s pit (dated ba folles of Jstiia) i Tech 16.27 Additioa fagmets, icdig the eftside of the face, wee fod i 2005 i Tech 17, jst beow ad to the eastof Tech 16. The fagmets hee wee fod i the heavi bt destc-tio ae jst above the pavemet, beow bocks which had tmbed dowfom the soth patfom (ps. 4, 10b). The cotet idicates that the stateoigia stood i the passage, ea the oth wa of the soth patfom ifot o top of the patfom. It was topped dig the destctio, with patsbeig ate thow p ito obbe pits.

Svivig fagmets mease betwee 18 cm high (agest) ad 5 cmhigh (smaest). Most of the fagmets joi, aowig fo ecostctio of

mch of the fige. Thee ae some fagmets fo which jois have ot beefod, bt which cetai beog to the state (p. 26). The eassembedfige (ps. 14–18) is ow o dispa i yozgat Msem. 28 Majo fagmets fom the sides of the toso, icdigthe etie eft am ad shode, the midde pat of the bet ight am, the owe back, ad the back of the ightshode ae missig. Smae fagmets ae aso missig fom the bow, ose, ight side, ad back of the head adskit. The ppe ed of the object the fige caies is boke. Of the facia feates, both ees, fots of the cheeks,ad the ight coe of the moth svive. Taces of the eas svive o both sides of the head. O the ight side, patof a obe svives (ps. 23a, 87). O the eft, the otie of the ppe pat of the ea is peseved (p. 24b). Tacesof the hai ae peseved i the back ad o the top of the head, ad sma patches ae peseved o the sides. Thesfaces of the sides of the face, moth, ad chi as we as the fige’s etat ight had ae damaged. A gogehas bee take ot of the ppe eft side of the chest (p. 22a). Sfaces of othe fagmets ae geea we pe-seved, with ow eves of eosio. Some fagmets, sch as the eft side of the face fod i the destctio ae,

ae fagie de to the spittig of the stoe estig fom fie damage. The ed sfaces o othe fagmets fodi ppe eves ma aso have ested fom heat bt cod be the est of post-depositioa staiig. That it is otpigmet is show b the fact that it is fod o boke as we as fiished sfaces.

27 Coppe ao folles of Jstiia, A.D. 560/61 mited at Atioch, 3.4cm i diamete (K04.170), ow i yozgat Msem.28 uti 2008 the state was peseved i two mai sectios ad otempoai joied i 2006 whe photogaphs wee take. Whe thedawigs wee made, i 2005, the two sectios wee ot joied ad the

joi of ski t ad toso wee estimated, es tig i mio d isc epa-cies betwee the dawigs ad the photogaphs. Measemets takeafte istaatio of the state i yozgat Msem fod its height tobe 1.015 m, jst sight tae tha the iitia measemet of 99 cm,made whe the state was i two pieces.

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11

The fige was caved fom oe bock of coase-gaied, specked ga sadstoe. The foms wee ct with achise, detais shaow-caved, ad the sfaces the poished so that o too maks ae evidet o the sfaces. Thefige evidet was attached to a fthe owe eemet, eithe a etesio of the skit o a pedesta; the bottomis eve fiished with a poit chise ad a sbstatia vetica socket (5.0 ≈ 7.0 cm ad 13.5 cm deep) is ct itothe bottom cete (ps. 13, 20). The iteio sfaces of the socket show chopp, shot, fat chise maks (p. 20a).The size of the hoe sggests that it was eithe made to eceive a stoe teo fom a owe eemet, o pehaps awoode dowe (cf. Bett Gossma 2003: 98). The se of woode dowes ad camps is evideced i emais of

wood fom camp cttigs i bidig bocks fom the Mometa Etace. Aothe aow, tapeig chae (4.0≈ 4.0 cm at the otside ad 9.5 cm og) was ct diagoa dow thogh the ight ea side of the skit to a ppecoe of the age dowe hoe (ps. 13, 16–17). The most ike se of the chae is fo poig i a adhesive tosece the dowe joi. Oe mateia sed fo this ppose i atiqit was ead oide (Adam 1966: 80–82). Poosof mote ead wee fod i the fi ea the state ad jst de the chae ae dips of a sbstace ow eowwith coosio, which cod be ead. Howeve, thee ae o taces of ead eithe withi the chae o the dowehoe that wod cofim the se of ead fo fiig the state. Othe sbstaces sed as adhesives wee wa, esi,ad ges made fom aima emais (Bett Gossma 2003: 4–5). no pg which might have fied the eteioof the adhesive chae was fod.

Sice most of the dawig ad photogaph of the state was competed i 2006, eight sma fagmets wee added.The ae: oe age fagmet added to the back of the state’s ight shode (icded i p. 89); oe fagmet to the ightof the etat had; oe fagmet a cope of iches beow the wist, at the owe edge of the toso sectio of the state;ad si fagmets to the ight side of the waist as o ae ookig at the state (fo to the owe edge of the toso sectioad two to the ppe edge of the “skit” sectio). noe of the ew jois chages the ovea impessio ad itepetatioof the piece.

The state was take to the yozgat Msem i thee sectios, skit, toso, ad head ad shodes, which wee as-sembed i the dispa case. To sppot the weight of the ppe toso sectio, a stee amate was iseted thogh theskit sectio, which is hoow de to the oigia dowe hoe ad missig pieces of the skit sectio’s coe. A coseva-tio ad estoatio meases ae evesibe.

DISCUSSION

The state epesets a cothed fige — most ike a e o deit — hodig a od-ike object. It is ife-size;athogh 1 m high, this is de to a missig owe eemet. The size ad popotios of the head ad toso matchthose of a aveage hma. The fige is show stadig motioess, facig fowad. The modeig ad foms ae

simpe, with itte pasticit ad shaow detais. The gede is ot emphatica aticated, thogh the ikeihoodis that the fige is mae, as discssed beow.

The fige is show beadess ad with shode egth hai which s back ove the head i a ibbed pat-te ad temiates aog the back of the eck i a sige ow of spia cs. The dess compises a pai ppegamet, the coa of which is visibe at the eck (p. 22a), ad a skit with vetica ibbig. Thee ae taces of acff o baceet aod the etat ight wist of the fige (p. 22b). The chest is fat with o attempt to aticatebeasts. The ight am is show bet, the had pessed agaist the chest, gaspig the owe pat of the od object,which is hed p agaist the chest ad s p agaist the ight side of the eck jst behid the ea. The od tapestowad the bottom ad the ppe pat beds sight ove the shode ad towad the head. It is show decoatedwith thee ega spaced bads, each 4.0 cm i width, withi which thee ae fthe bads 1.4 cm wide. Theeft am is boke. Its potetia positios ae discssed beow.

Body Form and Face DetailsI tems of face ad bod ste, the fige is show pmp, with a od face, weak chi, shot eck, ad steep

sopig shodes. This, togethe with a sight fowad tit of the ppe bod, esses the appeaace of stiffessthat the fota pose othewise coves. The vome of the toso is edeed simp, the stcte of the imbs be-ig we obseved i geea, bt with itte emphasis o the pasticit of msces. The ees ae shaow caved adshow age, wide set, ad wide ope. The moth is sma, thi ipped, ad ted p ito a wam smie.

It is fotate that the ose is boke becase its shape wod hep to idicate bod tpe pefeeces. Whetheit was moe hooked, ike the oses show i Assia ad Achaemeid eiefs, og ad poited, eve beak ikethe oses of some Hitti te eief figes o Daedaic-ste Geek figes, o a smae, ode ose, ike those showi Egptia ad sith-cet B.C. Ioia states, wod make a sbstatia diffeece to the appeaace of the


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fige. What does emai of the ose of the Kekees fige is a cvig beak ie aog the bottom of the osead a ve sma pat of a oigia sface jst above that cvig ie, o the ight side (ps. 19, 21a, 22a, 88).This sma sface is ve fat bt has a ti aised sectio o the ight edge. The feates ma beog to the vecoe of a osti ad a ve shaow-caved ie sface of a osti.

ufotate, cotempoa Kbee states, which povide good paaes i tems of othe aspects of theface, ted to be of imited hep i ecostctig the ose of the Kekees state sice most of thei oses ae com-pete boke. The best idicatios ae fod i the oses of the figes i a gop of Kbee ad two msicias

fom Boazkae, ow i Akaa (p. 76a).29 The bottom of the ose of the ceta Kbee fige appeas to havebee show staight acoss athe tha cved. The ose of the itte aist o the eft side of the Kbee fige ispeseved ad this has a sight cve at the base of the ostis. The whoe ose is show as staight ad poited,with a deep ad wide oot betwee the bows ad shaow caved ostis. The ose of the Kekees fige codhave bee show with a simia shape, bt with a moe pooced cve of the bottom of the ose ad wide(thogh shaowe caved) ostis. Sch shaow-caved ostis ae paaeed i mch smae figes sch as aitte ivo fige of a woma hodig a Phgia tpe bow, fod at Ephesos.30 The ose of that fige is showas smae ad ess poited tha that of the Boazkae aist, thogh.

Hairstyle

The hai was cea show faig back ove the head i ibs, with eight sai-she cs, a spiaig i acockwise diectio acoss the shodes (ps. 16b, 25b, 89–90). At the bow, the temia poits of the ibs of

hai ae boke. The ma aso have eded i spia cs, bt if so, the wee show mch smae tha those atthe back of the head. Simia cs aog the bow ae fod o figes depicted i neo-Hittite ad achaic Geekscpte, athogh i the fome case cs aod the bow ae sa show as temiatig igets athe thaas staight ibs of hai. The ibs of hai ig ove the head of the Kekees fige ae best paaeed i achaicGeek kooi, whee figes most ofte ed bt, athe tha i cs.31

The otie of the ea o the eft side of the head (p. 24) idicates that the eas wee eposed. O the eft sideof the head, as we, thee ae taces of a “chevo”-ike patte, whee the ibs of hai sweepig back ove thehead met those faig dow the back of the head at a age (p. 24b). Thee ae aso chiseed, shap ight-agedsteps behid the ea (p. 24b) that sggest a ack of cae abot fie esotio i this aea. Geea, the, the haiappeas to have bee show ped back ove the top of the head, pehaps i baids; the hai o the sides ad othe back of the head comes togethe as a ight-aged meetig poit. A paae fo this kid of sotio is see iibbig, this time o a skit, o a neo-Hittite gave stee showig a seated woma i Aeppo.32

The emais of shaow, cvig edges with smoothed sfaces svive at each tempe (ps. 19, 21, 25a). Thepobab epeset aeas of fie hai at the tempes, show cea whe hai is ped back tight off the face.Somethig simia ca be see o a head of a sight smae fige fom Godio (p. 77c), athogh withot theibbed patte of the hai. Agai, a simia mak ca be see o a head o a eaie cica fagmet fom a neo-Hittite eief i Akaa, thogh that mak cod aso be a etesio of the eebow. 33 The other alternative is that

the maks wee pats of attibtes that ae ow obsced. The o ea paae wod be the cvig hos ofteshow o epesetatios of deities ad sometimes o es i nea Easte at, bt eve whee these ae showi ow eief, the ae sa attached to a headdess, ad thee is o evidece of a headdess i the case of theKekees fige. Thee is a mio possibiit that the smoothed bits cod beog to a headbad of the kid seeo a heo attackig a io o a god pate said to be fom Ziwie, ow i the love, bt this seems ike.34

Costume

The fige was iitia thoght to be weaig a bet, bt it is ow cea that the ppe gamet is smooth tothe edge of the ibbed skit, with o taces of a bet. This is high sa, sice most Io Age states of figesi og skits o desses ae beted.

29 Fo the Boazkae gop, see Bitte 1963; Pao 1987: 202,cat. 7.30 Ephesos ivo fige, ca. 580 B.C., Istab Achaeoogica Msem,height 10.7 cm (Akga 2000: 70, 37a–b; Boadma 1980: 89, fig.90).31 I geea o Geek kooi, see richte 1960.32 limestoe stee i Aeppo Msem 6542, kow poveace,725–700 B.C., height 54 cm (Boatz 2000: 18, C 15, p. 10).

33 Fagmet of a iscibed stee with head of beadess mae fomAdava, fome i nide Msem, ow i Akaa, AatoiaCiviizatios Msem, ith o eighth cet B.C., basat, diamete36 cm (Ao 1998: 346, A84 ad 410, B112, ps. 2, 70; Akaa MsemGide 1998: 142, fig. 229; Othma 1971: 480, Adava 1).34 Fo the god paqe, Pais, love, see Akga 1968: 168, p. 47.

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13

It is ot cea whethe the shit had og seeves. A cff-ike detai o the etat ight wist (p. 22b) codepeset jewe ad the shit ma the have bee shot-seeved ike those ofte see i neo-Hittite figes (p.75a–b). Sice the ppe ams of the fige ae boke, howeve, this is ot possibe to ascetai.

Beow, the skit is coma i fom ad i cotast with the pai shit is decoated with vetica cove-moded ibs, the effect beig the evese of the ftig o a Doic com. Thogh the ibbig is caef caved,thee ae otabe iegaities i the ovea shape, impatig a impessio of ieegace. Thee is a poocedfae at the back of the skit, which is cea itetioa. It is sight off cete. This cod be de to a attempt

to depict the fige i a wakig pose, simia to Geek kooi. Howeve, the sa habit wod be to show oe egadvaced as we ad oe might theefoe epect a coespodig fae at the fot of the Kekees fige’s skit.The fae of the skit ma the coespod with the og, taiig skits see wo b kigs ad goddesses i someHittite eiefs, sch as the goddesses i the Hittite Empie eiefs at yazııkaa (whose feet ae show potdigfom beow the fot of the hems).

Lower Section Attachment

The impied egth of the fige’s skit is ot cea. As peseved, the height of the toso is ot of popotioto the height of the eg sectio. The dowe hoe i the bottom of the skit shows that it was attached to aotheeemet. It cod feasib have bee attached diect to a base (cf. Çiekö state, p. 18, o. 4). Oe sggestiois that it was attached to a soce, which smoted the eief-caved ad iscibed bock (cat. o. 3) ad bostesab (cat. o. 12). See pp. 65–66 ad p. 66.

Aothe possibiit is that thee was aothe pat of the state showig the owe pat of the egs. This ma havebee i the fom of a owe sectio of skit with feet show potdig beow the hem (cf. p. 78b–c). It was otedabove that the fae at the back of the skit cod idicate a attempt to show a og taiig skit, ad a owe skitsectio cod cotie ad agmet sch a effect. Othewise, the state ma have bee attached to a base sectiowith scpted feet ad a vetica, backig sppot sab behid the feet (cf. p. 75), the dowe iseted ito a hoe ithe top of the feet/akes. This optio is ess ike, sice the skit as peseved wod the epeset amost the fegth of the egs, sti makig them shot i compaiso to the toso. As we, athogh neo-Hittite mometastates ae ofte show with feet ad akes eposed o a ow soce with a sppotig backig eemet, these feetsectios ae awas itega to the state, ot made sepaate ad attached.

I geea, piecig togethe pats of a state made fom sepaate bocks sig socket ad teo o dowes isae. I neo-Hittite stata, socket ad teo jois wee sed to joi whoe states (with thei feet ad soces)to age, decoative bases, bt i those cases, a stoe teo teds to be fod o the bottom of the state ad the

socket i the base.35 no poig hoes fo adhesives ae attested. Piecig with adhesives is moe ofte attested iattachmets of potdig imbs sch as ams of achaic Geek koai.36 Thee is oe eampe of a mabe koe fomthe Atheia Acopois beig pieced at the kees.37 Despite its ait, this ma aso have bee a sotio adoptedfo the Kekees fige — a techiqe pehaps ecessitated b a shotage of stoe of sitabe dimesios.

Potential Position of the Left Arm and Hand (see ecostctio, p. 74)

The eft am was ot smmetica to the ight am sice thee ae o taces of the had o the chest of the fig-e. It was aso ot hed staight dow b the fige’s side becase i that case thee wod be taces of the hado the side of the skit. The sfaces of the fagmets of the skit o the eft side ae we peseved ad thee aeo taces of a had (p. 15). This idicates that the am was show bet ad that the foeam was kept o the eftside of the bod. The pose is geea famiia fom states of mae figes i neo-Hittite scpte. It ma eithehave bee pessed agaist the side with the had attached to the toso, as the hads of a mometa e state

fom Zicii (ps. 75a, 83e) appea to have bee show (the ae ow boke off), o the had ma have potdedfowad, as is the case with the ight had of the mometa state fom Maata (p. 83f). Thee ae some scp-te fagmets fo which jois have ot bee fod, ad these cod feasib beog to a eteded eft had adwist. The simpe cavig techiqes of the state make it ess ike that the whoe foeam eteded ot fom thetoso. This is the case i some sith-cet B.C. Geek koai states, patica those fom Attica, bt as otedaead, thei ams wee feqet caved sepaate ad attached with a meta dowe. 38

35 Fo eampe, the mometa state of the stom god fom Kaatepe;see Colossal Statues, o. 5, beow.36 Eampes i Boadma 1991. See aso fo joiig i geea, BettGossma (2003: 59).

37 Koe Acopois Msem 682 (Adam 1966: 86–89, ps. 36–37; Paead yog 1936: 27, ps. 40–41; Schade, lagotz, ad Schchhadt1939: 86–89, ps. 53–56).38 See meos eampes of pieced ams i Boadma 1991.


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The eft had ma have bee show ceched ito a fist with the thmb hed fowad — a positio ofte seei Hittite ad neo-Hittite eiefs — o it ma have bee show hodig somethig, as is the case with the mo-meta fige fom Maata (p. 83f). That fige hods a cp-scepte. A ateative possibiit fo the Kekeesfige is that it cod have bee show hodig a bid. The sadstoe of the sma bid state (cat. o. 9) is of atete simia to that of the hma fige ad the size wod ot pecde its beig a attibte hed b the state.Thee ae eampes of eaie Hittite figes ad cotempoa Phgia figes show hodig bids.39 Howeve,the sma bid feet wee fod i Tech 14, some distace fom the state fagmets (see cat. o. 9 fo fthe

discssio). Aothe possibiit is that the fige was show hodig a ibatio bow — a object which Mata isshowig hodig i some Phgia eiefs (e.g., p. 76c).

Attribute Held in the Right Hand (see ecostctio, p. 74)

The most impotat feate fo the idetificatio of the sbject is the od-ike attibte the fige is showgaspig i its ight had. The object is hed cose to the chest ad eteds p behid the fige’s ea, pessedagaist the head. The ppemost pat is boke.

At fist gace the object esembes a og swath of hai bod b thee igs. A sige og ock of hai issometimes show etedig fom behid the eas of figes.40 Howeve, the ae sa ot as og ad staightas the object show i fot of the chest o the Kekees fige. The moe pasibe epaatio is that the objectepesets a staff o weapo. Give the egth of the shaft (38 cm) ad the mae i which it is hed ove theshode, the attibte is most ike a weapo sch as a a o mace. Howeve, it is diffict to caif what tpe of

weapo it is fom the emais. A taces of a temia oamet, if thee was oe, have bee obiteated. The ohits abot the shape of the ppe pat of the od ae give b taces of the sface of hai ad the ea bodeig it;behid the top of the od shaft, thee ae some ve sma taces of the ibbed patte of the hai ad emats ofa temia c of the hai whee it eds above the shode (ps. 12a, 23, 87, 90). Befoe the ppe pat of the odshaft, thee ae emais of the fige’s ight ea. The deside of the obe is peseved. Jst above this, thee aetaces of a woked sface whee the ea ad the shaft of the od meet (ps. 23a, 87). The sface shows that thefot of the od had a sight cove cved sface at this poit.

These taces idicate that the od shaft eteded p to at east the eve of the midde of the ea. It is ot ceawhethe a eemet pojected fom the side of the od beod this poit. A moe ike possibiit is that a widecowig eemet sch as a mace-head was show sight highe p, attached to fagmets of the head which aeow missig (as ecostcted, p. 74).41

I stata, sch weapos ae sa. neo-Hittite states of es ad deities sa show the figes hodig

og staffs that each the god, athe tha shote istmets hed ove the shode. The cosest paaes aefod i thee neo-Hittite states of ess tha ife-size, which Domiik Boatz has goped as his tpe 3 (2000).Two of these ae headess states of maes show hodig ve simia hades, athogh i those cases ove theeft shodes (ps. 75c–d, 83c). neithe has bee f pbished, ad it is diffict to see a detais of the topsof the istmets, which ma be damaged. I oe case, the hade is show with a distictive cve, simia tothat of the Kekees state’s istmet. The othe state of Boatz’s tpe 3 (p. 83d) does show the ed of theistmet, bt thee it is a cook-ike stick of a tpe sometimes see i Hittite eiefs, which is ot the same asthe Kekees fige’s attibte.

39 Hittite steatite eief showig fige hodig a bid ad a cved“cook” fom ea Aaca Hök, 1500–1300 B.C., height 6.3 cm,

Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem (Akga 1962: p. 47, bot-tom; Akaa Msem Gide 1998: 137, fig. 221). Aso a itte god“ttea god” figie fom Aaca Hök i the Çom Msem isshow hodig both bid ad “cook.”

neo-Hittite eampes:• A eief of a ttea deit hodig a bid of pe fom Ktepe,

ith cet B.C., Kasei Achaeoogica Msem ivetombe 1, ga basat, height 90 cm (Ao 1998: cat. B133, p.93; idem 2003a: p. 14; Othma 1971: 518, p. 38b).

• Aothe fige hodig a bid show befoe a seated femae o agave stee fom Maaş, basat oigia ow ost, cast i Bei,Vodeasiatische Msem, height 81 cm (Othma 1971: 525,B/9, p. 45e).

• Attedat fige i a othostat eief fom the MometaEtace at Sakçegöz, ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios

Msem iveto mbe 10118, 750–700 B.C., basat, height85 cm (Othma 1971: 531, Sakçegöz A/8, p. 50b).

See othe eampes of Phgia figes hodig bids i Pao 1987.40 Fo eampe, a stee showig a lamassu depicted i Back ad Gee1992: 115, fig. 92. Compae aso the two smmetica ocks of twistedhai o a itte ivo ma ad io gop fom Dephi (hee p. 78d);Dephi Msem, 700–650 B.C.(?), height 24 cm (Boadma 1980: 63with moe efeeces).41 note votive mace-heads ad emais of staffs at a shie of the IoAge at Boazkae (Bea 1963: 40–43, figs. 6–8).

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15

A wide age of od-ike attibtes ae show hed b figes i neo-Hittite eiefs (athe tha states), i-cdig maces ad aes hed ove the shode ike the Kekees fige’s attibte. Howeve, the weapos show ithese eiefs cotai few paaes fo the distictive cve ad the bads (se fees stegtheig the hade).I tems of the fees, thee cod be taces of simia badig o pats of mace hades show hed b the kigad paace officias i othostat eiefs fom Cachemish, ad i oe case a mace hade cetai has a simiatapeig fom.42 Oe of the gods show i the othostat eiefs fom Maata hods a mace which aso has possibetaces of fees, bt agai, sface damage makes it diffict to be cetai.43 Thee ae cetai fees bacig

the woode hade of a medieva mace i the Ataa Msem coectio.44

The cve of the hade is ve ike the est of the scpto eedig to cave the eemet egaged to thebod of the state. Maces ae sa show with staight hades. It is te, howeve, that aes ca sometimes beshow with deibeate cvig hades. The hade of a a hed b oe of the figes i the Maata eiefs hasa ve sight cve, bt the best eampe, thogh eaie, is the hade of the a show hed b the god Šamacaved o the so-caed Kig’s Gate at Boazkae.45

Othe impemets with cved shafts ad hades kow fom eiefs ad states ae woth otig, athogh thediffe fom the istmet the Kekees fige is show hodig. A cook-ike object has aead bee metioed.The kalmuš o “its” — the og staff with a cig ed ofte show hed b oas i Hittite eiefs — is cvedbt obvios qite diffeet i fom.46 Othe cved od-ike objects that ae cose to the Kekees fige’s ist-met icde a cb-ike weapo with a cvig ed, ofte show hed aoft, i smitig geste i eiefs.47 This

object is aso show hed agaist the shode b figes fom Te Haaf (e.g., p. 75b).48 I that case, howeve, theed of the object is cea show o the fige’s shodes, ad thee is o idicatio of badig o the hadesof these istmets. A simia, bt oge datig staff is show i some eiefs, sch as those fom Zicii. 49

It is sometimes hed ove the shode, athogh agai, I am ot awae of a eampes with badig.

Gender

Thee ae cofictig idicatios of the gede of the Kekees fige, bt the weight of evidece fas othe side of it beig a epesetatio of a mae. Fist, whateve the specific idetit of the attibte the Kekeesfige is show caig, it geea fas ito the catego of smbos of powe, sa see hed b mae -es ad gods. The haiste is aso moe commo fo figes of maes. Thee ae some eceptioa depictios ofgoddesses with weapos ad compaabe haistes. Fo istace, the wa goddess eqated with Ishta ad aotheidetified goddess i the othostat eiefs fom Maata hod weapos — the atte a a ove he shode.50

The Maata fige is aso show with a ibbed haiste that is simia to that of the Kekees fige, ad thee is

a case of a simia haiste show i a epesetatio of Ishta as we (thee the goddess show with a high poosheaddess).51 These istaces of simiaities i scptes of femaes ae ae, howeve, ad the Kekees fige

42 See i patica the mace caied b a attedat show i oeof the eiefs fom the roa Bttess, Cachemish, ow i Akaa,Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 9663, eighthcet B.C., basat, height 1.05 m (Akga 1962: p. 119; AkaaMsem Gide 1998: 149, fig. 238; Othma 1971: 509–10,Kakemis G/4, p. 31d).43 Othostat eief fom the lio Gate at Asatepe, Maata, showigKig PuGnuS-mi-i offeig ibatios to diviities, ow i Akaa,Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 12254, ithcet B.C.(?), basat, height 46 cm (Akga 1962: p. 104, top;

Othma 1971: 520, Maata A/6, ps. 40a, 75b).44 The mace was pesoa see b the atho i the AtaaMsem’s dispa bt is ot icded i the Msem’s pbishedcataog.45 Šama eief, fom Boazkae, ow i Akaa, AatoiaCiviizatios Msem, thiteeth cet B.C., imestoe, height 2 m(Akga 1962: ps. 64–65).46 O the “its,” see Othma 1971: 290–94.47 Fo eampe, fod i a othostat eief fom Asatepe eaMaata, ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem ivetombe 55, ith cet B.C.(?), imestoe, height 81 cm (Othma1971: 521–22, Maata A/11, ps. 41f, 75a). Othe eampes i the o-thostat eiefs fom Zicii, ow i Bei, Vodeasiatische Msem

iveto mbe VA 2655, ith cet B.C., basat, height 1.20 m(Othma 1971: 542, Zicii B/25, p. 60a). A mbe of eampesae show i eiefs fom Te Haaf (Oppeheim 1931; Othma1971, Te Haaf A3/1, p. 11a, Te Haaf Ba/5, p. 12e).48 Figes fom Te Haaf, icdig the two mae caatid figesfom the Hiai that wee i Bei wee destoed dig Wod WaII (Akga 1968: 90–91, fig. 46, p. 23a; idem 2001: 242, fig. 50;Oppeheim 1931: 114–16, Bc4–5, ps. 130–35). Aothe stateof a mae deit(?) fom Te Haaf, eighth cet B.C.(?), AdaaAchaeoogica Msem, basat, height 1 m (Akga 1968: 92, p. 24;

Oppeheim 1931: C2, p. 149).49 Fo eampe, two othostats fom Zicii ow i IstabAchaeoogica Msem iveto mbes 7778 ad 7719, ith ce-t B.C., basat, heights 1.15 m ad 1.19 m espective (Othma1971: 539, Zicii B/3–B/4, p. 57c–d).50 Fo Hittite ad neo-Hittite eiefs showig Ishta, see Othma1971: 271–74. Fige show at the fa ight of a othostat eief fomthe lio Gate at Maata, ow i Akaa, Aatoia CiviizatiosMsem iveto mbe 12253, ith cet B.C.(?), imestoe,height 47 cm (Akga 1962: p. 104 secod fom top; Othma 1971:520, Maata A/5a, p. 40b).51 Ti Basip Ishta stee, ow i Pais, love AO 11503, eighth ce-t B.C., basat, height 1.21 m (Amiet 1980: 399, fig. 552).


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seems to fa moe comfotab ito a neo-Hittite taditio of states of maes, especia sice thee has bee oeffot to show beasts at a.

O the othe had, some feates ae sa fo a mae, havig cose affiities with epesetatios of femaes.The ibbed skit is sa associated with femaes, both i neo-Hittite ad Phgia at. The ibbed skit is com-mo i depictios of Kbee o he woshippes, thogh the skits ae sa show with the hem daw p adtcked ito a bet, ad the shits ca aso be show ibbed (p. 76). Oe eceptio which is patica compaabeto the Kekees fige is a de eief fige, eithe Kbee o a vota, fom Mt-Cadiopois i Ciicia, whee

the skit has a ve simia coma shape ad decoatio (p. 77a). 52 A simia ibbed skit whee the hem is ottcked ito the waistbad is show o a fige sa take as a femae woshippe of Kbee, with bid ad bowattibtes, i a eief o oe side of a pia fom Mihaıççık i Phgia.53 A og, ibbed skit is aso show wo ba seated woma o a neo-Hittite eief fom Zicii.54 Thee, he shit is aso show pai ad she weas o bet.The og ibbed skit is pecia to femaes i the eaie ock-ct eiefs of deities at yazııkaa ad it is aso showi epesetatios of the neo-Hittite goddess Kbaba, sch as that o a eief fom Cachemish.55 Mae figes cabe show with og skits ad maes show i othostat eiefs fom Maata, ad gave eiefs fom Maaş ma beshow weaig ibbed skits de pai coaks, if it is ot figig aog the bottom of thei skits.56 Thee has beesome discssio abot the gede of itte figes fom Ephesos ad Baıdı; the Baıdı eampes ae show isimia skits, athogh beted (p. 79a).57 Howeve, as fa as I am awae, thee is o epesetatio of a fige thatis cetai mae i a f ibbed skit ike that show o the Kekees state. This does ot ecessai mea thatthe Kekees fige epesets a femae, bt that the costme is decided sa fo a mae.

The secod aspect of the state that might aise qestios abot gede is the ack of bead. A geat ma ofthe deities ad es show i nea Easte at ae show beaded ad this is cetai the om i stata, as faas the avaiabe evidece shows. I some Hittite eiefs, howeve, thee ae depictios of deities ad es withotbeads. Eampes ca be fod i Hittite Empie peiod eiefs fom yazııkaa, as we as ate neo-Hittite eiefssch as those fom Maata, Kaatepe, ad fom the roa Bttess at Cachemish.58 The ack of bead ma idicatethat the Kekees fige is to be idetified as a og ma, o at east ot a od ma.

Whethe the fige epesets a mota o a diviit emais cetai. The ack of headdess might sg-gest the fome sice i nea Easte at gods ae ve ofte show weaig headdesses with hos. This is otawas the case, howeve. Fo istace, the above-metioed goddess i the eiefs fom Maata seems ot to

52 reief fom Mt-Cadiopois, ow i Adaa Msem (fome E-demi Msem 1357), imestoe, 65.3 cm (Feische 1984: 86, fig. 1).53 reief caved bock fom Çaçıkö/Mihaıççık, ow i EskişehiAchaeoogica Msem A3.70, sith o fifth cet B.C.(?), tfa,height 98 cm, width 68 ≈ 53 cm (Sivas ad Sivas 2007, p. 288, wheethe fid pace is said to be Beki Kö; Pao 1987: 204, cat. 29,fig. 16 [o oe side with ide showig ad with vaiat dime-sios of the bock]). Thaks to S. Bedt-Esöz fo efeig me tothis eief.54 Stee associated with a tomb, fom the east wa of Hiai 1 atZicii, ow i Bei, Vodeasiatische Msem iveto mbeVA 2995, basat, eighth cet B.C., height 1.52 m (Akga 1962: p.130; Boatz 2000: 21, C 46, p. 17; Othma 1971: 549, Zicii K/2,p. 66d). Compae the skit wo b a woma o a neo-Hittite gaveeief fom Maaş, ow i Istab Achaeoogica Msem ivetombe 7785, eighth o seveth cet B.C., basat, height 58 cm

(Akga 1968: 123, p. 28; Boatz 2000: 22, C 60, p. 21; Othma1971: 527, Maas C/1, p. 47d). Aothe ibbed skit o a womashow sckig a ifat i a othostat eief fom the oth potaat Kaatepe, i sit, 700 B.C., basat, height 1.23 m (Akga 1962: p.150; Othma 1971: 490, Kaatepe A/6, p. 15e).55 Fo yazııkaa eiefs, i sit, see Akga 1962: ps. 74–87, espe-cia ps. 76–77, 79. Kbaba stee fom Cachemish, ow i lodo,Bitish Msem WA 125007, eighth cet B.C., basat, height 1.67 m(Othma 1971: 512, Kakemis K/1, p. 34e; Pao 1987: 43, fig.5a [dawig]).56 Fo eampe, the maes show i a othostat eief fom Maata,ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto m-be 12254, ith cet B.C.(?), imestoe, height 46 cm (Akga

1962: p. 104, especia top; Othma 1971: 520, Maata A/6, p.40a). Compae the “figig” aog the bottom of maes’ og skitsshow i a mbe of gave eiefs fom Maaş i Othma 1971:ps. 43–48.57 Fo figies fom Ephesos ad Baıdı i geea, see Işık 2003;Özge ad Özge 1988: 38, 190, mbe 41, iveto mbe11.21.87 (piest?); Özge, Öztk, ad Meik 1996: 26–27, espe-cia figs. 32 ad 34. Besides the sive fige istated hee o pate79a, thee is aothe ivo fige fom the Baıdı gop, which isve simia to the Ephesos fige (istated hee, p. 78b–c), eceptthat its dess is ibbed (Özge, Öztk, ad Meik 1996: 27, fig.32).58 Fo eampe the dewod gods show i Chambes A ad B atyazııkaa (Akga 1962: ps. 86–87, top). Othe eampes:

• Kig PuGnuS-mi-i is show beaded i othostat eiefs fomMaata, e.g., a eief fom the lio Gate, i Akaa, Aatoia

Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 55, ith cetB.C.(?), imestoe, height 81 cm (Akga 1962: p. 105 top;Othma 1971: 521–22, Maata A/11, ps. 41f, 75a).

• Both eget ad pice ae show beadess i a eief fomthe roa Bttess at Cachemish, ow i Akaa, AatoiaCiviizatios Msem iveto mbe 91 (the head i Pais,love AO 10829), eighth cet B.C., basat, height 1.10 m(Akga 1962: p. 121 [thee showig the head of the kig -ied]; Othma 1971: 510, Kakemis G/5, ps. 31e, 71e).

• The e Sawai is show beadess o a basat eief fomAdava, ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem (casti Istab), eighth cet B.C.(?), diamete 36 cm (Ao 1998:411, B112, p. 70; idem 2003a: 323–24, p. 21; Othma 1971:480, Adava 1).

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wea a headdess, ad it is cea whethe the stom god fom Kaatepe weas a hoed headdess (see o. 5 ofComparative Colossal Statues, beow). I geea, it is ackowedged that distigishig es ad deities cabe ve diffict (Ao 2003b). Aothe possibiit, that the fige epesets a moe geeic heo fige o ideamae — a thig of beat dedicated to the gods, ike Geek koos states — is made ess ike b the ack ofpecedets fo this kid of state beig set p i gatewas i ceta ad easte Aatoia.

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS

The evidece aid ot above idicates the geatest pobabiit is that the Kekees fige epesets a ew ve-sio of a od nea Easte ad Aatoia theme — the state of powef mae fige, e, o deit — set p ata impotat etacewa withi the cit. The sbject fids its cosest paaes i states of es ad gods fomneo-Hittite ad Assia cities, ma of which wee smashed dig cit sieges, o ese deibeate bied befoethe siege i ode to potect them (Ao 2003a: 322–24, 328–33; idem 2003b; Boatz 2000; Cois 2005; Othma1971: 287–97; ussishki 1989). I ode to bette sitate the Kekees fige, a povisioa ist of sch compaabestates that foow a commo foma, bt with vaiatios i dess ad facia feates, is povided hee.59

Comparative Colossal Statues (about 3 m high)

1. Mometa e state fom the lio Gate at Asatepe, Maata, ow i Akaa, Aatoia CiviizatiosMsem iveto mbe 12245, ith cet B.C.(?), imestoe, height 3.18 m (Akga 1962: ps.106–07; Boatz 2000: 14, 27, A13, p. 4; Othma 1971: 522, Maata A/12, p. 41d–e; ussishki 1989:

487). Hee, pate 83f.The fige is show beaded, weaig a ake-egth obe with a mate ove the ight shode, hed

b the eft had. The ight had hods a cp-scepte.

2. Mometa e state o dobe io base fod et to Bidig J at Zicii, ow i IstabAchaeoogica Msem iveto mbe 7768, ith cet B.C.(?), basat, height 2.5 m, 3.22 m withbase (Akga 1962: ps. 126–27; Boatz 2000: 14, A6, p. 2; Othma 1971: 545, Zicii E/1, p. 62c–e).Hee, pates 75a ad 83e.

The fige is show beaded, weaig a shi-egth obe with bet ad tasse, a swod sg thoghthe bet, ad hodig a og staff eachig the feet i the ight had. Both hads ae boke off bt appeato have bee caved egaged to the fot of the toso.

3. Fagmeta mometa e state o dobe io base fom ea the “roa Bttess,” Cachemish, basead fagmets ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 125, io head fom thebase i lodo, Bitish Msem WA 122138, state head i Pais, love AO 10828, ith cet B.C.(?),basat, height of head 42 cm (Ao 2003a: 328–29, p. 22b; Boatz 2000: 14, A7, p. 2 eft; Othma 1971:509, Kakemis F/17, p. 32a–b, d).

The peseved head i Pais shows that the fige is show beaded ad is stistica ve simia tothe coossa Zicii state, above. (Thee is aso aothe we-kow mometa seated fige o a dobeio base fom Cachemish; the state is ow destoed [Akga 1962: p. 109].)

4. Head ad shodes of a mometa state fod ea the soth gate of the ie citade of Cachemish.now ost, base i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 10960, ea eighth cetB.C., imestoe, height 85 cm peseved (Boatz 2000: 15, A 14, p. 4).

The fige was show beaded, weaig a tba. Compae the coossa Maata fige, above.

5. Mometa state of a stom god fom Kaatepe o dobe b base, i sit, basat, height 3.32 m (Çambe

1999: 20–23, ps. 32–51, fotispiece; Çambe ad Öza 2003: 114–15, ps. 218–20).The head ad face ae age ecostcted, showig a beaded ma with hai of jst above shode

egth. The fige is show weaig a dimetai caved obe which eds above the akes. His amsae show bet agaist the side of the toso, with the fists gaspig two objects which ae both ow boke:the object i the ight had oigia eteded beow the had ad ma have bee a staff of some kid.The object i the eft had potded above the had ad has some ow eief iea decoatio o bothsides (a ightig shaft/thdebot?).

59 This ist is iteded to povide a famewok fo fthe eseach. Itis ot compete; thee ae some pbished state pats i msemswhich beog hee, patica pats of smae neo-Hittite states.


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The poo pesevatio of the head meas a headdess is ow obsce. The ecostctio of thebow impies a decoative headdess of some kid, bt thee is o sggestio of the hoed cap sa fogods (see et).

6. Mometa state of a weathe god fom Geçi, ea Zicii, ow i Bei, Vodeasiatische Msemiveto mbe VA 2882, eighth cet B.C., basat, height 2.85 m (Othma 1971: 484, Geçi 1,p. 7d).

The fige is show beaded, weaig a hoed cap ad a ake-egth beted obe. The ams ae betad hed agaist the sides of the fige, bt the hads have boke off. The ees wee iaid.

7. Fagmet of a head attibted to a mometa e o deit state fom K i Taba, basat, height19 cm peseved (Ao 1998: 417, B 148, p. 102; idem 2003a: 332, p. 24; Othma 1971: 105–06, p. 40.2;Özgç 1971: 105–06).

The fagmet shows the fige was beaded ad that the ste of the face is ve simia to the statesfom Zicii ad Cachemish.

8. Aothe coossa headess state fom K (Ao 1998: 416, B 145, ps. 98–99; idem 2003a: 331, p. 23;Özgç 1971: 102–05).

The fige is show weaig a ake-egth obe with a figed mate ove oe shode (diffeetfom the Maata state’s mate, howeve), ad caspig hads togethe i fot of the waist.

9. See aso a fige show stadig bt with hads o thighs as if seated, fom ªAi at-Ta, ow i AeppoMsem iveto mbe 3774, eighth cet B.C., basat, height 2.14 m (Boatz 2000: 16, B 13,p. 7).

The fige is show beaded, weaig a kee-egth obe with tasseed bet ad swod.

Comparative Smaller Statues (less than 2 m high)

1. Headess state of a mae fom Taftaaz, i Aeppo Msem, ith cet B.C., basat, height 1.12 m(Boatz 2000: 14, A 10, p. 13). Hee, pates 75c ad 83c.

The fige is show hodig a od simia to that of the Kekees fige, ove its eft shode (discssedabove). The top of the od is boke.

2. Headess state of a mae fom Maaş, Maaş Msem 225, ith cet B.C., basat, height 1.08 m (Boatz2000: 14, A 11, p. 3). Hee, pate 75d.

like the Taftaaz fige, above, this headess fige is aso show hodig a od ove its eftshode.

3. State fom Taftaaz, i Aeppo, Aeppo Msem iveto mbe 4976, ith cet B.C., basat, height1.57 m (Boatz 2000: 14, A 9, p. 3). Hee, pate 83d.

The fige is show beaded, with a pai kee-egth obe ad sadas, hodig a cook-ike istmetagaist his chest ad a sma bow o cp i his ight. A baceet is show o his ight wist.

4. State of a stom god fom Çiekö, stadig o a iscibed base caved as a chaiot ped b two bs,ow i Adaa Msem, eighth cet B.C.(?), imestoe (the base is basat), height of fige 1.90 m(Teko et a. 2000: 961–67).60

The fige is show beaded, weaig a hoed cap ad a beted ake-egth obe. The obe is eitheibbed fom top to bottom, o a sepaate ibbed gamet decoated with ibbig is show coveig the tosodow to the thighs. He hods what appeas to be oe object i both hads, the idetit of which is cea

i the pbicatios so fa. Hoes idicate that a sepaate made object was attached at the hads as we.The ees ad eebows wee both iaid. The skit appeas to est o the base with o feet show.

5. life-size state of a e fom ªAi e Aab, ow i Aeppo Msem iveto mbe 5914, ith cetB.C.(?), basat, height 1.94 m (Boatz 2000: 13, A 1, p. 1; Othma 1971: 476, Ai e Aab 1, p. 4b).

This fige is show beaded, weaig a og obe with tasseed bet ad swod ad hodig a ogstaff (compae the coossa state fom Zicii, above).

60 I thak Saa Ao-Vajs fo efeig me to this fige.

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6. Headess, de ife-size state fom Maaş, ow i Maaş Msem iveto mbe 2215, 825–800 B.C.,

basat, height 1.40 m (Boatz 2000: 13, A 3, p. 1).Detais ae obsced b weatheig. The head is ost. The fige is show weaig a og obe ad

hodig a bae disceibe staff which eaches the feet.

7. legs of a de ife-size state fom the citade of Maaş, ow i Istab Achaeoogica Msem ive-to mbe 7772, ith cet B.C., gaite(?), height 89 cm peseved (Boatz 2000: 13, A 2, p. 1).

The fige is show weaig a og obe with tasseed bet ad hodig a og staff.8. Head ad toso of a amost ife-size state fod ea the Hök at Maata, ow i Akaa, Aatoia

Civiizatios Msem, 925–875 B.C.(?), imestoe (Boatz 2000: 13–14, A 4, p. 1).The fige is show ve chbb, beaded, weaig a og obe with tasseed bet ad badic, ad

hodig a og staff.

9. Head ad shodes of a ea ife-size state fom Cachemish fod i a deposit de the paace, eathe steps, ow i lodo, Bitish Msem (o iveto mbe), 925–875 B.C., basat, fiished (Boatz2000: 14, A 5, p. 1).

Detais ae obsce de to weatheig ad ack of fiish. Pobab beaded.

10. Head ad toso of a amost ife-size state of kow poveace, ow i Gaziatep Msem (o ive-to mbe), ith cet B.C., basat, height 61 cm peseved (Boatz 2000: 14, A 12, p. 3).

The fige is ve basic i fom. He is show beaded ad the ams appea to be hed staight dowb the sides.

11. Head fom a cose to ife-size state fom Maaş, ow i Istab Achaeoogica Msem iveto mbe9701, 925–875 B.C., basat (Boatz 2000: 15, A 15, p. 4).

The cavig is ve basic. The fige is show beaded, weaig a cap o tba.

The poste of the Kekees fige is compaabe to these figes i that the ae show with simia hchedshodes ad sa with bet ams hed et to the bod. The facia feates of a mbe of the figes ae asosimia i thei bgged, immed ees ad sma smie. A the figes whee heads ae peseved ae show beaded.The objects hed b the figes icde og staffs ad cp-sceptes (i oe case). Othe objects ae ofte diffictto disce de to damage. O i the cases of the fist two of the smae figes might the items be weapos thatae caied ove the shode. The costme of the Kekees fige aso diffes fom the neo-Hittite figes, whichsa ae show weaig beted obes, sometimes with a additioa tasse ad a swod, ad sometimes with a

additioa mate sg ove oe shode, bt eve a pai shit ad ibbed skit.I tems of techiqe ad ste, the Kekees fige fids some cose paaes with a smae set of cotem-

poa scptes fom Phgia teito, some of which wee aso eected at gates. The cops of states withithis Phgia gop is ess popos ad ess coheet tha those compisig the neo-Hittite gop. Most depictfemaes (Kbee o votaies). So fa, thee is o oe head which ma beog to a state of a mae, which is smaetha that of the Kekees fige:

1. Head of a mae(?) fige fom Godio, fom the fi de Foo 4 of the West Gate at the Citade Mod,ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem, 550 B.C.(?), imestoe, height 21 cm peseved (Pao1987: 201, cat. 6, p. 2c–e). Hee, pate 77c.

The haiste of the fige is cose to that of the itte msicias i the Boazkae Kbee gop (beow)ad the fige cod theefoe epeset a vota athe tha a athoit fige.

2. ude ife-size gop of Mata/Kbee ad two sma attedats paig aos ad kithaa fom Boazkae,ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem, sith cet B.C., imestoe, height 1.34 m with base(Bitte 1963; nama 1983: 295, cat. 223, p. 297.1; Pao 1987: 202, cat. 7, p. 3a–c). Hee, pates 76aad 83a.

The fige is show i a og ibbed skit with hem tcked ito a bet ad weaig a high poos. Thetoso is ackig ad has bee ecostcted.

3. Fagmeta imestoe, de ife-size fige fom Çavdaı Hök/Afokaahisa, Afo Msem E1940/4443 (Pao 1987: 201, cat. 4, o istatio).

4. Head ad toso of a de ife-size femae fige with poos, fom Cakö ea Aaş, ow ost, ed adesite(Pao 1987: 201, cat. 5, p. 2a–b).


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The fige is show with a ve ta, bbos, decoated poos, with a bobbed haiste ad a vei e-tedig ove the shodes ad back. She is show with a thi, cepe shit, pai skit, ad hodig a bowi oe had ad a bid i the othe. The face has bee most obsced b damage.

5. Head of Kbee o vota fom Samakö, ea Bo©azkae, ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem,550–500 B.C. (Pao’s date), sadstoe, height 38.4 cm (Pao 1987: 202, cat. 8, p. 3d–e). Hee, pate 77b.

The face is show with a smie ad shaow chi, simia to the Kekees fige, bt with hai i a

“bob” ad weaig a ta poos decoated with osettes. The ees wee iaid.6. Fagmets of a gop of thee states of femaes fom Midas Cit i the Phgia Highads, a dated to

the sith cet B.C. b Pao:a. legs of a state of a femae, Afo Msem iveto mbe 1857/72, tfa, height 1.13 m pe-

seved (Pao 1987: 201, cat. 1, p. 1a–c).b. lowe egs of a state of a femae with ibbed og skit ad meade hem, Istab Achaeoogica

Msem, imestoe, height 42 cm peseved (Pao 1987: 201, cat. 2, p. 1d–f).c. Fagmeta state, ow ost (Pao 1987: 201, cat. 3).

See aso:

7. Fom the Pamphia-Ciicia aea, a fagmet of the toso of a amost ife-size femae fige fod eaKoakesio, Aaa Msem iveto mbe 91, 600–550 B.C., imestoe, height 27.5 cm (Işık 1998).

The fige is show hodig a bid ad a bow ad weaig a pai chito with pipig aog the eckad seams o the ams.

8. A dobe io imestoe state base fod esed i a Heeistic pavemet at Godio, Godio Msem88-143, sith cet B.C., ate ect, height 22 cm, egth 73 cm, width 47.5 cm. Hee, pate 78a.

The base idicates a ow missig state fom Godio. The dobe io fomat ecas the neo-Hittitestate bases (cf. p. 75a), bt the ios o the Godio base have bee miseadig ect i a appaetpe-Heeistic secoda se; the faces wee caved o the chests of ios which wee oigia showcochig ad moe “Geek” i ste. The base ma have bee sed fo a Mata state athe tha a missigstate of a mae athoit fige ike the Kekees state.

As we as the states, thee ae a mbe of eiefs showig Kbee i simia fomat. Patica simia isa eief showig a fige sa idetified as Mata/Kbee fom Godio, which athogh fatte, shows simiaage, immed, bg-ees ad a smiig moth (p. 76c).61 That fige is show weaig a ta poos headdess ad a

og, ibbed dess, beted at the waist ad with the hem tcked ito the bet. Aothe eief fige that ma epesetKbee o a woshippe has bee oted above, ame, the eief fom Mt-Cadiopois i Ciicia, which shows aveied femae fige with a simia coma, ibbed skit (p. 77a).

Kbee is geea cosideed the Phgia descedat of the neo-Hittite goddess Kbaba ad he idos aecosideed to etai eemets of neo-Hittite scpta taditio, modified thogh the ifeces of Ioia o“Aegea” eam scpta stes of the sith cet B.C.62 Ma feates of the Phgia Kbee figes showcea simiaities ot o with the few neo-Hittite epesetatios of Kbaba, bt aso with the neo-Hittite statesof mae es ad gods isted above: bgged, immed ees; sma moths show smiig; shot ecks; ad amsbet ad pessed agaist thei sides. The sbject matte ad icoogaph is cea diffeet, howeve. The figes,most femaes, ae most ofte show weaig high poos headdesses, og gows beted at the waists, ad hod-ig bids ad bows athe tha staffs (ps. 76–77a).

Besides these pbic eected stoe states, the ovea ste of the Kekees fige aso ecas sma ivo

figes sch as those fom Baıdı ad Ephesos, og cosideed to be epesetative of a “achaic Aatoia”ste (ps. 78b–79a).63 I patica, a itte ivo “heo” fige fom Dephi (p. 78d) shows simiaities i ste,athogh the costme of that fige is qite diffeet.64

61 The facia feates ae diffict to disce i photogaphs.62 O Kbee i patica, besides Pao 1987, see aso Bedt-Esöz2003, 2006; Diakooff 1977; Işık 1986; nama 1983; rei 1996;roe 1994, 1999b. Fthe o the Ioia taits i Phgia Kbeestates, see Boadma 1980: 93–95; 1994: 25–27.

63 O Ephesos ad Baıdı figies, see foototes 30 ad 57.64 Fo Dephi ivo efeeces, see footote 40. Saa Ao-Vajskid poited ot to me simiaities i the esotio of the haisteof these two figes, especia the “chevo” pattes whee the haioveaps. See the photos i Amad 1944–45.

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These eatioships povide some idicatio of chooog. A ppe paamete is sggested b the fige’s e-atioship to the neo-Hittite e figes, taditioa dated to the ith o eighth ceties B.C. A owe paameteis sggested b the Phgia Kbee figes ad the itte figies, which ae taditioa dated to seveth (i thecase of the Dephi ivo) ad sith ceties B.C. The haiste is aso teig, fo thogh the cs o the shodesae see i nea Easte at (e.g., uatia ad neo-Hittite), sa moe tha oe ow of cs ae show. Theibbed haiste is show i few eiefs i nea Easte at ad is best paaeed i sith cet Geek kooi.This eed ot idicate that the Kekees fige post-dates the Geek states. Howeve, it might idicate that the

fige, ike the Kbee figes with the tcked-p skits esembig those of Ioia ste koai, beogs to the samegeea at histoica peiod — that is, the sith cet B.C.

I stistic espects, the Kekees fige ma be idiomatica “Aatoia,” eve “Phgia,” ad ike Kbeead he epesetatios, it ma be descibed as a descedat of a taditio that foished at neo-Hittite cities tothe sotheast abot a qate of a cet eaie, ad which appeas to have bee adopted cose to home, i theeighboig egio of Taba at that time if ot sight ate (Ao 1998). If coect idetified as a mae, the stateis oe of the fest epesetatios of a mae fige fom Io Age ceta Aatoia, beside the itte Boazkaemsicias, ad is the o epesetatio, so fa, of a mae athoit fige. The matte of whethe the state ep-esets e o deit emais esoved. Pehaps it epesets the “Cappadocia” kig metioed b xeophoas a cotempoa of Koisos (Kyropaedia 1.5.2). Bt it is aso possibe that the fige epesets a esivePhgia god.65 The iqe state is ths pivota to discssios abot socia ad atistic cocepts attibtabe tothe Phgia speakig peope of ceta Aatoia dig the ate seveth ad sith ceties B.C. ad the pace ofKekees withi this.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Smmes, Smmes, ad Batig 2004a: 2; Smmes ad Smmes 2004

2. FrAGMEnT FrOM HEAD OF lIOn STATuE

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K04.183 PLATES: 27, 91

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 04Tr16u00st01 PHOTOGRAPHS: 05dpk0112, 05dpcs1124

DESCRIPTION

Oe age wedge-shaped fagmet fom a head of a io fige.Height: 19.0 cm; width: 24.5 cm; thickess: 17.0 cm; depth of ea: 2.5 cmmaimm; depth of mae: 1.4 cm; width of ibs i mae patte: 1.4cm. Estimated height of io head: 35–40 cm. Estimated height of io ifstadig: 70 cm–1.0 m.

Fod i J 2004, o the sface of Tech 16 at the MometaEtace, with the woked sface facig dow. liches o the eposedsfaces idicate that the fagmet had bee o the sface fo a og time.It cod have bee obbed ot ad esed i oe of the sma tms bi-as coveed with simia sized ocks i the viciit.

The fagmet cosists of pat of the fot of the mae, a sma patof what ma be the foehead ad the ppe o owe haf of oe ea. The

fagmet has fo mai faces, oe of which is woked. The patte othe woked sface is we peseved, thogh with patches of weatheig ad discooatio. Thee ae two smaeboke patches at the top ad back of this face. The othe boke faces wee moe heavi coveed with iches.

The fagmet is caved fom heav ad coase-gaied, gaish sadstoe, simia to that sed fo the state(cat. o. 1). The cavig of the ibbig decoatig the mae is aso simia to that of the skit o the state. The ibsae cove with thick, icised ies dividig them. Thee is cea evidece of paig the mae patte; icisedgideies mak ot the fige at the fot of the mae ad staight ies i the mae, which wee the fied with

65 See the possibiit of a Phgia mae god “Ata” i Bedt-Esöz2004.


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the zigzag ibbig of the chevo mae patte. Jst i fot of the “ea,” o the gideie sepaatig the figead mae bod, ae the emais of a shaow hoe, which ma be a sma poit died ito the sface to gide theaot of the mae patte. Sch sma hoes ae visibe o a mbe of aciet mabe states, sch as o the topof the head of a io fom Didma ow i Istab.66

DISCUSSION

The fagmet is attibtabe to the head of a ife-size scpte of a io caved eithe i the od o i high

eief. The attibtio is based o the chevo patteig, which shod epeset a stized mae of a io. At oeed of the fagmet is a sma ecessed pojectio with a smoothed sface, which se beogs to a face. A ad-ditioa, pepedica bad of chevo patteig figes the edge of the mae, sepaatig it fom the face. Aogaothe edge is a haf paise-shaped eief fom with itea cotos, which is se pat of a ea.

The fagmet cod have beoged to a feestadig state o to a achitecta scpte sch as a potomeo pota io. Ma pota ios wee made with heads i the od ad thei bodies i eief o age bocks ofa gatewa (e.g., Akga 1968, 2001). A fagmet with a eief fom that cod be a io’s mp ad tai (cat. o.10) cod beog with this fagmet, ad if so, sggests that the Mometa Etace at Kekees was adoedwith pota ios i nea Easte/neo-Hittite fashio. I view of some of the simiaities betwee the state (cat.o. 1) ad neo-Hittite figes, ad betwee the sma eiefs (cat. o. 3) ad eiefs fom neo-Hittite sites sch asSakçegöz, pota ios ae a possibiit. Of the othe achitecta possibiities, potomes of io heads have beefod at Godio, as we as a othostat eief that shows the head of a io ted fota, i high eief.67 Of

the Godio othostat, the pat showig the pofie bod has most boke off.If the fagmet beoged to a feestadig io state, it cod have ested o the pith to the eft of the doos

at the Mometa Etace (p. 4), pefomig a simia gadia oe. lio states, ofte show ecmbet oseated, ae epeseted i sith-cet B.C. fids fom fathe west, i ldia ad the Aegea (Gabema 1965;Hafma ad ramage 1978; ratté 1989; Stocka 1977). Fia, a io fige cod aso have bee a sppot fo thestate, ike those sppotig figes of deities at Te Haaf, who ae show caig cb-ike weapos i a maesimia to the Kekees fige.68 Smae vesios of somethig simia ae epeseted i uatia fite oa-mets, whee the feet of the fige oveap the faks of the beasts o which the stad. 69 This kid of compositiomight epai the state’s beig made fom mtipe bocks of stoe, its owe haf pehaps beig itega with thebod of a io. Bases decoated with io scptes wee og sed fo Hittite ad neo-Hittite mometa statesof es ad/o deities, thogh i those cases with ios caved o eithe side of the podia. 70

usa i age-scae scpte is the patteig of the mae ad the fom of the eas. Chevo pattes ae

kow i paited epesetatios of io maes fom eab sites, sch as the atithetic ios show o a tea-cottaachitecta paqe fom Akaa, ad the patte is ofte sed o aimas — icdig a io mae — o potteof the midde Phgia peiod fom Godio.71 Somethig ike a chevo patte is aso fod o a epesetatioof a io o the god paqe fom Ziwie.72 The cosest paaes i tems of age-scae scpte ae the mcheaie mometa pota ios fom Hazo, showig the iea patteig of the mae ad fige, ad the ate

66 Head of a coossa io fom Didma, i Istab AchaeoogicaMsem iveto mbe 2186, 550–525 B.C., mabe, height 45 cm(Gabema 1965: 89, 120, o. 116, p. 24, 1–2; Tchet 1970: 97, cat.K 71, p. 70 [the hoes ae jst visibe at the top of the head show ithe bottom pate]).67 Poos white imestoe io potomes fod bit ito was of a

bidig of midde Phgia peiod o the citade of Godio, ow ithe Godio Msem, attibted to a Ea Phgia (pe-800 B.C.)

bidig, height abot 40 cm (Pao 1987: 202, cats. 13–14, ps. 4e,5a–b). Ea Phgia fagmet of a othostat i the same stoe, withpofie io, head show fota i high eief, fod i the foda-tios of the same midde Phgia peiod wa o the Godio citade,ow i Godio Msem, height 61.5 cm (Pao 1987: 49, 202, cat.11, p. 4a–c; Sams 1989; Kep 2004). O the Ea Phgia bidigad the chooog of Godio, see DeVies et a. 2003; Voigt 2005;Voigt ad Hedickso 2000: 48. I thak Ma Voigt ad G. KeethSams fo thei ifomatio o these achitecta io scptes. Thefeeig is that the ma have oigia beoged to a gatehose e-feed to as the Pochome Hose.

68 Thee basat “caatid” figes ecostcted fom fagmets fodea the Hiai etace at Te Haaf, two mae figes i Bei,oe o a io, oe o a b, both destoed dig Wod Wa II iBei ad oe femae fige o a io i Aeppo Msem, height2.73–2.93 m (Oppeheim 1931: 114–17, Bc 4 ad 6, ps. 130–35).69 Fo uatia fite oamets fom Topakkae, boze, sev-

eth cet B.C., oe i Pais, love, aothe i lodo, BitishMsem, see Akga 2001: 285–86, figs. 206–07, espective.70 G. D. Smmes is cet pepaig a atice o the Kaakız Köio bases. Fo neo-Hittite states, see those isted o pp. 17–19, ipatica, the states fom Cachemish, Zicii, ad Çiekö.71 Fo the Akaa tea-cotta paqe, Istab Achaeoogica Msemad Desde Kstsammge, ate sith cet B.C.(?), see Pao1987: 220–21, cat. 189, p. 36d. Fo the pot shed fom Godio, seePao (1987: p. 40a).72 Fo the Ziwie paqe, 700–650 B.C., Pais, love, see Akga1968: 168, p. 47.

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eief ios show o the side of the ate Boke lio Tomb (o yıa Taş) ea Afo, i the Phgia Highads,showig a moe imited heigboe patte o the fige.73 Most states of ios ad pota figes of ios havemaes with fame-ike o spia-ced ocks.

As fo the eas, the paise shape is oma, bt the cotos which seem to epeset the ie pats of the eaae ot paaeed i nea Easte ios, whee sa it is the eteio fod of the ea which is show. The eas ofios fom Mietos have taces of iteio cotos moe ike those of the Kekees fagmet, bt the positio ofthe eas diffes, the tips hagig dow passive, athe tha beig foded back i theateed feie mode. Othe

pota ios fom neo-Hittite sites have eas show picked p athe tha fatteed. The cofsig fom of the eaaso compods the pobems of estabishig the oietatio of the fagmet. Is it the owe o ppe pat of theea which is show? Is the fagmet of the “face” show pat of the bow o cheek of the beast?

Two factos povide o ogh chooogica gideies: fist, age-scae feie image at cit gates,sactaies, ad tombs is patica we epeseted i the peiod befoe ad p to the sith cet B.C. There

ae a mbe of sith-cet io figes fom ldia ad i the same peiod, feestadig ios ied the paths atsactaies sch as Didma ad Deos. I the nea East, pota ios ted to be eaie. The Kekees io seemsto fit ito this ve geea patte of the se of io image.

A moe sef aspect is the chevo patteig of the mae. The se of chevo patteig o aima figes isattested i potte fom Godio dated to the seveth cet B.C. ad i geea, geometic oamet is widespeadat this time. It shod be oted, howeve, that the tea-cotta paqes fom Akaa ad Pazaı, which se chevopatteig i the maes of ios ad bodies of othe ceates, ae thoght b some to post-date 550 B.C. (Smmes2006a). If Kekees was destoed abot 547 B.C., the this povides a temis ate qem fo this fagmet.

SUMMARY

Athogh mch emais kow abot the Kekees io, the fagmet povides impotat evidece thatage-scae feie image was empoed at the site, bigig it i ie with the visa pogams of othe majocities i the east ad west. Potetia simiaities with the decoatio of othe cities, i patica the gate ios ofneo-Hittite sites, is tempeed b the sa decoatio of the mae ad fomatio of the eas. The impessiosppots that sggested aso b the state, that at Kekees atisas famiia with othe mateias ad pehaps mak-ig smae potabe objects wee asked to t thei hads to mometa stoe scpte, epeimetatio beigpemissibe, ad ideed, ecessa.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Smmes, Smmes, ad Batig 2004a: 2, 7; Smmes ad Smmes 2004


73 Fo the Hazo ios, foteeth–thiteeth cet B.C., see Cabet1995: 2678. Fo the Boke lio Tomb, i sit, Köhş Vaenecopois, ea Afo, 475–450 B.C., see Haspes 1971: 129–33,136–38, figs. 141–56, 544; Pao 1987: 91–94, 205–06, cataog 36,

p. 13b–d; vo Ga 1999. note that ramsa estoed a simia chevopatteed fige o the ampat ios o the eaie ock-ct Phgiatomb of Asa Taş, jst et to yıa Taş, bt this is ot appaet othe acta momet (ramsa 1888: 368, fig. 10).

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SMAll rElIEFS (CAT. nOS. 3–8)

3. SMAll rElIEFS FrOM A BlOCK

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28–54a, 65–66, 94–95

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: — PHOTOGRAPHS: See Concordance

DESCRIPTION

The bock is eteme fagmeta (cat. o. 3.1–44), beigepeseted b ove fift sma fagmets fom the woked sfaceswhich it was possibe to idetif dig ecavatio, icdig e-ief caved, iscibed, ad pai sfaces. Sbseqet jois meathat the fagmets ow mbe fot-fo. Each fagmet is heecataoged sepaate with dimesios icded. The bock caotbe eassembed, bt at east two dimesios of the bock ca beestimated fom the peseved fagmets. Possibe height of bock,if two figes of 30 cm high each wee show de a wiged disk:60 cm. Width of face showig s-disk, assmig the s-disk wasceta positioed: 48–50 cm.

The fagmets wee fod thoghot the fi of theMometa Etace i Teches 11, 14, 16, ad 17 i 2003,2004, ad 2005. The majoit (fot-thee pieces) wee fod i2003, i the sothe pat of Tech 11, betwee the two patfoms.Of these, most came fom a aea of bt coapse above the pave-met, i which meos achitecta “bostes” as we as iostips, pehaps fom doos, wee fod. The fagmets i this itwee ot a diect o the pavemet, bt scatteed thogh the fi.Smae mbes of fagmets wee fod i highe eves.

The eief-caved ad iscibed fagmets epeset o moe tha oe-thid of the sfaces of the oigiabock. Fagmets age i size fom 39 ≈ 16 cm (ppe eft coe of a face with the wig of the wiged disk at-tached, cat. o. 3.1) to 3.5 cm og (fagmet with icised ies, cat. o. 3.38). Sevea fagmets of the edges of

the bock with the isciptio ae peseved, with the ppe eft coe of oe face (jst oted) estoed. Most ofthe isciptios ma beog to this face, whie some of the eief fagmets epeset faces othe tha this pi-cipe iscibed oe. The woked sfaces of the fagmets ae we peseved. The iscibed fames boke off theedges of the bock, whie the eief fagmets boke off the sface of the face of the bock. Ma appea to have“spg” off the sface ad have the appeaace of “cookie-ct” pieces. This sggests damage fom the iteseheat of the fie, which cased vaiatios i sface tesio; the eief-caved eemets etaied cohesio. Othebeaks thogh eief eemets cod have bee cased b vioet impact whe the momet topped. Bigi the etace was itese eogh to vitif stoe, icdig some pats of the eief fagmets. Othe fagmetscod have bee ost de to tota vitificatio.

The fagmets ae caved fom a fie-gaied eddish sadstoe, diffeet fom the coase-gaied sadstoeof the age figes. The eief is ow, 2.5 cm deep at most. The cavig is fie, with detais edeed i a cispiea fashio ad some imited pastic modeig of bod cotos. Fom the sampe coected, figes appea to

have bee edeed i pofie.

DISCUSSION

The meos fagmets of sma eiefs ad isciptios beog to at east oe decoated bock, which mahave had at east thee woked faces. Cade Bihe estoes a og isciptio ecotig the ames ad deedsof cetai peope, ig aod the fame o oe face, hecefoth the “fot” (cat. os. 13–20, pp. 67–70 adDiscssio o pp. 71–75; ps. 28, 65). Aothe shote dedicato isciptio is caied o the fame o the eftside of the bock (p. 72). The eiefs fied ecessed paes withi the fames.

Sevea factos sggest that the fagmets beoged to a sige pia-ike momet o pat of a base. I thefist pace, the fagmets of isciptio sggest we ae takig abot oe iscibed momet. Secod, the eief

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74 lio ht othostat fom the cit gate at Sakçegöz with s-disko the eft side, ow i Bei, Vodeasiatische Msem iveto

mbe VA 971, 730–700 B.C., basat, height 1.17 m (Akga 1968:p. 23b; Othma 1971: 532, Sakçagöz, B/1, p. 51c).

fagmets coected epeset a imited mbe of figes ad oamets, which cod imp that the coveeda eative cofied aea. Thid ad most impotat, a ecostctio of the eiefs o the fot pae aowsa estimatio of the dimesios of that face, which accod with the dimesios of aothe sepaate eemet — acapita-ike sab decoated o thee of its edges with sma bostes (cat. o. 12).

Coceig the compositio of the fot pae ad potetia dimesios of the bock, if a o at east themajoit of the iscibed fagmets do beog to the fot face, the show that the ppe eft coe of this sidecotaied a wig (cat. o. 3.1) ad that the owe pat showed two cofoted figes, epeseted b the emais

of two opposed feet (cat. o. 3.3). The wig is associated with a osette disk (cat. o. 3.2) becase the patte o asma fagmet joiig the sface of the wig matches that emaatig fom the sides of the disk. Ths thee wasa wiged disk i the ppe pat of the fot face of the bock.

Foowig fom this, the qestio is whethe this wiged disk spaed the etie width of the top of the fotpae, o whethe it was cofied to the eft-had coe o. Both optios ae show i othostat eiefs fomSakçegöz, whee i oe case smmetica aaged geies ae show beeath a wiged disk (p. 81a) ad iaothe eief, the wiged disk is show i the eft coe of a htig scee. 74 Ofte, wiged disks appea aboveatithetica aaged figes ad this is pobabe at Kekees, whee the cofotig figes epeseted b thefeet (cat. o. 3.3) cod have bee positioed diect de the wiged disk.

This i itsef does ot pove that a wiged disk ad headic figes gop fied the whoe of the fot paeo the bock. Othe figes ad gops cod have bee show to the ight, if the bock wee wide eogh. Whatdoes sggest that the sige headic wiged disk ad cofoted figes compositio is coect is the fact that thiscompositio aows a estimated width of the fot bock (47–50 cm), which matches the width of the oe fpeseved edge of the boste sab (cat. o. 12; 48.5 cm, fom coe to coe of the sab). The associatio of theboste sab with the eiefs is sggested awa b the facts that both ae made of the same fie-gaied sadstoead wee fod i the same aea. The coespodece of dimesios stegthes this associatio. Cttigs i thetop ad bottom of the boste sab idicate that it was positioed o top of oe eemet ad cowed b aothe. Itis ve pobabe that it was a “capita” fo the eief-caved ad iscibed bock.

If the eief caved bock was positioed de this boste sab, the it wod have bee sqae i pa, theecessed paes of the othe woked sides beig eqa i size to the fot. A moe o ess smmetica fom is asosggested b the fact that othe sbjects epeseted b the eief fagmets, sch as ios, wod eqie simiaeves of space withi paes. It is possibe that ios ae to be attibted to the sides of the bock. Pats of the fam-ig edge ascetai ecessed paes o the fot ad sides, bt it emais cea if the back was decoated.

I smma, the whoe bock seems to have bee a pia-ike base decoated with eiefs ad isciptios,smoted b a capita with “bostes,” ad cowed with aothe eemet. What that eemet was emais e-soved. As metioed i the discssio of Cataog no. 1, oe sggestio is that the whoe seved as a base fo thestate, the “missig” owe sectio sottig ito the og cttig o the top sface of the boste sab (see discs-sio of G. Smmes o pp. 65–66 ad p. 66).

As sketched ot above, a geea sese of the pogam of the eief paes is possibe: wiged disk ad headicgeie-ike figes o the fot, pobab with ios o the sides. Beod this, ecostctig the f oigia im-ages of each side is faght with pobems. Hece, the cataog eties ae hee goped accodig to sbject matteathe tha b the paes to which the beoged. I fact, whie eavig ope pobematic aeas, this ogaizatioseems to ik we with what is spposed of the oigia aagemets ad istates the imited mbe of eemetsepeseted. Twet-two, o haf, of the fagmets ca be sece attibted to fo mai gops: the wiged disk;“hma” bod pats; beasts, icdig giffis ad ios; ad vegeta oamet (possib a saced tee, o “teeof ife”). The sbjects of the othe twet-two fagmets ae diffict to idetif, bt the ma beog to bodies(beast o hma), vegeta oamet, o othe backgod decoatios. Two fagmets with smooth, fat sfacescod beog to the backgod.

Some qestios emaiig abot the sbjects icde whethe a the hma bod pats beog to the two figesepeseted b the feet. The popotios of the pats do ot eact match, bt wod ot pecde this. As we, dothe hma pats beog to “hmas”? O cod the cofotig feet beog to giffi-headed figes, sch as thoseofte show i stoe ad ivo eief cavigs fom easte Aatoia egios? Thee ae two idetica, pedat


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giffi heads ad agai, athogh age i popotio to the feet, this age size eed ot pecde thei beogig.Pobems idetifig ad assigig idivida fagmets ae addessed i t, beow.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Smmes et a. 2003: 7–11; Smmes ad Smmes 2003

WInGED rOSETTE GrOuP (CAT. nO. 3.1–2)

Two fagmets beog to oe wiged disk, dispaed i the ppe pat of the ecessed, eief decoated paeo the fot of the bock.

3.1. Wig

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plate: 31

Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u08st29; 03Tr11u08st34; Photograph: 06dpk022604Tr16u06st02 (ps joiig fagmets ofisciptio: 03Tr11u08st02, 03Tr11u08st24,

04Tr16u07st01) Inscription Fragments: VI–VII

Description

Fo isciptio, see Cat. no. 18.Thee joiig fagmets showig a eft wig, backgod, ad a sma factio

of the iscibed bode above wee fod to joi to the fo fagmets makig pthe ppe eft coe of the iscibed fame. Height of whoe coe piece: 39.0 cm;width of whoe: 16.0 cm. Height of wig: 5.8 cm; width of wig: 10.3 cm.

Tip of the wig (03Tr11u08st29) ad faig sface fagmet(03Tr11u08st34) was fod o 22 J ad 26 J 2003, espective, i thebt debis fi above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8). The majo pat of thewig was fod 22 J 2004 i eow soi fi of Tech 16 (it 6).

The backgod jst beow the wig has boke off ad some of the fame abovethe wig is boke. The ight ed of the wig ad most of the sface of the ighted is boke. A sma piece of this sface was fod ad joied.

Discussion

The fagmet is the agest peseved pat of the oigia bock, epesetig itsppe eft coe. It compises thee ams of the iscibed fame which a aogthe edges of the bock ad pats of two ecessed paes, oe o the eft side adoe o the fot face. Pat of a eief wig is peseved i the ppe eft coe ofthe fot pae.

The fagmet peseves the ogest pat of the isciptio, which s fomight to eft aog the top edge of the fame ad coties dow aog the fot of

the eft edge. The pacemet of the wig i a ppe coe sggests it beogs to awiged s-disk athe tha a beast, ad its associatio with the osette (cat. o. 3.2)is stegtheed b the fact that the fa-ike patte o the sma fagmet joiig thesface of the wig matches that o the fagmeted wigs etedig fom the sides of the osette.

The wig itsef is aow, cisp caved, ad is show sweepig p towad the eft tip i a bod fashio. Detaisae deicate caved, with at east two oveappig aes of feathes, each with ceta gooves. It is cea howmch of the eief has boke off betwee the wig ad osette. Thee ma oigia have bee thee ows offeathes oveappig hoizota.

0 2

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3.2. rosette Disk Fagmet

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plate: 32

Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u08st22, 03Tr11u08st33 Photograph: 06dpk0222

Inscription Fragment: —

Description

Five fagmets joi to fom a fagmeted wiged osette disk.Peseved ae the osette disk, pats of two wigs etedig to thesides, taces of tai feathes de the disk, ad a chk of the back-god pae sface above the disk. Height: 12.0 cm; width: 13.7cm; diamete of disk: 8.0 cm; width of wig at poit of attachmetto osette: 5.4 cm; estimated width of tai: 4.2 cm.

Idivida fagmets fod o the 23, 26, 27, ad 31 of J2003 i the bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it8).

Most of the osette is peseved, bt o stmps of the wigsad tai. The sface of the fagmet is we peseved aside fomdamage aog beak ies.

Discussion

The fagmet shows a osette disk with fagmeted wigs e-tedig to the sides ad taces of tai feathes beow. It is associatedwith the wig attached to the age eft-had coe of the bock’sfame (cat. o. 3.1). Beside the fact that the faed patte o the wigs of the disk match that o the sface ofthe wig, the ste of the tai feathes de the disk aso matches that of the feathes of the wig.

The osette disk is composed of a eight-petaed osette eciced b a simpe modig. The petas have co-cave cetes. I the midde is a cove “ave” with a ceta compass poit. The tai had at east two oveappigows of feathes.

Wiged disks wee feqet show i nea Easte ad Aatoia at (as we as Egptia at) fom theBoze Age o, sa above images of divie o athoitative figes. 75 The appeaace of the smbo i the

scpte at Kekees iks the visa cte of the cit with this taditio.Thee is o obvios mode fo the ste of the Kekees wiged disk. rosettes decoatig the iteio of the

disks ae kow fom the othostat eiefs of Sakçegöz, athogh the ste of the wigs thee is qite diffeet(p. 81a). The fom of the wigs ad tai ae simia to those of the boze bid ceate attachmets decoatigsome “uatia” cados ad the shape of the tai has simiaities to those of Achaemeid peiod wiged disks. 76

The ste of the osettes is we paaeed o neo-Hittite eiefs, especia fom Sakçegöz, bt the aead ap-pea i Od Kigdom eiefs sch as i the oamet of the sphies’ headdesses fom Boazkae, as we as theheaddess of the ate Mata fige fom Samakö (p. 77b). 77

75 Fo geea efeece, see Back ad Gee 1992: 185–86.76 Fo eampe, a “ uatia” boze sie attachmet fod i the“Midas Tomb” (Tms MM) at Godio, ow i Akaa, AatoiaCiviizatios Msem, seveth cet B.C. (Pao 1987: p. 41a).A mbe of Achaemeid peiod wiged disks ae show o seasistated i Boadma 2000: 157–68.

77 Fo the Sakçegöz eiefs, see footote 119. Fo the sphi fomthe east side of the ie doo of the Sphi Gate at Bo©azkal, owi Bei, see Akga 1962: p. 66; 2001: 147, fig. 67.


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HuMAn FIGurES (CAT. nO. 3.3–5)

Thee fagmets show etemities (feet ad hads) of hma o hmaoid figes. At east two figes aecetai epeseted.

3.3. Two Cofotig Feet o Iscibed Fame Godie

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 28, 30, 33, 65–66, 68, 92

Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u04st04, 03Tr11u08st10, Photographs: 05dpnk0101,

03Tr11u08st18 05dpk0104

Inscription Fragment: Cataog nmbe 15

Description

Fo isciptio, see Cataog no. 15.Thee joiig fagmets fomig pat of a iscibed fame

ad eief showig pats of two feet. legth: 15.0 cm; height:11 cm. legth of foot: 5.5 cm. Estimated height of fige:25–30 cm.

Fagmets fod sepaate o 19, 20, ad 22 J 2003 iowe, bt pats of the bbe fi i the west pat of Tech11 (its 4 ad 8).

Of the eft foot, o the toe ad the ba of the foot aepeseved. O the ight, the foot ad the eg p to the mid-cafae peseved. The sface of the toe has boke off. The bottomsface of the fame is peseved o the eft side.

The modeig of the feet is pastic, with some agait.A icised otie is evidet aod the foot ad ake showo the eft.

Discussion

The fagmet is attibted to the fot of the bock de to the isciptio ad peseves pat of the owe edgeof the bock. The emais of the eief show two cofoted feet, both i pofie. The feet cea beog to twosepaate figes, ecostcted as beig show i pofie, facig each othe, i stidig pose (ps. 30, 65). This is ateast the simpest epaatio based o the evidece. It is te that the feet cod beog to figes show seated,bt oe might epect to fid the feet show o a footstoo o some tace of a chai behid the foot show o theight. That the fige was show stidig is sggested b the fact that o othe foot appeas i the space behid thefoot o the ight. Figes show stadig o advacig ve sow ted to be show with oe foot diect behidthe othe. If keeig, oe wod aso epect to fid taces of the fige’s kee. If the attibtio of the fagmet tothe fot of the bock is coect, the two figes cod have bee show i headic fashio, beow the wiged disk.It is ot cea what othe fagmets shod be associated with the figes ad whethe the wee etie hma.It was sggested above that the giffi heads (cat. o. 3.6–7) cod beog to these figes.

Thee ae a age of possibe ecotes i which two cofoted, stidig figes might be show: geet-

ig, batte, ad ita amog them. If the two figes wee show fightig, it is possibe thee cod have beesome efeece to a histoic evet, eve if it was ot this which was depicted specifica. Sch a theme ma havecompemeted athe tha istated deeds efeed to i the isciptio. The fact that the feet ae show ve cosetogethe is paaeed i images of hmas i combat ad a stidig pose wod sit a vigoos activit. A paa-e fo two cofoted, fightig figes is show i the epicatio of the “Theses ad Miota” tea-cotta tieeief fom Sadis, athogh thee the positio of the egs of the Miota has bee sbseqet ateed b ewdiscoveies.78 Othe pais of combatats ae fod i Geek vase decoatios.79 If the two figes wee positioed

78 Fo the “Theses ad Miota” achitecta tea-cotta fomSadis, see Hostette 1994: 5–10, figs. 12, 16, 18–19, 21–22, 66 (ithe cotet of a fieze with othe themes).

79 Eampes o ea Geek vases icde a pate fom Kamios,rhodes, showig the fight ove Hekto ’s bod, 850–750 B.C., London,

Bitish Msem 1860 4-4.1, width 38.5 cm (Boadma 1998: fig. 290).

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diect de the wiged disk, howeve, it is ess ike the wee show fightig, fo headic compositios oftwo hma combatats de a wiged disk wod be sa. Aso, i nea Easte at, headic combats sacompise ma ad beast, sa a io, bt sometimes othe mostes.

“Fiedie” meetigs ae sometimes show betwee two hmas, sch as those betwee Assia officias icot eiefs.80 Most ofte, howeve, it is demoic o geie figes, whethe hma headed o ot, who ae showi headic pais beow a wiged disk. Feqet, sch figes ae show fakig a “saced tee” ad pefomiga associated task sch as spikig the tee with wate fom a piecoe. Sice thee ae eief fagmets attibted

to a “saced tee” (cat. o. 3.24–30), it is possibe that thee ma have bee a saced tee show betwee the twofiges epeseted b the feet hee, the feet show oveappig the base of the tee (cf. p. 81a). 81 Another pos-sibiit is that thee was o acta tee, bt vegetatio etedig fom the tai of the wiged disk, which atitheticfiges cod have bee show gaspig.82 Othewise, sch headica aaged geie figes — ofte giffi-headed vesios — ca be show as “caatids,” sppotig eemets above them (p. 81b). The fact that the feetae show bae ma be sigificat, sice i nea Easte at motas ae ofte depicted weaig shoes.

3.4. Fagmet of Fist

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 34a

Identif ication Number: 03TR11U05stn01 Photograph: 05dpk0314 Inscription Fragment: —

Description

Sma fist, which has popped off the backgod aod its otie. legth: 2.6 cm; height: 2.8 cm.Estimated height of the fige if show stadig: abot 30.0 cm.

Fod 14 J 2003, i bbe fi i the east pat of Tech 11 (it 5).The whoe fist is peseved. The fagmet is boke thogh the wist. The edge of the itte fige

is damaged. The object the fist was show hodig is boke.

Discussion

The sma fagmet peseves a ight fist, show with pam side of the had towad the viewe. The fist was

oigia show gaspig a object, a tace of which is peseved jst above the thmb. The object is ope- ood-ike ad is show cvig fowad ove the top of the figes. The boke pat of the itte fige idicates thatthe object was show etedig beow the fist as we.

Sice the oigia oietatio of the had is cea, the item hed cod be a hade, pehaps beogig tooe of the bckets ofte show hed b “geie” figes i nea Easte images.83 Othe possibiities icde theod ad ig ofte show hed b gods, a doopig ots fowe, a aima tai (sch as is show i p. 82), o thestem of a vie.84 less ike is a shied hade, sch as that show hed b waios i eiefs fom Zicii.85 The


See aso the “heoic” combatats o the side of a midde Coithiakote attibted to the Samos Paite, 600–575 B.C., Bosto Msemof Fie At iveto mbe 95.14, height 9.5 cm (Boadma 1998:

fig. 389).80 Fo eampe, the eief fom Khosabad showig Sago II ad ahigh officia, abot 710 B.C., lodo, Bitish Msem WA 118822,height 2.90 m (reade 1998: 42, fig. 41).81 The feet of two figes show i emais of ivo paqes fomthe nothwest Paace at nimd mst have at east pat oveappedthe base of a vegeta eemet show betwee them, lodo, BitishMsem WA 118108 ad 118114 (Baett 1975: 183, F 1, p. 10;Maowa 1978: 14, fig. 5).82 See the ivo eampes i foototes 81 ad 83, ad two othesimia eampes i lodo, Bitish Msem WA 118115 ad WA118109+123854 (Baett 1975: 183–84, F 2–3, p. 11–12; Maowa1978: 15, fig. 6).

83 Fo a famos eampe, see the ivo giffi fom Atıtepe, 750–700B.C., height 12.4 cm, Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem (AkaaMsem Gide 1998: 199, fig. 327). See aso the giffi geie i a

othostat eief fom the paace etace at Sakçegöz (hee p. 81a).84 Fo od ad ig, see Back ad Gee 1992: 156. Eampes of thedoopig ots fowe ae show: hed b seated femae o a steefom Zicii, ow i Bei, Vodeasiatische Msem ivetombe VA 2995, abot 730 B.C., basat, height 1.52 m (Akga 2001:233, fig. 139; Othma 1971: 549, Zicii K/2, p. 66d); hed ba Assia officia o the Back Obeisk of Shamaese III, fomnimd, abot 825 B.C., lodo, Bitish Msem (reade 1998: 62,fig. 66).85 Fo eampe, a othostat fom the ote cit gate at Zicii, ow iBei, Vodeasiatische Msem iveto mbe VA 2647, ith–eighth cet B.C., basat, height 1.42 m (Fakfot 1954: p. 160c;Othma 1971: 541, Zicii B/13a, p. 58f).

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Agai, thee is o paae fo the achig detai at the bottom pat of the “toso.” This detai wod have ito the cvig edge of the back of the “daped eg,” which wod be sa i a costme with a figed skit ee-met. Ad the amost semi-cica modig at the top eft edge of the “toso” fagmet, esembig a eckace, iswithot paaes. It is diffict to kow, eve, if it is pat of the fige o pat of a eighboig eemet. Oe mightassme that it epesets a fige aog the edge of dape, bt if so, its ocatio o the toso is stage. It is otwe sitated to epeset pat of a seeve o the ight am. If pat of a coa, the this idicates a sa eveof tosio i the toso, which wod be show ot o eaig fowad, bt aso twisted to thee-qate view. It

shod aso be oted that the popotio of the thigh, i f it is idetified coect as sch, is massive i compaisoto the had, ad that the gap betwee it ad the fige of the dape behid it impies that the eg was show thstfowad. This positio of the eg is paaeed i a few eiefs of giffi- ad io-headed me fom Phgia tei-to, which ae show with oe eg thst fowad ad bet (ps. 76b, 79c). Othewise, sch a positio of a thighmight idicate that the foot of the fige was show atop aothe object.86

Despite the pobems, the idetificatio of a toso ad thighs emais compeig. If coect, the the fagmetcod beog with the two feet descibed above (cat. o. 3.3), ad hece with the headic geie-ike figes o thefot of the bock (see ecostctio, p. 65). The back, cvig edge of the ea “eg” at hip eve (the “mp”)is pat peseved ad thee ae taces of a ve sim, tiaga, smoothed sface betwee this ad the bokesface o the ight of the fagmet. This sggests that thee was oigia a sim gap betwee the thigh/mp ofthe fige ad aothe eief eemet show stetchig dow fom the back of the fige — pehaps a wig showsatig dow diagoa.

I smma, the idetificatio of this fagmet as pat of a geie fige o the fot of the bock is at ocetemptig ad ve pobematic. A stog twistig toso wod be sa, the om beig pofie depictios fosch figes. Howeve, based o cet evidece it is diffict to come to aothe cocsio. The idetificatioemais ope.

86 Eampes of figes with bet egs, oe foot o objects o advesa-ies ca be see i seas i Amiet 1980: 435–42. The eg stetches otbecase the fige has oe foot o the back of a io ad oe foot othe head, i the eiefs o a pie base fom Kef Kaesi (Adicevaz),

isciptio datig to rsa II (685–645 B.C.), Ankara, Anatolian

Civiizatios Msem (Akga 2001: 292, fig. 228; Akaa MsemGide 1998: 207, fig. 344).


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BEASTS (CAT. nO. 3.6–15)

Te fagmets ca decoated feates aowig ecogitio of at east thee beasts: two giffis, each fac-ig opposite diectios, ad at east oe io. The beasts ae estimated to be i the same size age as the hmafiges.

GRIFFINS (CAT. NO. 3.6–8)

3.6. Fagmet of a Giffi’s Head

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 35, 65–66, 94

Identif ication Number: 03Tr11u08st23 Photograph: 05dpk0304


Description

Thee joiig fagmets showig a giffi head. Height: 16.0 cm; width:9.0 cm. Height of head ad eck o: 9.5 cm. legth of iemost pat ofthe ee: 1.4 cm.

Fod o 23 ad 27 J 2003 i Tech 11. The fagmet with the beak

was fod jst beow the wa of the oth towe-ike patfom i a it ofwa stoes ad coe ig east–west (it 6). The fagmet with the eewas fod cose to the soth sectio, jst above the pavemet (it 8). Thefagmet with the mae was aso fod i it 8, amog bbe.

The fagmet is boke thogh the eck of the giffi. A chk of theeck has boke off beow the jaw ad the tip of the ea is damaged. Theie aog the back of the “mae” shows that aothe pat, pehaps a idgehas boke off. Sfaces ae othewise we peseved. The big has e-sted i diffeig coos of the joiig fagmets. Pats of the backgodae peseved aod the head.

Discussion

The fagmets show the head of a giffi i pofie, facig eft. Assa, the giffi is show with a ppe beak ad owe io’s jaw, themoth ope with a poited toge potdig. A pme cs p at thebow, behid which a og poited ea is show, the ed of which is owdamaged. The base of the ea is show i the fom of a sma kob. Patsof a tota of seve feathes caved with ceta gooves, ike those of the wiged disk, ae show aog the eck ia “mae.” Aog the back of the eck, oe ca see whee the edge of the mae temiated i a ve staight ie.Beod this, the beak idicates that a moded idge a aog the back of the eck. The missig fagmet betwee jaw ad the eck ca be ecostcted to show the oigia ie of the thoat, which was thick.

Giffis ad giffi-headed me wee depicted ofte i the ith thogh the seveth ceties B.C. — the “geo-metic” ad “oietaizig” peiods i Geek at histoica tems (Boa, Petides, ad Tsakiakis 1983; De Moo1997; Depace 1980). Geea, giffi-headed me pedomiate i mometa nea Easte scpte, bt it

emais cea whethe the figes at Kekees had hma o feie bodies. Eampes of giffi-headed me cabe see i the othostat eiefs fom Cachemish, Sakçegöz (p. 81), Zicii, ad Kaatepe, as we as Dadaı, iPhgia teito (p. 79c) (the ast two beig de tha the othes). 87 The ae aso we epeseted i Assiaad uatia ivo fite decoatios, whee, as i ma of the mometa eiefs, the ae show as “caatid”sppotig figes.88 A giffi with feie bod is epeseted i the age othostats fod ea Akaa (p. 80a)

87 nmeos eampes i Othma 1971. usef coectio of daw-igs i Akga 2001: 299, figs. 131–35. Dadaı eief, height 0.64 m,Afo Msem 7222 (Pao 1987, cat. 28, p. 10).

88 Fo dawigs of both, see Akga 2001: 291, figs. 225–26.

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ad the vesio of the ceate with feie bod is aso show i achitecta tea-cottas ad potte fom fathewest i Aatoia ad i Geece fom the eighth thogh sith ceties B.C.89

The Kekees giffi head shaes a mbe of feates tpica of the giffi heads oted above, bt i somewas it is aso caoica. The pme above the head, fo istace, is commo to a the neo-Hittite ad uatiagiffi me ad is aso fod o the Akaa giffi. I a those cases, howeve, the ie of this pme s dowaog the eck, whee it temiates i aothe c. This is ot the case with the Kekees giffi head, whee theie of the pme sa temiates at the coe of the ee (see cat. o. 3.7). The mae of the Kekees gif-

fi head is simia to that show o most of the neo-Hittite othostats ad uatia ivo ias, athogh i theKekees eampe it is show oge, coveig moe of the eck.

The eas of the Kekees giffi head diffe as we. Those of the stoe ad ivo eiefs metioed aboveted to be shote ad ca be moe ataistic. The eas of the Kekees giffis ae stized, with simpe ogpoits ad kob-ike bases. I tems of the mometa eiefs, the ea shape is cosest to oe of the giffi-headedme show i eiefs fom Cachemish (p. 81b). Howeve, the Kekees giffi eas moe cose esembe theeas of giffis i metawok, sch as o potomes fom seveth-cet B.C. cados fod at Ompia ad thedepictio of a meta cow with giffi potomes i the paitigs fom the ske oom at Godio, dated to theate sith o ea fifth cet B.C.90 The og ea is aso paaeed i the giffi o a sith o fifth cet B.C.

achitecta tea-cotta fom Dve.91 I both of those cases, howeve, the giffis ae show with og cigpmes etedig oto the ecks, ike the nea Easte eampes, ad o the top of thei heads, istead of a pme,a pomiet kob is show. The combiatios of ced pme o the top of the head ad the og ea idicate afamiiait with both ode eief modes, with the vesio of the giffi as show i the meta potomes, ad withthe ate images fom fathe west.

3.7. Fagmet with Pme ad Ee of Giffi




Description

Two fagmets joiig to fom the pme ad edge of a giffi’s ee. legth: 10.0cm; width: 3.8 cm. Whoe fagmet: 2.5 cm thick.The owe pat with the coe of the ee o i t (03Tr11u04st05) was fod o 19

J 2003 i bbe fi i the west pat of Tech 11 (it 4). The ppe pat with thec (03Tr11u08st35) was fod o 4 Agst 2003 i the bt bbe debis abovethe pavemet of Tech 11 (it 8), ea the soth sectio. The joi betwee the twowas fod i 2005.

The fagmets ae boke thogh the eief decoatio. To the eft of the pme,the tip of oe of the eas is peseved. Icised too maks ca be see aod the pmec et to the coe of the ee.

Discussion

The two joiig fagmets show a sma pat of a giffi, idetica to Cataog no.3.6, bt facig ight. The fagmet shows cea how the ced pme temiates ea the ee, which, as otedabove, is a sa feate i epesetatios of giffis.

89 Fo a giffi o a achitecta tea-cotta fom Dve, see Akga1968: 220, p. 68; Pao 1987: 220, cat. 188, p. 36c.90 Fo boze potomes i the fom of giffi heads, Ompia Msem,see Akga 1968: 186, p. 57; Boadma 1980: 67, fig. 45; lies ad

Hime 1957: ps. 4–5. Fo Godio paitigs, see Boadma 1980:95, fig. 105; Meik 1980.91 See footote 89.


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3.8. Paw of a Giffi o lio

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 36b

Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u08st06, 04Tr11u22st01 Photograph: 05dpnk0310


Description

Two joiig fagmets fomig a feie paw. Height: 6.1 cm; width: 4.2 cm.The ppe pat of the imb with the detis (03Tr11u08st06) was fod o 20 J

2003 i the bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8), abot 2 o 3 m fom thesoth sectio of the tech. The foot pat (04Tr11u22st01) was fod o 4 J 2004 ithe same cotet (it 22), fathe to the oth of Tech 11.

The eief has boke off aod its edge, givig it a “cookie ct” appeaace. Beaksocc thogh the foot ad the fagmet is boke off thogh the eg. Thee is some damageto the sface of the fot of the eg.

Discussion

The fagmet shows the eg ad paw of a beast. The paw is show with fo ieamodigs idicatig the toes ad siews of the feet, etedig p to ake height. Above this eve the eg is show

coveed b a sheath decoated with a cvig edge aog the fot of the eg, a iea patte i the cete, adfiged with detis aog the ight edge.

The sheath ove the eg gives the appeaace of feathes ad the impessio of a bid’s eg, bt the foot iscea a paw. Bid’s taos ae sa show i pofie with oe caw etedig backwads fom the foot, ike theeptiia taos of dagos.92 This does ot affect the possibiit of the paw beogig to a giffi, sice with feweceptios, the wee sa show with feie bodies (icdig feie feet).93 The paw cod aso beog to theio fige descibed beow (cat. o. 3.9–15), howeve.

The iea patte of the paw is moe pastic, bt sti simia to the moe gaphic iea editio of paws oeief feies i a mbe of neo-Hittite scptes.94 The detis cod epeset f, which ae aso show o thebacks of the foeegs of ios fom Sakçegöz ad Zicii, thee with chaacteistic fame-ike ocks, howeve.95

A ve simia deti patte is show o the back edges of the fot egs of the giffi ad at east oe of the iosi i the Akaa othostat eiefs (p. 80). Whethe the eg of a giffi o io, it is oe of the fot egs of a feie

beast.

lIOnS (CAT. nO. 3.9–15)

Seve fagmets ca be attibted to at east oe io fige ad possib two. The ma have bee show othe side paes of the bock. Two of the fagmets cea depict pats of a head — pehaps the same head. Theothe five fagmets beog to pats of the bod ad ae ecogizabe becase of the chaacteistic ode patte-ig of the mae. I imagiig possibiities fo the oigia eief, it shod be emembeed that the io(s) codhave bee wiged.

92 Eampes of bid’s feet depicted i pofie: Kaatepe eief, abot700 B.C., bids of pe i ppe egiste (Akga 2001: 252, fig.168); mometa pota fige of a bidma with scopio tai fomTe Haaf (Fakfot 1954: p. 158a). Sphi wi th bid’s feet o apisazi Baboia sea, ith–seveth ceties B.C., Pais, love(Amiet 1980: 441, fig. 806).93 Thee ae depictios of sphies ad giffis with eptiia dagotaos; fo eampe, see cide seas of aod the eighth cetB.C., Pais, love, apis azi ad caeia (Amiet 1980: fig. 806ad 810, espective). Aothe eceptio is a giffi with back feeti bid tao fom show i a boze oamet fom nimd (Ctis1996: 172, fig. 5).

94 See, fo eampe, the io fom the lio Gate at Maata, owi Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 1802,eighth cet B.C.(?), imestoe, height 1.24 m (Othma 1971:519–20, Maata A/2, p. 39b–c). Compae the moe iea feet of asphi eief fom the Head’s Wa at Cachemish, ow i Akaa,Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 95, ith cetB.C.(?), basat, height 1.13 m (Othma 1971: 504, Kakemis E/8, p.27b). Fo both, see aso Akaa Msem Gide 1998: 147, figs. 234ad 153, fig. 243, espective.95 Fo dawigs of the Sakçegöz ad Zicii ios showig thef aog the backs of the fot egs, see Akga 2001: 228, figs.127–28.

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3.9. Fagmet Showig a Ee, Ea, ad Mzze of a Feie




Description

Two joiig fagmets showig pat of a feie head. legth: 9.5 cm; width: 3.5cm maimm. legth of iemost pat of the ee: 1.8 cm. Estimated height of iohead: 10 cm. Estimated height of aima, if o a fos: abot 30 cm.

Fod o 20 J 2003 ad 23 J 2003 i the bt coapse above the pavemeti Tech 11 (it 8). The fagmet with the ee ad ea (03Tr11u08st08) was thefist to be fod ad was fod abot 2 o 3 m fom the soth sectio.

The eief has boke off aog the ie of the eief aod the moth, mzze,bow, ad top of the ea, ad thogh the eief fom behid the ea to de the ee.

Discussion

The fagmet beogs to the fot ad ppe pats of the head of a feie facig eft. The mzze is show withtpica “pamette”-ike patteig ad a heigboe patte aog the top of the ose, epesetig the wikig

cased b saig. The ppe ip of the feie’s ope moth is peseved beow the mzze. The ee is edeedi a iea fashio, simia to the ee of the giffi. The bow is sight cocave ad ises to a pooced cest jst befoe the ea. The ea is show aid fat agaist the head. It is modeed as a pside dow sai she fomad the ppe edge is show fat ad eve with the top of the head. no taces of the mae ae visibe o the bowo i fot of the ea, bt thee ae some emats of a scaoped edge whee the mae has boke off jst behidthe ea. This edge wod fit with the ode patteig of the mae fagmets (beow).

The modeig of the ea is qite diffeet fom that see i the age-scae io head fagmet (cat. o. 2). Thecosest paae ma be the eas of age-scae pota ios fom Gö Da. 96 Thee, thogh schematic, the sai-she-ike shape is sti moe ataistic tha that show i the eief fom Kekees. As with most othe eiefio scptes fom Assia ad neo-Hittite sites, the im of a ie ae of the ea is cea show de theote fap. This is ot aticated so cea i the modeig of the Kekees fagmet. Aso simia ae the sai-she-ike foms of the ios’ eas i the Akaa othostat eiefs (e.g., p. 80b).97 As is tpica i epesetatios of

“Assia-ste” ios, the eas of the Akaa ios ae show positioed o the sides of the head, so that mae isshow above the eas. O the Kekees fagmet, the beak above the ea idicates that the top of the ea met thebackgod of the eief, so the eas wod have bee show o the top of the ceate’s head. Paaes fo thispositio ae ae bt ca be fod i the eiefs fom Cachemish.98

The scheme of the saig io i geea is patica associated with Assia at bt is wide epe-seted i neo-Hittite scpte. The heigboe patte acoss the ose is paaeed i eiefs of sch saigios, thogh i the Kekees fagmet, the ies compisig the patte ae shote ad the whoe ow oge thasa.


96 Pota ios fom Gö Da, ow i Kasei AchaeoogicaMsem, ate eighth o ea seveth cet B.C.(?), imestoe, height1.47 m (Akga 1962: p. 136; Ao 1998: 411, cat. B116, ps. 74–77;idem 2003a: 309–10, p. 8a [cf. p. 8b]); aso Smmes 2006a.

97 Othe othostat with io eiefs fod ea Akaa, ow i AkaaAatoia Civiizatios Msem, seveth o sith cet B.C.(?),ed adesite, height 90 cm ad 93.5 cm (Pao 1987: 203, cat. o.16, fig. 7a, p. 6a).98 Thee ae ma eampes i Othma 1971: ps. 26–27.

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3.10. Fagmet Showig the lowe Jaw of Feie




Description

Fagmet showig owe jaw of feie ad pat of backgod. Height: 7.9 cm;width: 7.0 cm. legth of jaw: 3.5 cm.

Fod o 29 J 2003 i bt coapse above the pavemet i Tech 11(it 8).

The fagmet is boke aog the ie of the eief aog the top of the togead thogh the eief o the othe edges. Mch of the sface is damaged, eceptfo the top which shows the moth of the beast.

Discussion

The owe jaw of a feie facig eft is epeseted, with the chi, owe ip, aow of si teeth, ad a og toge oig ove the teeth. The ppe sface of thetoge is cea caved ad is abot 1.5 cm wide. The fagmet cod beog with

the feie head (cat. o. 3.9). The ope feie moth with og toge ig ove the teeth ad potdig fom theed of the moth is a famiia feate i neo-Hittite ad Phgia scpte.

3.11. Fagmet of lio Shode ad Mae


Identif ication Number: 03Tr11u04st01 Photograph: 05dpnk0305


Description

Fagmet with pat of io shode i eief. legth: 10.7 cm. legth of icised

ies o shode: 6.7 cm each. Estimated height of io, if show stadig o a fos:abot 30 cm.

Fod 13 J 2003 i bbe fi i the west pat of Tech 11 (it 4).The fagmet is most boke aog the ie of the edge of the shode, with

some odes fomig the mae attached o oe side. The fagmet is vitified aogpats of the edge ad has waped sight.

Discussion

The fagmet shows the shode of a io, ecogizabe b the coss o thesmoothed ova aea ad the ode patte aod it. Simia cosses ae show o ambe of neo-Hittite eiefs of ios, sch as the pota ios fom Sakçegöz adZicii.99 The ae aso visibe o the shode of ios i the Akaa othostat eiefs

(p. 80b) ad o the shodes of smae io figes, sch as a woode io fomTms P at Godio, a io show o a ivo bo fom nimd, ad the io hed b the itte ivo “heo”fige fom Dephi (p. 78d).100 The coss ma epeset the who of f said to be chaacteistic of the Asiatic

99 lio with coss o shode show o pota ios fom eitheside of the paace etace at Sakçegöz, ow i Akaa, AatoiaCiviizatios Msem 10114 ad 1803, eighth o seveth cetB.C.(?), basat, heights 1.03 ad 1.01 m (Othma 1971: 530–31,Sakçagöz A/3 ad A/11, ps. 49b, 50d). Eampe fom Zicii, owi Bei, Vodeasiatische Msem, eighth cet B.C.(?), basat,

height 1.63 m to the shode (Othma 1971: 544, Zicii C/5, p.61e).100 Godio woode io, fom Tms P, abot 800 B.C., height 7.5cm (Akaa Msem Gide 1998: 165, fig. 261). nimd ivo bofagmet (Fakfot 1954: p. 167c; Othma 1971: p. 68e, nimdS/2).

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io, sometimes epeseted as a who i images of ios, bt is pobab meat to idicate the heav mscigof the shode.101

The ode patteed mae is paaeed i a mbe of sma-scae epesetatios of ios, icdig ivoiesad bozes.102 This tpe of patteig is wide sed i neo-Hittite eiefs ad ivo cavigs i geea.

Based o compaisos with the ios fom Sakçegöz ad Zicii, the ed of the fagmet with the odesshod be oieted pwads ad epeset the edge of the io’s eck. The size idicates that it cod have beogedto the io epeseted b the two fagmets of the head descibed above (cat. o. 3.9–10).

3.12. Fagmet of lio Shode(?)




Description

Fagmet possib showig a io’s shode. legth: 7.6 cm.Fod 22 J 2003 i the bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8).The fagmet has boke off aog the cvig edge of the eief o oe side of the

smoothed ova pat (the eft side, as istated). Othewise the beaks ae thogh the eief.The piece is backeed, bt the sface is we peseved.

Discussion

Oe edge of the smoothed ova pat peseves the oigia cvig edge of the eiefeemet. node-patteed sectios ae peseved at each ed of this edge. Thogh withotthe icised coss, the simia odes sggest that the fagmet ma aso have beoged tothe shode of a io — pehaps a secod io, o aothe side of the bock.

3.13. Fagmet of lio neck with Mae

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 39a Identif ication Number: 03Tr11u08st03 Photograph: 05dpnk0307


Description

Fagmet of io’s eck. legth: 8.2 cm.Fod 20 J 2003 abot 2 o 3 m fom the soth sectio of Tech 11, i

the bt debis above the pavemet (it 8).The beaks ae most jagged oes thogh the eief, athe tha aog the

edge of the eief. The ode patte has boke off the sface at oe edge.

Discussion

Most of the fagmet is patteed with the same odes descibed above,sggestig it too beoged to a io mae. A cvig edge of the ode-pat-teed aea is peseved, defied b a icised ie, beod which a smoothedsectio of eief pojects. The ode-patteed sectio has a distict cove cve, ad this eemet of pasticitsggests a bod coto. The oietatio of the fagmet is cea, bt based o this cvate ad o the cvigedge of the ode-patteed sectio, it cod have beoged to the eck of a io.

101 The who o the shodes of Asiatic ios is discssed bief iCoo 2005: 33–35.


102 Ivo fige of a io fom Atıtepe, 750–700 B.C., height 10 cm,Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem (Akaa Msem Gide1998: 198, fig. 326). Boze potome fom Ompia, ate eighth ce-t B.C., height 25 cm, Ompia Msem (Akga 1968: p. 17).

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3.14. Fagmet of lio Mae with Shode Edge(?)


Identif ication Number: 04Tr16u13st01 Photograph: 05dpcs0834


Description

Fagmet with ode patte. legth: 6.1 cm.Fod 2 J 2004 i the destctio ae i Tech 16 (it 13).Beaks ae thogh the eief. The sface is we peseved, thogh backeed.

Discussion

The fagmet shows the same checkeed ode patte see o othe fagmetsattibted to io mae. Two edges of the fagmet, oe of the og edges ad the shotest boke edge, pesevesma cved, icised ies with smoothed eief aeas beod. The fagmet ths obvios beoged to a aowsectio of mae (o ese the aima bod i geea) betwee two othe bod pats. Besides a io, the fagmetcod have beoged to the sma state of the bid of pe discssed beow (cat. o. 10). A simia ode patteis sed o the chest of a bid of pe said to be fom Aatoia. 103

3.15. Fagmet of lio Mae




Description

Sma fagmet with odes ad smoothed sectio. legth: 3 cm.Fod 19 J 2003 i the bbe fi i the west pat of Tech 11 (it 4).The fagmet is boke thogh the eief o a sides. The sface is we peseved.

DiscussionThe fagmet shows a sma pat of the staight edge of a ode-patteed sectio ad pat of the

smoothed sectio beod. The ode patteig sggests that it beoged to the mae of a io.

103 Bid of pe state, said to be fom Aatoia, ed adesite, eighth–seveth cet B.C., height 38.5 cm, lipchitz Coectio (Pao1987: 210, cat. 75, p. 18f).

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POSSIBlE FrAGMEnTS FrOM A lIOn (CAT. nO. 3.16–18)

Thee fthe fagmets ma beog to the fot pats of ios.

3.16. Fagmet Figed with Detis resembig lio Mae


Identif ication Number: 03Tr11u03st06 Photograph: 05dpk0206 Inscription Fragment: —

Description

rectaga fagmet possib of edge of io bod pat. legth: 5.0 cm; width: 2.8 cm.Fod 14 J 2003 i bbe fi i the cete of Tech 11 (it 3).The fagmet is boke thogh the eief o thee sides ad aog the icised ie bodeig the

detis o odes o oe edge. The sface is damaged o oe ed of the smoothed face of the fag-met. Two detis o odes ae f peseved. A thid has boke off.

Discussion

The agest pat of the fagmet is a smooth sectio with a cove cved sface. This smooth

aea is bodeed b detis. Athogh sight moe eogated tha the odes sece idetified asio mae pats, two factos sggest that this fagmet ma aso beog to that gop. Fist, the detis have thesame sight sqaed fom, ike othe deti figes descibed beow (e.g., cat. o. 3.19). Secod, the bokeedge of the odes shows taces which sggest that thee was aothe attached ow of simia odes beod.

3.17. Fagmet Figed with Detis resembig lio Mae

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 40c



DescriptionFagmet possib showig pat of a io’s bod. legth: 3.6 cm; width: 3.5 cm.Fod 2 J 2004 i the destctio ae above the pavemet i Tech 16 (it 13).The fagmet is boke aog the edge of the odes ad thogh the eief o a othe edges.

Two odes ae peseved ad thee ae taces of aothe.

Discussion

The fagmet shows a smoothed sectio with thee facets, bodeed b a ow of detis oodes. The shape of the detis coespods to that see i the fagmets sece attibted to the mae of aio. Aothe ow of odes ma have bee show beod that peseved.


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3.18. Fagmet with Featheed Shapes




Description

Sma fagmet fom decoative embeishmet. legth: 3.9 cmFod 19 J 2003 i bbe fi i the weste pat of Tech 11 (it 4).The fagmet has boke off fom the backgod aog the oties of the eief ad is boke

thogh the eief at oe ed. Pats of the sface of the mai pme-ike feates have boke offat this ed. A sma pat of the backgod o aothe ae of the “pme” show i owe eief ispeseved aog the ote cvig edge.

Discussion

Show ae two oveappig caw-ike shapes with eds hooked i the opposite diectio. Two othe smafame-ike appedages ae show i a ow behid the hooked ed of the otemost oveappig “caw” i a ma-e esembig a cest. The emais attached to the ote edge of this “caw”-ike eemet cod oigia haveeteded to a fame-ike tip.

The eemet epesets a decoative foish ad thogh it esembes i some was a “caw” ad a “pme-ikecest,” the cosest paae is the featheed “bead” show o the age pota ios fom Gö Da.104 The fagmetis the ight size to have beoged to sch a featheed bead of the sma eief io, athogh o joi ca be made.

FrAGMEnTS OF HuMAn Or BEAST BODy PArTS (CAT. nO. 3.19–23)

Five fagmets show cvig cotos which sggest the beog to pats of eithe hma o aima figes.Joiig pieces wod be ecessa to moe sece idetif the pieces.

3.19. Deti-figed Dape ad Pat of a Foot(?)

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29–30, 41b, 65–66, 95 Identif ication Number: 03Tr11u08st13 Photograph: 05dpk0316


Description

Two joiig fagmets possib fom a hma fige. legth: 9.5 cm; maimm width:6.0 cm. legth of pat of foot show: 2.6 cm. Estimated egth of potetia foot: 4 cm.

Fod 22 J 2003 i bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8).The joiig pats cea show the diffeet coos podced b the fie: oe is back-

eed, the othe ed. The fagmet is pat boke aog the edge of the eief eemet. Thisis ceaest aog oe of the og edges showig the deti fige. Oe of the shot eds ofthe fagmet is boke thogh the eief. The othe og side appeas to have boke aog

a ie i the eief, athe tha aog the edge of the eief eemet. The depth of the beakshows that it sapped off the side of aothe eief eemet of abot eqa depth, ot offthe sface of the backgod fied.

Discussion

The fagmet shows a egth of what cod be dape, smoothed, with a cove cvead figed with detis. At oe coe of the fagmet, a pastic eemet potdes, whichesembes the hee ad istep of a foot. Taces of a icised ie aog the deside of this

104 O Gö Da ios, see footote 96.

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3.21. limb-ike Fagmet with Detiated, Cff-ike Bad


Identif ication Number: 03TR11U03stn03 Photograph: 05dpnk0313


Description

Fagmet pehaps beogig to the bod of a hma o beast. legth: 7 cm;width: 6 cm.

Fod 19 J 2003 i bbe fi i the ceta pat of Tech 11 (it 3).The fagmet peseves the edges of a fom ad pats of the backgod. The

eds of the eief ae boke, as is pat of the sface.

Discussion

The fagmet shows a wist-ike fom. A smooth am-ike sectio with shapfiished edges ad a sight cve thogh its egth temiates i a bode of detis. The peseved pat of thesface of the am shows that it was ight beveed. Beod the detiated cff ae the emais of aothe ee-met, the edges of which foow the ie of the am sectio. This aea is detaied with icised ies: o oe side isa ight-aged mak ad o the othe side is a cescet mak.

The idetificatio of the eemet depicted emais pobematic. The shape wod make sese as a wist, ikethose of the giffi demos show as sppotig caatids i a mbe of media (see cat. o. 3.6), bt the hadwod be fa age tha the othe hads epeseted amog the eief fagmets (cat. o. 3.4–5). The icised iesdo ot match makigs see o the hads of the caatid giffis eithe, so it ma ot have bee a had that wasshow. The detiated cff at east does sggest that it is a jctio betwee two pats.

3.22. Ebow-ike Fagmet with Egaged Thmb-ike Pat

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 43

Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u08st09, 03Tr11u08st12 Photograph: 05dpcs0820

Inscription Fragment: — Description

Two fagmets possib showig pat of a aima bod. legth: 10.5cm maimm.

Both joiig pats wee fod o 20 J 2003 i the bt debis abovethe pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8), abot 2 o 3 m fom the soth sectio.

The fagmet is boke aog the edge of the eief i two paces.Othewise, it is boke thogh the eief ad pat of the sface of the fag-met with the thmb-ike detai is boke.

Discussion

The joiig fagmets show a ebow-ike coto with a icised cved

ie, o a sma pat of which ow emais. Aog oe edge (the bottom,as istated) is the ed of aothe eemet which is egaged to the ebow,ad which esembes a thmb i shape. It tapes towad the ed, whee ittemiates i a ode. O the othe side of the fagmet (the top, as i stated) is a boke stmp, showig thatthe eief eemet faed ot fom this poit.

The coto sggests that the eemet show was pat of a aima bod ad the icised cve fids paaesi the decoatio of aima bod pats i eiefs fom Cachemish ad Akaa (see cat. o. 3.20). The size of thefagmet wod be sited to pat of the io o giffis bodies (if the atte did ot have hma bodies). Howeve,the shape of the coto ad the thmb-ike eemet ae diffict to paae.

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3.23. Ebow-ike Fagmet




Description

Two fagmets possib showig pat of a aima bod. legth: 6.5 cm;width: 4.5 cm.

Fod 3 Agst 2004 i the destctio ae i Tech 16 (it 13).The two pieces wee fod togethe. The fagmet popped off the sface of

the bock ad is boke pat aog the edge of the eief o oe side ad thoghthe eief o the othe sides. The back of the fagmet is cocave i shape. Thesface shows damage aog the edges ad the edges ae aso discooed fombig.

Discussion

The fagmet shows a coto esembig that show o Cataog no. 3.21 bt is smae ad its oietatiokow. As we, thee ae o cea emais of a icised cved ie o this fagmet. At both of the shote

eds of the fagmet, the edges which have bee boke thogh show that a shaow eief am eteded fomthe ed opposite the ebow ad that aothe epase was show beod the ebow. Oe ca smise fom this thatthe fagmet boke off fom the edge of a eief bod ad shows the cotos of a bod pat (msces?) occigcose to the edge of the bod.

VEGETAl OrnAMEnT (SACrED TrEE?) (CAT. nO. 3.24–30)

Seve fagmets of eief ae attibtabe to vegeta oamet. Most (si) of the fagmets beog to dat-ig baches of vaig thickesses figed aog both edges with sma detis. The agest fagmet shows patof a ode whee two of these baches meet. Aothe shows a temia bd. These two fagmets sggest that abeog to a “saced tee” o a “tee of ife,” as it is sometimes caed, which ma have had thicke baches at the

bottom ad thie oes towad the top. The fagmets show that a the baches tapeed towad the tips.

3.24. Fagmet with Vegeta node ad Etedig Detiated Tedis


Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u08st31, 04Tr16u04st01 Photograph: 05dpnk0113


Description

Two joiig fagmets showig pat of a vegeta eemet. legth: 10 cmmaimm. Width of tedi: 1.8–2.3 cm. Width of ode: 4.5 cm.

The fagmet of tedi (03Tr11u08st31) was fod 29 J 2003 i the

bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8). The fagmet caigthe ode eief (04Tr16u04st01) was fod 19 J 2004 i fi i Tech 16(it 4).

The piece has popped off the sface of the bock aog the edges of thetedis ad was boke thogh the eief i paces. The sface of the odewhee the tedis meet the stem is boke.

Discussion

The fagmet shows two stmps of the baches of a pat meetig. The baches, which ae figed with detisaog both edges, cve p ad awa fom the cete. Cpped betwee the two meetig baches ae a cste of


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icised ies that eca the bottom poit of a pamette. The se epeset eaves at a ode aog a pat stem.The meetig of two idetica baches idicates a smmetica composed pat ad is paaeed i a mbe ofepesetatios of saced tees.

3.25. Temia Bd Fagmet




Description

Fagmet fom the temia ed of a pat. Height: 3.7 cm; width: 3.1 cm.Fod 24 J 2004 i fi i Tech 16 (it 6).The fagmet has boke off the sface of the bock aod the edges of the bd ad boke

thogh the stem jst beow the bd.

Discussion

Show is a temia pat of a pat, with two vote eaves cppig a cste of ti odesepesetig a coe o a fowe bd. Athogh o joi has bee fod, the fagmet ma have te-miated oe of the detiated tedis o it ma have temiated the ceta stem.

3.26. Detiated Tedi




Description

Pat of a pat bach. legth: 6.8 cm; width: 2.0–2.6 cm.Fod 22 J 2003 i the bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8).The fagmet boke off the sface of the bock aog the edges of the tedi ad both eds

of the tedi have boke off.

Discussion

repeseted is a cvig sectio of a bach with ie detis aog the otside edge adseve aog the iside. This fagmet of bach is thicke tha those stemmig fom the odedescibed above (cat. o. 3.24). It cod, theefoe, have beoged to a owe set of baches oa saced tee.

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3.27. Detiated Tedi




Description

Pat of a pat bach. legth: 4.3 cm; width: 1.6–2.2 cm.Fod 20 J 2003 abot 2 o 3 m fom the soth sectio of Tech 11, i the bt debis above

the pavemet (it 8).The fagmet has boke off the sface of the bock aog the edges of the eief ad both eds

of the bach have bee boke off.

Discussion

The piece shows a cvig pat of a pat bach figed with seve detis o both sides. Thebach is thie tha that emaatig fom the ode (cat. o. 3.24) ad cod have beoged to a highe set ofbaches o fathe ot towad the tip of a bach.

3.28. Detiated Tedi




Description

Sma pat of a pat bach. legth: 2.9 cm; width: 1.9 cm.Fod 24 J 2004 i a obbe’s pit i the othwest coe of the Mometa Etace i

Tech 14 (it 3).The fagmet has boke off the backgod aog the edges of the bach ad the eds of the

bach have boke off.

Discussion

Show is a sma piece of a cved tedi figed with detis, idetica to those descibed above, bt smae.Thee detis ae peseved o each side.

3.29. Detiated Tedi

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 46c



Description

Sma pat of a pat bach. legth: 1.8 cm; width: 0.9–1.4 cm.Fod 20 J 2003 i bbe fi i the west pat of Tech 11 (it 4).The fagmet has boke off the backgod aog the edges of the eemet ad the eds of the

bach have boke off.

Discussion

Show is a sma piece of tedi figed with detis, ike those descibed above. This fagmet isthie ad moe shap tapeed tha the othes, sggestig it came fom ea the tip of a bach. Five detis aepeseved aog the ote cvig edge ad thee aog the ie edge.


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3.30. Detiated Tedi


Identif ication Number: 05TR17U11stn01 Photograph: 05dpcs0712


Description

Sma pat of a pat bach. legth: 4.7 cm; width: 2.5 cm.Fod 18 Je 2005 i a pit i the othwest pat of Tech 17 (it 11).The fagmet has boke off the backgod aog the edge of the eief ad both eds of

the bach have bee boke off.

Discussion

The fagmet epesets aothe pat of a cvig pat bach decoated aog the edgeswith sma detis. This fagmet is as thick as Cataog no. 3.25 ad cod aso have beoged to a owe ae ofbaches. Eight detis ae peseved o the ote, cvig edge ad fo aog the ie edge.

Paaes fo saced tees with datig baches ad simia sted temia bds ca be see i tea-cotta achitecta paqes fom Pazaı ad Godio, whee the ae faked b ampat ibees.106 Deti-figedbaches ae moe diffict to fid paaes fo. Simia figed datig tedis ae sed fo tais of mthoogi-

ca beasts i scptes fom Te Haaf, showig that the basic scheme of epesetatio was sed esewhee.107 A

saced tee with detis figig the baches, thogh o aog oe side, ca be see i the cete of a fagmetedivo comb fom Godio.108 The tee thee is show faked b a giffi ad a sphi. Sch tees ae ofte showfaked b beasts ad this ma have bee the case i the Kekees eief, bt it is aso possibe fo me ad ma-ike demos to be show fakig vegeta eemets of diffeet foms. Thee ae aso eampes i ivo of vegetaoamet beig sed as fi i the backgod, behid figes as we as vegetatio etedig dow fom the taiof a wiged disk.109

PArTS OF AnIMAlS Or VEGETATIOn (CAT. nO. 3.31–36)

Si fagmets ae fom ogaic eemets, bt it is ot cea whethe the ae aima o vegetabe. The fagmetsae divided ito two gops: those esembig pamettes o wigs, ad those figed with detis.

PALMETTE-LIKE FRAGMENTS (CAT. NO. 3.31–34)

Fo fagmets show foms that eca pamettes. The foms fid paaes with depictios of wigs of mtho-ogica ceates, vegeta oamet, o feie mzzes, ad the Kekees fagmets ma have bee sed i depic-tios of moe tha oe of these sots of eemets.

106 A eief-moded achitecta tea-cotta fom the acopoisof Godio showig two ibe fakig a saced tee, i GodioMsem, sith cet B.C.(?) (Åkestöm 1966: 148–49, ps. 84.4,85.3; Akga 1943; Pao 1987: 221, cat. 195, p. 37d; Sams adTemizso 2000: 38, fig. 71 [with ateative eaie datig]). Simiadepictio o a paited achitecta tea-cotta fom Pazaı, ow iAkaa, Aatoia Civiizatios Msem, sith cet B.C.(?), height44 cm (Åkestöm 1966: 165–66, p. 88.1–4; Akga 1943; Koşa1941: p. 31; Akaa Msem Gide 1998: 184, fig. 305). Aso oAatoia achitecta tea-cottas, see Smmee i pess; Smmes2006a.

107 Fo eampe, the pota fige of a bidma with scopio taiefeeced i footote 92.108 Fagmeted ivo comb fom the citade of Godio, i Akaa,Aatoia Civiizatios Msem, eighth–seveth cet B.C.(?)(Pao 1987: 219, cat. 177, p. 33e–f).109 Fo vegeta oamet i the backgod, behid a am-headedsphi, see a ivo paqe fom nimd i Baghdad Msem(Maowa 1978: 42, fig. 41). Fo vegetatio etedig fom the tai ofa wiged disk, see the nimd ivoies efeed to i footote 82.

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3.31. Pamette-ike Fagmet Emaatig fom Pai ad Detiated Bads


Identif ication Numbers: 03Tr11u08st07, 03Tr11u08st05 Photograph: 05dpcs0808


Description

Two fagmets fom a jctio of two pats o a aima o pat bod. Height:3.8 cm; width: 7.0 cm.

Both fagmets wee fod 20 J 2003 2 o 3 m fom the soth sectio of Tech11 i the bt debis above the pavemet (it 8).

The pamette-ike fagmet is pat boke aog the ie of the eief ad hadsapped off oe side of the baded fagmet. That fagmet is boke thogh the eiefdecoatio. Pat of the eaves of the pamette have boke off. Pats of the backgodae peseved aog the edge of these eaves.

Discussion

The fagmets joi to show a wig o pamette-ike eemet stemmig pepedica fom a seies of badedmodigs. At east si, ad pehaps seve, eaves o feathes wee show. Thee ae thee bads that ateate be-

twee pai bads ad a ow of detis o odes. The baded pat cves ove sight at oe ed (the bottom, asistated), as if ig oto a shode.

The oietatio of the fagmet is cea. Simia bads bode the wigs of geies ad bids show o theuatia eief-caved com base fom Kef Kaesi.110 The wig o pamette-ike pat aso ecas wig pats, schas those o the giffi-headed demos i othostat eiefs fom Cachemish. 111 It is possibe that the pamette-ikeoamets amog the Kekees eief fagmets aso come fom the wigs of beasts. Howeve, the shape of thewig wod diffe fom those show o the Kef Kaesi base ad it is diffict to fid a paaes fo a wig bodethat is so pepedica to the feathes. Aso, if the ae feathes, the ack the fie made ceta gooves of thewig of the wiged disk (cat. o. 3.1).

3.32. Pamette-ike FagmetSite Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 48a



Description

Two joiig fagmets fomig pat of a wig? legth: 7.5 cm; width: 5.8 cm.Fod 20 J 2003 abot 2 o 3 m fom the soth sectio of Tech 11 i the bt

debis above the pavemet (it 8).The fagmet is boke i haf aog a diagoa ie. It has boke off the sface of

the bock most aog the otie of the eief. A sma pat has boke off aog oe side.Pats of the backgod ae peseved aog the edges. Thee is a sma patch of sface

damage o oe edge, whee the eaf o feathe eemets tape i, which cod oigiahave caied a bodeig eemet.


110 Fo the Kef Kaesi base, see footote 86.111 Fo eampe, a othostat fom the Head’s Wa at Cachemishshowig wiged giffi me, ow i Akaa, Aatoia Civiizatios

Msem iveto mbe 96, ith o eighth cet B.C., basat,height 1.17 m (p. 81d; Othma 1971: 504, Kakemis E/5, p. 26d).Hee p. 81b.

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Discussion

The fagmet shows a pamette-ike eemet with seve eaves o feathes (o a sma pat of the sevethis peseved). The fom of the eaves/feathes is simia to those o the fagmet descibed above (cat. o. 3.30),bt the whoe is sight age ad has a diffeet shape. The sface has a sight cove cve. The edge of thefagmet cves athe tha faig to a poit ad the eaves/feathes do ot emaate staight ot fom a edgigeemet. If thee was a bodeig eemet ike that of Cataog no. 3.31, it ma oigia have acoss a coe

of the fagmet, diagoa to the eaves/feathes.

3.33. Pamette-ike Fagmet




Description

Fagmet showig the edge of a wig? legth: 4.3 cm; width: 4.6 cm.Fod 19 J 2003 i bbe fi i the west pat of Tech 11 (it 4).

The fagmet peseves the otie of the eief o oe edge, bt it is most boke thoghthe eief.

Discussion

Show is pat of the ote edge of a pamette o wig eemet, pesevig five eaves ofeathes. Pat of the backgod is attached to the ote edge of the eemet.

3.34. Pamette-ike Fagmet




Description

Fagmet of a wig o mzze? legth: 3.5 cm; width: 3.2 cm.Fod 6 Agst 2003 i a obbe’s pit i the othwest pat of Tech 11, 2 m fom the west

sectio ad 3 m fom the oth sectio (it 9).The fagmet is boke aog the otie of the eief o thee sides ad thogh the eief whee

the eaves tape i. Pats of the backgod fige the ote edges of the eaves.

Discussion

The fagmet shows a sma pamette-ike eemet with fo eaves. The whoe piece has a sight cove cve.The qait diffes fom the othe pamette-ike eemets aead descibed. It is possibe that this fagmet be-

oged to a diffeet pat of the eief. Besides wigs, eemets that esembe pamettes ofte fomed the mzzesof feies (cf. the mzze of cat. o. 3.9). If this fagmet did beog to the mzze of a beast, howeve, it wodhave bee show cosideab age tha the io epeseted b Cataog no. 3.9.

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49

FRAGMENTS WITH DENTIL FRINGES (CAT. NO. 3.35–36)

Two fagmets show ams with smoothed sfaces, which ae figed with detis.

3.35. Cvig Fagmet with Deti Fige

Site Inventory Number: K03.168 Plates: 29, 49b Identif ication Number: 03Tr11u03st04 Photograph: 06dpk0216


Description

Edge of dape o a aima? legth: 3.9 cm; width: 3.2 cm.Fod 19 J 2003 i bbe fi i the cete of Tech 11 (it 3).The fagmet is boke aog the otie of the eief o the side with the detis. The othe

beaks ae thogh the eief. The sface of the mai bod is aso boke.

Discussion

The piece of eief shows the edge of a pai, smoothed sface aticated with ow facets,

bodeed with five detis. The edge cves sight. The detis ae simia to those show fig-ig dape (cf. cat. o. 3.5), the feie paw (cat. o. 3.8), ad the baches attibted to a saced tee (cat. o.3.24–30). The eief is owe tha that of the pat baches, howeve, sggestig that the fagmet eithe beogsto dape o to the edge of a aima’s eg.

3.36. Fagmet with Deti Fige




Description

Possib fom the edge of a aima? legth: 4.2 cm; width: 2.5 cm.Fod 2 Agst 2004 i the destctio ae above the pavemet i Tech 16 (it 13).As the fagmet above, this oe is boke aog the otie of the eief o the edge with the

detis, ad the othe beaks ae thogh the eief. The sface of the mai bod is aso boke.

Discussion

repeseted is a pai, smoothed sectio with a staight edge figed with five detis. Thesface of the mai sectio is ow damaged, bt a sma peseved pat shows that it had a sight cove cve.The detis ae diffeet fom those show o Cataog no. 3.35. rathe tha beig edeed as thogh see fomthe side, the ae show amost as if see fom above, moe ike the odes see o the io shode ad mae(cat. o. 3.12–17) ad those betwee the two pai ibs egaged to the pamette-ike fom (cat. o. 3.31).


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OTHEr SMAll rElIEF FrAGMEnTS (CAT. nO. 3.37–44)

Te fagmets ae cassified as comig fom othe eemets show o the same o a eated bock. Of thesete, eight ae fom eief eemets ad two ma have bee pat of the backgod. The fagmets of eief eemetsgoped hee ae of vaios shapes ad sizes, fom sma decoative detais to paie, smoothe sfaces.

3.37. Sice Fagmet with ribbed Patte




Description

Thi sice fom bod of a aima? legth: 5 cm; width: 1 cm.Fod 22 J 2003 i the bt debis above the pavemet i Tech 11 (it 8).The fagmet has boke off i the thi sice, pesevig o a factio of the

decoated face.

DiscussionShow ae the emais of thee ibs, which cve sight. Othe ibs ma have

faked those peseved. The ibbig esembes that of the pamette-ike fagmets adthe smae pamette-ike patte o the mzze of the io (cat. o. 3.9).

3.38. Sma Fagmet with Cved Face ad Icised Face




Description

Fagmet fom the edge of a aima bod? legth: 3.5 cm; width: 1.9 cm.Fod 19 J 2003 i bbe fi i the weste pat of Tech 11 (it 4).The fagmet is boke aog the otie of the eief at the edge of the smoothed face ad thogh

the decoated face. The sface of the smooth face is ogheed, pat fom weatheig bt pat asobecase it was ot high poished oigia.

Discussion

The fagmet is fom the edge of a eief eemet, the smoothed face pobab beig a edge ad the icisedface beig the fot face. This idicates that the eief was eative high.

Withi the gop of eief fagmets fod at Kekees, the cosest paaes ae fod i the icised cavigof the giffi ad io ees. The fagmet ma have beoged to the edge of a bod of a beast.

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associated with the io’s bod (cat. o. 3.17) ad it is possibe that this fagmet aso beoged to a aima bod.At a ate, the fagmet idicates a distictive agait empoed to mode some eemets withi the Kekeeseiefs.

3.42. Sma Faceted Fagmet




Description

Fagmet fom the edge of a eief eemet? legth: 3.7 cm; width: 2 cm.Fod 22 J 2004 i the destctio ae above the pavemet i Tech 16

(it 6).The fagmet peseves two faceted paes of the woked sface. The ote peseved

pae ma have boke off ve cose to the otie of the eief.

Discussion

Show ae two smoothed faceted paes. not eogh is epeseted to idetif whethe the fagmet boke offfom a depictio of a ogaic bod, sch as a beast, o a iogaic eemet sch as a bode.

3.43. Fagmet with Smoothed Sface


Identif ication Number: 03TR11U00stn01 Photograph: 05dpnk0115


Description

Pat of the backgod? Width: 6.6 cm.Fod Agst 2003 ea the sface of Tech 11.Boke thogh the eief face o a edges.

Discussion

The fagmet peseves pat of a fat, smooth face ad cod epeset pat of thebackgod of the eief.

3.44. Fagmet with Smoothed Sface


Identif ication Number: 04Tr16u01st01 Photograph: 06dpk0211 Inscription Fragment: —

Description

Pat of the backgod? Width 7.2 cm.Fod 19 J 2004 i the topsoi of Tech 16 (it 1).Boke thogh the woked face o a edges.

Discussion

As above, the fagmet peseves pat of a ve smooth, fat face, ad ma havecome fom the backgod of the eief.

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53

DISCuSSIOn: rElIEF-DECOrATED BlOCKS

The cosest paaes fo eief-caved bocks ae decoated com bases, sch as fagmeta eiefs attibtedto com pedestas fom Ephesos ad aothe age pie base fom Kef Kaesi i uat. 112 Both depict imageseated to ct, thogh i qite diffeet was. Othe paaes ae two eief-caved pia bocks fom Phgiasites: oe fom Mihaıççık, ow i the Eskişehi Msem, ad aothe fom Dadaı, i the Afo Msem (p.79c).113 The fist has two decoated sides ad shows a ide o oe side ad a (femae?) vota o aothe. A thid

face is woked, bt eft smooth, whie the back is ogh. The secod has thee decoated sides, a of which showgiffi-headed demos. It is cose i size to the poposed dimesios of the Kekees bock, thogh tae adaowe. Techica ad stistica, the eiefs o both have moe i commo with the Kekees state (cat. o.1) tha with the sma Kekees eiefs. This is patica evidet i the ibbed dape show o figes o bothpias. The fctios of those pias ae ot et destood.114

I tems of icoogaph, the Kekees eief-caved bock is cosest to the pia fom Dadaı ad the KefKaesi pie base, which both depict smmetica aaged geie figes. The pie base fom Kef Kaesi aso ca-ies a isciptio (i ceifom) o the top edge of a famig eemet bodeig the bock. uike that uatiabock, howeve, the Kekees bock does ot seem to have fctioed as a com base. It wod have bee toosma fo a massive com; the diamete wod have had to be de 0.50 m. I additio, if the boste capitadoes beog, the og, aow cttig o its top is ot sited to secig a com. The Phgia pias ae bothwoked o thee sides ad eve if feestadig, the had picipa viewig sides. These ad the Kekees bock

ma have fctioed as bases fo othe eemets o fomed pats of mometa pia stees.It is otabe i the eties o the idivida fagmets that ma paaes ae to be fod amog the mo-

meta othostat eiefs that adoed passages ad facades of the lwia ad Aamaea “neo-Hittite” cities fatheeast. Wiged disks, giffis, giffi demos, cofotig figes, ios, ad saced tees ae feqet epesetedi these age eiefs, athogh thee the ae ofte a compemet to the mai pogams of festive pocessios. Itis ot o the sbjects, howeve, bt stistic detais i the Kekees eiefs that ae emakab simia to thoseempoed i vaios neo-Hittite eiefs. Agai, thee ae o diect paaes, vaios idivida detais beig aki tothose show o eiefs fom a vaiet of sites. Cosses o io shodes ae see o pota ios fom both Ziciiad Sakçegöz. The io ea (cat. o. 3.9, p. 35) is cosest to that show o the pota io fom Gö Da, as isthe sma pme-ike fagmet (cat. o. 3.18, p. 40), which cod be pat of the fige of a io’s mae. The odepatte sed fo the io mae at Kekees is aso sed o the backs of the fot egs of the Gö Da ios ad issed fo the fi of othe eemets at Kaatepe. The osette decoatig the cete of the wiged disk (cat. o. 3.2,

p. 27) ecas oe of the othostat eiefs fom Sakçegöz. The gaphic, iea edeig of bod pats sch as eesis simia to that sed i a mbe of eiefs, bt the qait of some of the icised ies is patica simia tothat see i eiefs fom Maaş.115 These eiefs aso show detiated figes o dape that stog eca thosei the eiefs fom Kekees.116

Paaes ae ot esticted to neo-Hittite pbic eiefs. Simia motifs ae kow fom mometa scp-te fom fathe west, sch as the Akaa othostats ad the Dadaı pia eiefs, both of which have og beecosideed to epeset the adoptio of neo-Hittite visa taditios i ea Phgia at. Othe detais ike thedatig baches ad the temia bd ae best paaeed i o-stoe items fom Phgia, sch as achitectatea-cottas fom Godio ad Pazaı. Ad impotat, the themes ad vaios decoative detais wee wide sedi smae potabe ats, sch as bozes ad ivoies. The iea ste, the ode io mae fi, the wiged disk,ad the mthoogica ceates ae a fod i ivoies fom nimd, uat, ad Godio. 117 Ma of the ivopaqes fom uat ad nimd wee sed i the decoatio of fite pats ad idicate a stadad epetoie of

images associated with the decoatio of sppots, fom which the decoatios fo the bock at Kekees, possiba sppotig base, ma have bee daw.

112 Ephesos fagmets fom com pedestas, fo eampe, the“Seepig Head,” 550–500 B.C., mabe, height 19 cm, lodo,Bitish Msem B 89 (Mss 1994: 35–36; Picó 1988: 222, p. 48;Pce 1928: 47–49, B 89, p. 4; ad ow Jekis 2006). Fo the KefKaesi base, see footote 86.113 O the Mihaıççık pia, see footote 53; fo the Dadaı pia,see footote 87.114 Fiedhem Pao (pes. comm. 2005) idicates that thee is oevidece to cofim thei se as bases.

115 Ma eampes i Boatz 2000. See i patica the gave steeof Tahpia, fom Maaş, ow i Pais, love AO 19222, sevethcet B.C., basat, height 75 cm (Akga 1968: 128, p. 29; idem2001: 264, fig. 180; Boatz 2000: 22, C 65, p. 22; Othma 1971:528, Maas D/4, p. 48d).116 Compae the stee oted above ad sevea othe eampes iBoatz 2000.117 Fo nimd ivoies, especia those cosideed to be of Siaste, see Baett 1975; Ma owa 1978. Fo the Godio ivo comb,see footote 108.


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This ast poit is impotat becase the eiefs at Kekees ma be descibed as beogig to a cass of “oie-taizig” at, whe motifs famiia fom ich easte cities wee appied i ew dispa cocepts withi foishigcities fathe west. At Kekees, images daw fom the epetoie of the “east” have bee appied to a sapbic momet.118 The podct is ve ike a pedesta, ad thogh it ma have eatives withi Phgia, itstads apat fom the decoated bocks kow so fa i the deicac of the cavig ad i the detais of fom. Themomet is sigificat ot o i these espects, bt aso i its combiatio of “oieta” motifs togethe withthe Phgia isciptios.

usa appicatio does ot ecessai mea that the Kekees eiefs og post-date the neo-Hittite mo-meta eiefs ad the itte uatia ad Assia ivo cavigs the eca. Estabishig pecise datig paametesis diffict, howeve. The compaisos with these momets, i patica with the detais of figig, icised ies,ad the stig of the giffi mae, poit to a ppe age somewhee i the eighth cet B.C. The poposeddestctio date of the Mometa Etace, abot 547 B.C., povides some idicatio of a owe paamete. Theeas of the giffi head, it was oted, eca those of seveth-cet B.C. “oieta” ad “oietaizig” oamet.I geea, the sbjects ad ste of the eiefs ma fit comfotab i the seveth o eaie sith cet B.C.

OTHEr SMAll rElIEFS

Amog the fagmets of scpte fom Kekees is a gop of five sma eief fagmets (cat. os. 4–8) eatedto those descibed above, bt which cod have decoated a sepaate stcte. Howeve, the ae made of the samefie-gaied sadstoe chaacteistic of the iscibed ad eief-caved bock (cat. o. 3).

4. rOSETTE

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: — PLATES: 29, 54b

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 05Tr14u51st01 PHOTOGRAPH: 06dpk0215

DESCRIPTION

Fagmeta eief of osette. Width: 6.9 cm maimm. Diamete of osette: 6 cm.

Thickess of whoe fagmet: 1 cm.Fod i 2005 i the fi i a pit cttig the wa of the oth towe-ike patfom, i theotheast coe of Tech 14 (it 51).

Boke thogh oe side of the osette. The fagmet peseves pat of the backgodaod the osette. Pats of the sface of the petas have boke off.

DISCUSSION

The osette is the same size ad ste as that decoatig the cete of the wiged disk,thogh hee thee ae o taces of a wigs o bodeig modig. It was pobab foatigbackgod decoatio ike the ve simia osettes o othostat eiefs fom Sakçegöz.119

Simia fiig oamet is ofte empoed i backgods o oietaizig Coithia potte.Aothe possibiit is that sch osettes decoated a bode of a stcte associated with the

eief-caved bock (cat. o. 3).

118 This is ot to imp that the tems “easte” ad “oieta” hadmeaig fo the ses; the ae mee sed hee as shot-had tems.O the pobems the tem “oietaizig,” see riva ad Vea 2006.119 Two eated othostat eiefs fom the cit gate of Sakçegözshowig io hts with osettes i the backgod, i Bei,

Vodeasiatische Msem iveto mbe VA 971, ad Akaa,Aatoia Civiizatios Msem iveto mbe 1804, eighth ce-t B.C.(?), basat, height 1.17 m (Othma 1971: 532, SakçagözB/1 ad B/2, p. 51c ad d espective).

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5. SInGlE rOSETTE PETAl

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: — PLATES: 29, 55a

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 05TR17U11stn02 PHOTOGRAPH: 05dpcs0710

DESCRIPTION

Peta fom osette decoatio. legth: 2.6 cm; width: 1.9 cm. Thickess of fagmet: 1.1 cm.Fod 18 Je 2005 i the fi of a pit i the othwest pat of Tech 17 (it 11).The fagmet is boke aog the oties of the peta.

DISCUSSION

The peta is of the same size ad ste as those of the eief osettes fom Kekees ad sebeoged to aothe osette. It too ma have decoated the backgod of a eief fied, aothe patof the eief-decoated bock o a eated stcte.

6. FrAGMEnTS OF CurVED MOlDInG


IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u05st03, 04Tr16u14st01 PHOTOGRAPH: 06dpk0208

DESCRIPTION

Two joiig fagmets of a cvig modig. legth: 7.9 cm; width: 1.5 cm.Thickess of fagmet: 1.1 cm.

Oe pat (03Tr11u05st03) was fod 14 J 2003 i bbe fi i the east patof Tech 11 (it 5), ad the othe (04Tr16u14st01) was fod 3 Agst 2004 ithe fi i the otheast coe of Tech 16 (it 14).

The two joiig fagmets ae ogh eqa i size. The whoe boke off thebackgod aog the otie of the eief ad both eds have boke off. Sma patsof the backgod ae attached to the edges ad a sma pat of the sface is bokeat oe ed.

DISCUSSION

The piece is fom a cvig pipe modig. It is ot cea whethe the oigia eemet was a cice, bt if so, itwod have bee abot 8.4 cm i diamete.

7. FrAGMEnT WITH CurVED MOlDInG On BACKGrOunD

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: — PLATES: 29, 56a


DESCRIPTION

lage fagmet of pai sface with cvig eief modig. legth:7.4 cm; width: 10 cm.

Fod 19 J 2003 i bbe fi i the weste pat of Tech 11(it 4).

The fagmet is boke fom the sface of a bock. Two-thids of thesface of the eief modig is boke. Thee ae taces of what ma be adeibeate icised ie ea the most boke ed of the modig.

DISCUSSION

Show is a epase of the sface of a bock ad pat of a cvedmodig. like the modig descibed above (cat. o. 6), this too is asimpe, cvig pipe modig, bt the qait of the modig diffes. Thesface of the modig is ot as fie oded as Cataog no. 6 ad the


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modig is aso aowe. If it was pat of a cice, howeve, it wod have bee of ogh the same diamete asthat to which the othe cvig modig cod have beoged.

8. FrAGMEnT FrOM MOlDInG(?)


IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 04Tr16u08st02 PHOTOGRAPH: 05dpnk0207

DESCRIPTION

Pat of a modig? legth: 4.7 cm; width: 1.7 cm.Fod i 2004 i Tech 16 (it 8).The fagmet has boke off the sface aog the otie of the modig ad

both eds ae boke off.

DISCUSSION

The piece cetai beogs to pat of a eief feate ad ma have boke off fom a modig. The stoe issimia to that sed fo the othe eiefs. The sface is ogh ad the qait of the cavig i geea sggests thatthe eemet was ot a focs of attetio.

MISCEllAnEOuS SCulPTurE (CAT. nOS. 9–10)

Two othe fagmets of scpte fod i the same aea pehaps both beog to scptes of aimas. Oe(cat. o. 9) is the owe pat of a sma scpte of a bid of pe. The othe (cat. o. 10) is a pecia, ogh eiefthat cod show a io tai.

9. FrAGMEnT FrOM STATuE OF BIrD OF PrEy

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K08.228 PLATES: 29, 57, 96

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 04Tr14u15st01 PHOTOGRAPHS: 05dpcs0926, 05dpcs0928, 05dpcs0931,

05dpcs0934DESCRIPTION

lowe pat of a state of abid. Height: 5.5 cm; egth:5.5 cm; width: 5.8–6.1 cm. Widthof bid foot: 1.9 cm. Height ofegs etat: 3.8 cm. Estimatedheight of bid: 25 cm.

Fod 29 J 2004 i md-bick ad bbe coapse befoethe was at the top of the e-tace passage, jst to the west

of a age mass of vitified stoei Tech 14 (it 15).

The fagmet has boke offat abot the midpoit of the egsof the bid. The back of the fag-met is aso boke, idicatig that it epesets o the fot of the owe pat of the scpte. The object thatthe bid is show hodig is damaged o the ight side. A sma fake which boke off has bee ejoied, bt theeis sti a pat missig fom the fa ight of the object. A fake which boke off the fot of the tao o the fa ighthas aso bee ejoied, bt thee ae boke edges aog the edge of the fake eavig gaps betwee its edges adthe sface of the tao. The sface of the othe side of the feet is abaded, obscig the detais of the object thebid hods o that side.

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Caved fom a specked sadstoe. The tete of the sadstoe is gaie tha that sed fo the sma eiefsad the boste-decoated capita (cat. o. 12) ad is cose to that of the ife-size hma fige (cat. o. 1). Thedeeath of the base o which the bid feet ae show is woked bt eft ogh.

DISCUSSION

The fagmet shows the owe etemities of a apto sch as a hawk o faco, with a od-ike object gaspedi its taos. The object potdes fathe ot o the ight tha the eft ad the emais show that the ight ed

ced p fom beow the taos to jst behid the foot (ps. 57e, 96). The eft side of the object is sight damagedfom weatheig, bt it is cea that it did ot potde fa ad was ot high aticated. Caef aticatio ofthe object i geea seems ot to have bee a pioit ad it is possibe that the eft side was tcated. The objectcod be a boe — a appopiate attibte fo a apto.

The feet ae show moted o a sma pedesta, the back of which is boke. The fagmet cod have bokeoff fom a feestadig state, bt the fige cod aso have bee egaged to aothe eemet. The ogh wokedbottom of the base shows that if the atte wee the case, the the fot of the fige ad its base potded beodthe est of the sppot.

Paaes fo the Kekees apto taos ae fod i a mbe of fagmeta, sma stoe states of bids ofpe fom Godio ad Boazkae.120 Those apto figes have bee fod i ct cotets ad ae itepeted asfeestadig votive offeigs to Mata. Ma ae age tha the Kekees fige. A fagmeta sma aabastestatette of a apto fom Godio shows taces of a simia boe gasped i the bid’s taos. 121 Becase of this, it

has bee itepeted as a vte, specifica the lammegeie o “Beaded Vte” ( Gypaetus barbatus), whichae the o species kow to dop boes fom a height i ode to beak them ad access the maow.122 The

lammegeie, which esembes a eage moe tha a vte, is aso kow fo its habit of washig itsef i iooide ich poos, which stais its oma white beast feathes ed.123

A possibiit sggested aead is that the bid was associated with the state (cat. o. 1), pehaps beig hedi the fige’s eft had. Mateia, thee ae eatioships betwee the two. The bid is caved fom sadstoe ofthe same tete ad coo, ad its size is sitabe, eve if it is somewhat smae tha ife-size. Oe ca compaethe eative sma sizes of the aptos hed b Kbee i eiefs fom Phgia (p. 76c). 124

I tems of fidspot, howeve, the eatioship betwee bid fige ad state is weak. The bid feet wee fodi Tech 14, oth of the state fagmets, fathe p the passagewa (p. 3). The o othe scpta eemetsfod i this tech wee the wigess osette (cat. o. 4) ad a sma pat of a vegeta bach (cat. o. 3.28). It ispossibe that the fagmet was moved dig obbig, bt the statigaph does ot povide a cea idicatios

of this. O the othe had, fagmets of the vegeta tedis wee fod spead fom Teches 14 to Tech 17,idicatig the potetia fo wide scatteig.

I tems of icoogaph, thee ae paaes fo figes hodig bids ad staves i ode Hittite ad neo-Hittiteat.125 Cotempoa eiefs depictig eithe Kbee hesef o he femae votaies ofte show the figes hodigbids of pe i oe had, bt caoica, the figes ae show hodig a shaow bow i the othe had, ot astaff o weapo.126 The sma pedesta show de the taos of the bid wod ot pecde the bid beig hedb the fige, bt it seems moe ike that the fige was a sepaate feestadig state ike the othe Phgiaegio bid figes.

120 Fo states of bids of pe, see Meik 1963–64; Pao 1987:cats. 72–76.121 Aabaste statette of a bid, headess, peched atop a boe fomGodio, S 60, height ca. 5 cm (thaks to the ate Pofesso K. DeViesof the uivesit of Pesvaia fo the ifomatio o this stat-ette). Fo aothe aabaste statette of apto fom Godio, see Samsad Temizso 2000: 54, fig. 115.122 Thaks to Docto V. Ioaido of METu fo cotibtig the i-fomatio o the “Beaded Vte.”

123 Thaks to Keem Boa fo fthe ifomatio o the lammegeieVte ad othe aptos i the aea aod Kekees.124 Fo the eief fod i the Sagaios rive ea Godio, seePao 1987: 203, cat. 15.125 See footote 39.126 Fo aptos as a attibte of Kbee, with efeeces, see roe1988.


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10. POSSIBlE rElIEF OF lIOn TAIl(?)

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: — PLATES: 58, 97

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 05TR17U15stn01 PHOTOGRAPH: 05dpcs1222

DESCRIPTION

Fagmet of ogh eief cavig. Height: 16.3 cm; width: 19.5 cm. Thickess

of whoe fagmet: 3 cm. Depth of eief: 1.2–1.4 cm.Fod 26 Je 2005 above the pavig stoes of Tech 17 (it 15).The fagmet is boke thogh the eief ad pats of the backgod fied.

The sface is ogh woked ad appeas fiished. Thee ae goge makso the sface ad some weatheig damage o the backgod sface i oecoe.

Made fom a coase-gaied sadstoe that is ve heav ad dese. Thestoe is cose to that fom which the io head fagmet is made (cat. o. 2) btseems dese ad gae.

DISCUSSION

The fagmet shows a fat eief eemet with a cved edge, fom which a cvig appedage pojects. Theedges ad sfaces of the eief eemet ae de caved. Beves have bee eft aog some edges. The ppe edgeof the cvig appedage (as istated) is caved with a shaowe sope ad thee is some weatheig damageaog the ie of the edge. The othe edge of the cvig appedage is ct mch moe shap.

The modeig, whie cde, is pastic eogh to sggest that the fagmet beoged to a eief scpte athetha geometic achitecta decoatio. Oe possibiit is that the fagmet depicts the tai of a feie, show c-ig p fom the mp i a mae ve ike the feies show i the othostat eiefs fom aod Akaa (p. 80b).If so, the size of the fagmet wod aow a feie of abot the same size as that sggested b the io head fag-met (cat. o. 2), ad the two cod both beog to a pota io ike those fom neo-Hittite sites sch as GöDa, Maata, Sakçegöz, ad Zicii, whee the heads ae show i the od ad the bodies i eief. I thosecases, howeve, the eief of the io bodies is highe. As we, the qait of the cavig of this tai is fa pooetha that of the moe sece idetified io head fagmet (cat. o. 2).

SUMMARY AND COMMENTS

The scpte fom Kekees adds a geat dea to a deveopig histo of Phgia dig a peiod afte the faof Midas’ Phgia kigdom ad dig which, accodig to Heodots, the Memad ldias o the oe hadad the Medes o the othe cotoed most of Aatoia. At this time, the cit o Kekees Da ma have bee theew capita of a idepedet “Pteia” kigdom (see pp. 2–4 ad Smmes 2008). The achitecte of the cit, itsetet, ad its massive was idicate the pomiece of this i tte-kow kigdom. The cache of momet emaisfom the Mometa Etace ot o ehaces the impessio of the cit’s gadiosit, bt aso ccia showsthe foms sch aggadizemet took. Schoas of Phgia at wi aso be coceed abot the impact of the ewKekees mateia o the chooogica seqece of Phgia/ceta Aatoia at, fo which thee ae few itemswith a etea datig evidece. If the destctio of the cit o Kekees is ight estimated at abot 550 B.C.,

this is a sigificat temis ate qem i Phgia at. The pesetatio of the mateias hee is iteded to eabefthe discssios of these isses. Hee, a bief smmig p of obsevatios made i the cataog eties ad somegeea commets ae offeed.127

Boad, the Kekees scpte fits ito a visa cte of Io Age ceta Aatoia i which icoogaphiceemets famiia fom the kigdoms ad empies of the nea East, especia the neo-Hittite kigdoms, weeadapted b thei weste eighbos. Diect boowig is most cea evideced i mometa at sch as theAkaa othostats, oe of which is amost idetica to a othostat fom Sakçegöz. Despite igeig qestios

127 See aead Smmes 2006b. I thak hee the obsevatios ofthe aomos efeee, whose isights ito the sigificace of the

Kekees mateia fo the chooog of Phgia at show that theeis mch to epoe i this espect.

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abot the fidspots, chooog, ad oigia dispa cotets of the Akaa othostats, the povide evidece that iPhgia teito, cocepts of pbic visa pogams cod be ve cose to those see i neo-Hittite cities. 128

At the othe ed of the spectm ae hbid momets, i which the choices of sbjects eca those fod ithe nea East, bt i which the foms ad appicatios ae ateed. Oe eampe of this is the Godio othostats,which show a kid of momet taditioa i the east, adoed with a taditioa theme, bt edeed i saste.129 Aothe eampe is the Dadaı pia (p. 79c), which is decoated with stadad “oieta” sbjects (giffidemos), bt i a distictive cde mae; this fom of momet is ot we attested i the east.

The Kekees scpte fas ito this hbid cass ad istates a vaiet of cocepts ad esotios ot sofa attested at othe Phgia sites. O the oe had, the ife-size stata icdes sbjects which fid cote-pats i the icoogaph of the nea East, bt which ae edeed qite diffeet. The io mae ma beog toa mometa feestadig state, to a sppot, o to a pota fige, a of which ae epeseted i the scptefom neo-Hittite sites. The decoatio of the mae, howeve, is specifica sa ad is cose to sotios seei smae two-dimesioa images i the mio ats, especia decoatios fom ceta Aatoia.

The state of the daped fige ikewise ecas a sbject we kow fom the pbic momets of the neaEast: the oa o divie athoit fige, with a smbo of powe (ps. 75, 83). Bt i a mbe of espects, schas mateia, size, techiqe, ad ste, the Kekees state beogs to a veaca Aatoia o eve specificaPhgia gop, most of which compise Kbee figes (ps. 76–77b, 83). Stistica, the eatioships ae mostevidet i the sopig shodes ad geea shape of the toso, the facia feates, ad the ibbed skit. Thee aeaso simiaities with the sma ivo figes fom Baıdı ad especia the itte heo fom Dephi — oftecosideed to epitomize a Aatoia fige ste (ps. 78b–79a).

Othe aspects of the fige ae moe eceptioa. The smbo of powe, whethe a mace o a staff, hed agaistthe shode, is moe ofte show i eiefs tha i stata i the od. So fa, simia attibtes ae kowo i two othe cases of fagmeta de ife-size neo-Hittite states (p. 75c–d). Most states of kigs ad/o gods fom Assia ad neo-Hittite sites show them hodig og staffs that each fom the fist dow to thegod, athe tha weapos ove the shode. The distictive fees badig the object ae diffict to paa-e, as ae the haiste ad, eve moe so, the costme of the fige. The haiste is cose to that wide see iimages fom uat ad i neo-Hittite at, bt it aso diffes i the esotio of the hai o the top of the head,which is ibbed, moe ike Geek kooi. Paaes fo the ack of bet ad the ibbed skit ae few ad fa betweead most imited to epesetatios of femaes. The state ths istates some of the difficties of idetifiggede. A mbe of feates have ed to the cocsio hee that the fige is mae, eithe e o pehaps deit,dessed i sa costme, athogh the moe emote possibiit of a iqe vesio of a goddess, pehaps a wagoddess, caot be tota ecded.

The eief-caved bock istates a diffeet kid of hbid momet, moe aki to those associated withthe seveth-cet B.C. oietaizig pheomeo, whe easte-deived motifs wee appied as decoatio oweste foms ad mateias. The motifs ae famiia ad competet edeed. Foma, ma of the detais aeve cose to those show i neo-Hittite scptes ad especia ivo cavigs fom uat ad nimd. Thesize ad appicatio of the eiefs is sa, howeve. Feestadig o egaged eief-caved bocks o pias aeso fa few i mbe, ad the meos fagmets fom Kekees povide aothe ce that eief-caved piascod have bee a feate withi a Phgia epetoie of momets. The Kekees fagmets aso costitte thefist evidece of a momet of this geea tpe with sch deicate, fie cavig ad ot o a isciptio, btaso a patica epasive oe.

As a gop, the Kekees scpted momets ae aso sa. The combiatio of state ad eiefs is ofcose attested at Hittite sites, thogh o a mch gade scae, sa with othostats ad pota figes (cf.ussishki 1989). It is diffict to kow whethe the vaios fagmets fom Kekees a beoged to a coheetpogam o whethe the epeset qite dispaate eemets, pehaps set p b diffeet idividas o gops. At aate, whie thee ae some eatioships with neo-Hittite momets, the scpta decoatio at the MometaEtace at Kekees appeas to have bee fa smae i scae, impig moe imited epedite ad/o feweesoces.


128 O the oigia dispa cotet of the Akaa othostats, see Bç1988. Besides these othostats fom ea Akaa, thee ae eampesof bas eief othostats fom xathos i lcia (des Cotis 1995,

2007). These othostats ae ot so cea neo-Hittite i ste bt doidicate cotiig tastes fo eief othostats.129 O Godio othostats, see footote 67.

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Withi the cotet of Phgia achaeoog, howeve, the momets at Kekees ook moe ambitios.Coectios of momets fod aod citade gates i Phgia egios have so fa icded some feestadigstates ad stees (Boazkae), eiefs ad sometimes mometa othostats (Godio, eaie), bt thee is oeampe of a package of items sch as that at Kekees. no fige of mae athoit (e o deit) has et beefod esewhee i Phgia. The qait of the cavig at Kekees ca be sa beatif, as i the eiefs.Ad the chk attibted to the head of a massive io scpte hits that thee was moe scpte at Kekees,which is et ackig. It shod be oted that if the state ad the eief-caved bock wee paced o top of a gate

patfom stcte (athe tha i the passage), this wod aso appea to diffeetiate pactice at Kekees fomboth its pedecessos ad cotempoaies — at east as fa as is cet kow.

A mbe of feates idicate epeimetatio that atisas pehaps sed wokig i othe media o makigsmae items ted thei hads to mometa stoe wok. Idicatios of this ae pattes sch as the mae of theage io state fagmet, the datig baches attibted to a saced tee, ad the ovea fom of the state,a of which have good paaes i the decoatio of mio ats sch as potte ad ivoies. Othe cmsie fea-tes idicate possibe famiiait with eithe edeig i age stoe ad/o with the icoogaph, especiafo feestadig stata. Sch aspects icde the cios bedig of the mace ad the ieegat esotio of thestate’s skit.

A these aspects of the Kekees scptes cotibte towad a sese of the cta ad poitica idetitof the cit at the time of the Mometa Etace bidig pojects, povisioa dated to the ate seveth ad/o fist haf of the sith cet B.C. The peset cosess is that the neo-Hittite-ike phase of Phgia at wasa ea pheomeo, afte which it was iceasig Heeized. The Kekees mateia idicates that thee aeothe stoies to te. Athogh achitecta eemets at Kekees eca those fod i the Phgia Highads, adthe ste ad techiqe of the scpte ca be caed Phgia, the “e” fige (cat. o. 1) especia shows aeatioship with eaie easte icoogaph at a mch ate date tha has bee accoted fo so fa.

Whethe this is acta a cotiatio o eagemet of a itte-kow easte Phgia taditio is ot cea.new fids fom vaios sites i Aatoia wi hopef cotibte evidece of cotempoa momets, whichwi eich the cops of compaada agaist which foms ad pactice at Kekees ca be bette destood. 130

Bt the hge, waed cit of Kekees itsef seems to be somethig of a sdde maifestatio i the egio, adthis togethe with sigs of epeimetatio ad adaptatio i the scptes sggests that the eades of this mas-sive fodatio might have bee tig to ceate a fesh image of thei ig seat, i pat eated to that of eaieeaste kigdoms. It is sigificat that this seems to have bee happeig at the poit whe neo-Hittite cities weebeig abadoed ad ldia was epadig.

This is ot to demie the othewise Phgia chaacte of Kekees. I ode to appeciate the stikig a-te of the scptes, the eed to be destood agaist the backgod of the cit. As oted above, some of theachitecta feates ae othig ike athig fom the nea East, bt ae desigs paaeed o a smae scae fato the west, i the Phgia Highads (see aso p. 64). The oigis of the fodes of Kekees emai obsce. Items of the chaacte of thei settemet, howeve, these fids ad fthe discoveies at Kekees wi cotieto evea aspects of thei idetit, ad o a age scae, wi cotibte to a ethikig of Phgias ad Phgiacte i Io Age Aatoia.

130 Othe scptes that ma be cotempoa icde hma figesfom Medacıkkae ad othostats fom xathos (des Cotis 1995,2007; laoche-Taecke 1993). Fo ldia ios with neo-Hittite

taits, see roosevet (i pepaatio). Fids fom Phgia peiodDaskeio ad Şahök/Doaio wi cetai cotibte mchto the destadig of Phgia ad Phgias.

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ArCHITECTurAl ElEMEnTS (CAT. nOS. 11–12)G EOFFREY D. S UMMERS

INTRODUCTION

Two achitecta eemets that wee pehaps associated with both the iscibed ad scpted bock ad thestate wee ecoveed fom the same cotet, that is, the Mometa Etace to the Paatia Compe. The fistpiece is a stepped sab o base (cat. o. 11). The secod is a sab embeished with egaged bostes ad icisedboste eds (cat. o. 12), which esembes a kid of capita.131

Both of these pieces wee cea pats of oe o moe feestadig momets set p at the MometaEtace, pehaps betwee o o the patfoms fakig the icied stoe pavemet. Each piece was caved fomsoft sadstoe that was caef seected fo the patica eemet. It ca be sggested that, ike othe aspects ofthe achitecte at Kekees, we have hee a tasatio of a woodwokig taditio ito stoe. The pobabe, btpove, associatio of these two sabs with the scpted pieces is pehaps made moe ike b the absece ofothe scpted fagmets ess, as is possibe, woode stata was set aogside the stoe pieces.

Both eemets wee smashed ad scatteed befoe the fie, which has ested i damatic chages i coo aswe as i diffeetia sface tete of the sadstoe. neithe piece is compete ad the fagmets wee fod tohave bee edistibted as a est of ate distbace. Cosevatio has ot poceeded beod what was ecessato make gaphic ecostctios. Pbicatio of these eemets is made hee becase of thei eatioship with thescpted ad iscibed momets.

RECOVERY AND NOTATION

I geea, it ca be said that fagmets of both bocks wee i the bt debis o ad above the stoe pave-met whie othe fagmets wee edistibted b ate ootes. Athogh the geate pat of the boste sab has beeecoveed, mch of the stepped sab has bee ost. Give the distictive ight coo ad specked appeaace of thispatica stoe, which faciitated ecogitio of feateess fagmets fom the coe, it is pobabe that obbeswee esposibe fo this oss. It is ot thoght that sigificat pieces wet ecogized dig ecavatio.

Fagmets with diagostic feates ecogized at the time of ecavatio wee, as with the scpte fagmets,

give idetificatio mbes. Some of these wee cassified accodig to mateia, ths stoe (st), whie otheswee cassified as achitecta eemets (ac). Each of the two sepaate eemets has a Kekees site ivetombe. Joiig fagmets with ecogizabe feates fod i sbseqet seasos wee aso give thei ow ide-tificatio mbes, athogh feateess fagmets wee added withot beig give idetificatio mbes.

131 Metioed i discssio of the eief-caved bock (cat. o. 3).

CATALOG: ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS (CAT. NOS. 11–12)

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11. STEPPED SlAB Or BASE

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.169 PLATES: 59–61, 66

IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u04ac01, 04Tr11u01ac01 PHOTOGRAPHS : 06dpcj0306,06dpcj0316

DESCRIPTION

Ve fagmeta stepped o faceted sab. Thickess of sab: 20.5 cm; height of steps: topise 1.5 cm, midde ise 3 cm, owest ise 3.5 cm; width of magi aod the ecess: 7.0 cm;width of fist step fom top: 3.5 cm; width of secod step fom top: 3.0 cm; width of oweststep (ot istated i f): 3.5 cm; the side beow the bottom step (ot istated athoghsevea fagmets ae etat) 12.5 cm; depth of ct ecess o top: 0.9 cm.

Most of the diagostic fagmets of this age sab wee ecoveed fom Tech 11 i2003. Ma othe fagmets wee etieved b meas of sotig thogh a the sadstoe fomteches i the Mometa Etace dig the 2004 ad 2005 seasos. Sch fagmets weeot give idivida idetificatio mbes.

The eemet is ct fom a high distictive, ight-cooed coase sadstoe, which ap-peas specked. The distictive ate of the stoe eabed ecogitio of beogig fagmets.Amost haf the sab/base has bee ecoveed. Thee age fagmets have bee assembed fom joiig fagmets,

whie othe fagmets of the coe (with o woked sfaces) have bee etaied. Fidig adjoiig pieces adcosevatio is ogoig, bt it ow seems impobabe that fthe sigificat jois wi be made.The fat bode o magi aod the top ad the teads of the steps ae smoothed with few visibe taces of too

maks, the ises ess we fiished. The sface of the age ecess o the top beas shaow too maks, cofimigthat it was ot iteded to be visibe. The side beow the bottom step (i.e., the owest ise) ad the deside beacoase too maks made with a adze o chise. Some sfaces have a eddish tige which, ike pats of the statesface, seems to be the est of post-destctio staiig.

DISCUSSION

The fagmets ae povisioa attibted to a stepped sab. Coase wokig of the deside of the eemetidicates that it was a base, athe tha a iveted, stepped coice, o capita eemet. It is assmed that thebase was sqae ad that the ecessed top was of the same dimesios as the scpted ad iscibed bock which

might have sat sg i it. That the bock wod ot have sat o the magis, so that the ecess wod epesetaathosis, is idicated b two obsevatios: fist, b the shap deieatio of the edges as we as the eve adeative smooth fiish of the ecessed aea; ad, secod, othe paaes fo ecesses i bases at Kekees, icd-ig the com bases i the Mometa Etace, those fom the owe pat of the cit, ad aso the ecess whicheceived the Mata ido stee fod at the Cappadocia Gate.132 (Ideed, it is sigificat that thee is ot evideceof aathosis at Kekees.) I this case the top wod have meased abot ca. 50 ≈ 50 cm ad the ovea pawod have bee cose to 80 ≈ 80 cm.

132 Fo com bases, see Smmes, Smmes, ad Batig 2004b:29–31, figs. 21–25; fo Mata ido, see Smmes 2006c.

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12. BOlSTEr SlAB

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.167 PLATES: 62–64, 66

IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u01st01, 03Tr11u04st03, PHOTOGRAPHS : 06dpk0203,03Tr11u04st10, 03Tr11u08ac01, 06dpk0227,03Tr11u08ac04, 03Tr11u08st14, 06dpk022803Tr11u08st16, 03Tr11u08st2105TR17U07arc01

DESCRIPTION

Fagmeta sadstoe sab o capita. legth of f peseved side:48.5 cm; width if cttigs ae ceta paced: cica 46–48 cm; height/thickess of sab: 10.0 cm; diamete of boste faces: cica 7.0 cm; egthof bostes: 13.0 cm; top cttig egth: 22.5 cm; width 9.8 cm; depth:3.2 cm; bottom cttig egth: 7.0 cm; width: 7.0 cm; depth: 5.8 cm atthe cete.

Most pieces wee ecoveed fom Tech 11 i 2003, with additioafagmets beig fod i Teches 16 ad 17 dig the 2004 ad 2005seasos (o idetificatio mbes assiged to fagmets fod i 2004).

Ma of the fagmets wee i ate obbe pits, whie some wee fodi the destctio ae above the pavemet.The eemet compises ma fagmets, ma joiig, ad some fo

which jois have ot et bee fod. A eight of the bostes ae at east patia etat, whie sfficiet piecesfom the fo sides have bee ecoveed to be cetai of the smmetica aagemet. Oe edge of the sab isf peseved. not a the fagmets of this sab ae istated hee. F estoatio of the Boste Sab pioto its istaatio i the yozgat Msem dispa i J 2008 etaied attachmet of oe compete boste (otistated).

The stoe is a had, fie sadstoe of good qait. Its oigia coo appeas to have bee pae bow, btbig has ateed this to shades of bow, ed, o back with the est that joiig pieces ca be damaticadiffeet coos. The discepac i coos de to big shows that the eemet was boke ad fagmets dis-pesed befoe the fie.

DISCUSSION

Sevea fagmets of bostes ad pats of a sab beog to oe eemet, compisig a thick sab decoated withthe bostes aog a fo edges. Oe edge of the sab is f peseved ad thee ae sevea fagmeta bostesad eief boste faces idetica to those attached to the sab, ad which wod have joied othe sides. Thee aecttigs o the top ad bottom.

Caef eamiatio sggests that the side with the og ecess is the top. The aea i fot of this ecess, whichwas pesmab the fot, is ve we smoothed, wheeas the moe eawad potio is ot smoothed ad veshaow maks eft b a sige poited too ae visibe i akig ight. A fthe agmet that this side was ideedthe top is that the ecess has a sma, pepedica etesio at the coe of the cttig adjacet to the edge ofthe sab. It wod seem that this pposef ct etesio was to faciitate the positioig ad tight fittig ofwhateve was set ito the ecess. This itepetatio is based o the obsevatio of a ve simia etesio of the

ecess ct ito the step which hosed the semi-icoic stee at the Cappadocia Gate (Smmes 2006c). If this ete-sio was sed to faciitate the se of some bodig aget, o tace ow emais. The ip of this cttig is odedad smoothed whie the sides ad bottom have pomiet mas fom a sige poited too.

The etat sface of the deside is owhee smoothed, shaow too maks beig visibe. Set i fom oeedge (ot the back) is a ve fait icised ie that was pesmab sed to mak ot the sab. Betwee this iead the edge, the too maks ae eate ad ess pomiet. Thee is a sqae cttig i this side. The bottom ofthis cttig is ot fat. It has maks eft b a poited too. The stoe betwee the two cttigs is o 2.4 cm thickat cete, epaiig wh the sab boke i the wa it did oce it was thow ove.

It is otabe that the egaged bostes ae ot pecise ifom i size, o eact ega, demostatig thatwhie a compass was sed to mak ot the cocetic cices, the acta cavig was doe b ee withot the seof a tempate o gage.

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CATALOG: ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS (CAT. NOS. 11–12)

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A mbe of simia egaged bostes ad boste eds have bee ecoveed fom ecavatios at the MometaEtace. Of these thee appea to be sevea age eampes that boke off fom what cod be stoe capitas tofeestadig woode coms that stood o the stoe bases at the fot ad back of the etace (see ps. 4–5, 9b).Othe eampes, sight smae tha those seemig fom capitas, pehaps adoed the waig of the towes.noe of these age achitecta eampes have aised ceta ibs, ike those adoig the boste capita.

Thee ae good paaes fo the bostes o ock-ct momets i the Phgia Highads.133 The most simiaae o the Bahşaış Momet, which might date to the secod haf of the sith cet. 134 Othe sith-cet

ad ate paaes ca be fod esewhee i Phgia ad ldia. 135 Simia bostes ae ot, howeve, kowfom Godio (G. Keeth Sams, pes. comm.), o ae thee cose paaes fom east of the Kızıımak (the redrive).136 Fthe, thee is o paae fo this aagemet of bostes o a sab, o fo sch a eemet i a fee-stadig momet, bt dig cosevatio wok i 2008 it was fod that achitecta eemets ecoveed fomthe Mometa Etace ae aaged i a ot dissimia wa with thee-qate pojectig bostes ateatigwith the cocetic cices of boste eds.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Smmes et a. 2003: 9, fig. g; Smmes ad Smmes 2003: 23; Smmes 2006b: 175–76, 199, fig. 12b

133 See Smmes 2006b fo a shot discssio.134 The Bahşaış Momet has ofte bee discssed; see Bedt-Esöz 2003: o. 28; Sivas 1999: 70–79, lev. 30–41 with efeeces toeaie iteate. See ow Smmes 2006b; Bedt-Esöz 2006.

135 These paaes have bee discssed i roosevet 2006.136 Oe sma tea-cotta eemet fom the ate site of Pazaı, mostecet efeed to b roosevet (2006), is a eceptio.

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65

TEnTATIVE COMMEnTS On THE OrIGInAl COMPOSITIOn OF THESCulPTED AnD InSCrIBED MOnuMEnT (CAT. nOS. 1–12)

COMPOSITIOn OF THE rElIEF SCulPTurE

A cosideabe mbe of sadstoe fagmets of sma-scae eief scpte wee ecoveed fom theMometa Etace to the Paatia Compe at Kekees. This discove was epected ad the scpte,which is of high ad efied atistic qait, has o pecise paaes. Most of the eief fagmets seem to havesheaed off fom paes o the fot ad two sides of a sige bock. It is ot kow if thee was a simia pae othe back of the bock, bt the tota mbe of scpted fagmets do ot ecessitate a foth pae which, if scheisted, cod have bee pai.

It seems cetai, as set ot i the et chapte, that paeo-Phgia isciptios wee esticted to the fotad oe side of the bock. The possibe aagemet offeed hee assmes that the fagmets ecoveed ae epe-setative of the etie scpta scheme with o majo eemets tota epeseted. Thee ae o fagmets ofhma heads, eithe faces o head coveigs. Ths the pai of giffi heads have o obvios bod pats othe thathe hma o which the might have bee positioed. Simia, thee ae fagmets of oe o two io heads (cat.o. 3.9–10) ad bod fagmets (cat. o. 3.11–17), oe of which beas a icised coss o the shode cetaiidicatig a io. It is ths possibe to sggest that thee was a stidig io o each side ad a pai of giffi-headedgeies gaspig vegetatio beeath a wiged disk o the fot. Othe ecostctios ae of cose possibe, btthe poposa offeed hee accots fo most if ot a the fagmets i had ad does ot eqie the assmptiothat the geate pat of the oigia is ost. The fact that a cosideabe popotio, se i ecess of haf, of theisciptio o the fames has bee ecoveed ca be sed as a agmet i favo of the idea that a the eiefpogam is epeseted b the pieces etieved.

Pate 65 pesets a tetative ecostctio of the isciptios ad scpta eemets o the fot of the i-scibed bock. The ecostcted width of the pae is based o two pieces of evidece: fist, the wiged s-diskat the top (cat. o. 3.1–2) ad the opposed feet at the base (cat. o. 3.3); ad secod, b the size of the boste sab(cat. o. 12) that was ve possib paced o top. It is ot impossibe that the pae was sight wide, i whichcase thee wod have bee oe moe ae of feathes i the wigs o eithe side of the disk. The ppe potioof the figes is ot easi ecostcted. The cve of the ppe figed feate (cat. o. 3.5) is had to itepetbecase it seems to be too fa fowad to be a eckie o a coa; it is aso at a age ot easi compatibe withit beig the seeve of a aised am (see discssio i cataog et fo cat. o. 3.5, pp. 30–31). It is ve temptigto pace the giffi heads (cat. o. 3.6–7) o top of the tosos, i which case a pai of giffi-headed geies wodhave bee depicted, possib gaspig vies. A sight wide aagemet of the etie pae might aow moespace fo the depictio of wigs o the giffi-headed geies, if sch the wee. no wig-ike eemets have beeecogized. The height is estimated (see p. 24). Aso eated ae fagmets of what appea to be pamettes ad othevegeta eemets. Oe possibiit is a saced tee o a vie betwee the stadig figes.

TENTATIVE RESTORATION OF A SINGLE MONUMENT(Pate 66)

It seems ot easoabe to assme that a the scpted ad iscibed sadstoe pieces oigia beogedto the same feestadig momet. Whie othe aagemets ad sotios ae possibe, ateative ecostc-tios ecessai ivove the postatio of eemets that have bee etie ost, have ot bee ecogized, owee composed of othe mateias sch as wood ad ooted metas. The base, pehaps a pith o podim of somekid, of this postated momet has ot bee idetified, o is its pecise positio kow. Howeve, fom thedistibtio of the fagmets it seems easoab cetai that it stood somewhee i the cot of the MometaEtace, o possib o the sothe patfom. It shod be stessed that the ecostctio offeed hee is teta-tive ad, ideed, ot devoid of pobems. A missig sectio of the state with feet ad dowe cttigs that matchthose i the etat skit ad the cttigs i the boste sab beow has to be postated. The size ad popotios ofthe stepped sab have bee ecostcted accodig to its assmed fctio as a base to the iscibed ad scptedbock. O the othe had, the state cod have stood o somethig fowad (soth) of the fist woode facade.

It ma evetheess be sggested that the scpted ad iscibed bock (cat. o. 3) stood o the stepped sab (cat.o. 11). I this case, the sab itsef wod have bee sqae ad the bock wod have bee seated i the shaowecessed top. This stepped bock ma itsef have stood o some aised eemet, o ideed o the Soth Towe o

CATALOG: TENTATIVE COMMENTS ON THE ORIGINAL COMPOSITION (CAT. NOS. 1–12)

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towe-ike teace patfom, which wod have set the cete of the iscibed ad scpted bock at o above eeeve whe viewed fom the patfom, ad cosideab highe if it wee possibe to see it fom the icied pave-met. Sppot fo this sggestio is fod i the pose of the state (cat. o. 1), which appeas to be show eaigsight fowad, as if ookig dow o its adiece.

It aso seems ve possibe that the capita of the scpted ad iscibed bock was the sqae sab with egagedbostes o a fo coes (cat. o. 12). A sqae ecess i what is thoght to be the deside of the boste sabwas pobab iteded to hose a sqae woode dowe that affied it fim to the scpted ad iscibed bock

beeath. Simia, a offset cttig i what is take to be the ppe side of the boste capita ma have hosed themissig base sectio of the state (cat. o. 1). That thee might et have bee aothe eemet betwee the bostesab ad the state is idicated b the sqae dowe hoe i the base of the state ad the offset ectaga cttigi the top of the sab. Sch a eemet, pehaps with epesetatios of the fige’s feet, wod have impovedthe popotioait of the state. Give that the geate pat of the state, icdig most if ot a the fagmetsfom the owe potio, was ecoveed fom the fi of hoes dg b ootes, the oss of sch a eemet is ot aeasoabe assmptio. nevetheess, o fagmets of a sch bock have bee ecogized.

If a these eemets did ideed deive fom a sige feestadig momet, a sppositio that is i o wapove, the tota height wod have bee abot 2 m, ove haf of which wod have bee the state. If thee wasaothe base o podim that paced the eief-caved bock at ee eve, as sggested above, that wod make acombied height of pehaps o ess tha 3.5 m. Ateative, if the stepped bock stood diect o top of the SothTowe o towe-ike teace patfom fom whee it might have bee pitched ito the passage, the isciptio wodhave bee bae egibe fom the paved passage o the paved cot i fot of the Mometa Etace.

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67

InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnTS (CAT. nOS. 13–20)C ATHERINE M. D RAYCOTT AFTER C LAUDE B RIXHE

Vaios fagmets of the modigs fom the edges of the sadstoe bock (K03.168) ca the emais of twoPhgia isciptios: a og oe, which seems to have aod a fo bodes of the fot of the bock, adaothe shote isciptio o the edge of the eft side (see ps. 28, 30, ad 65–66). Eightee fagmets of these

isciptios wee fod dig ecavatios. Sbseqet jois have edced this mbe to eight.The cataog eties hee peface Cade Bihe’s commeta ad ae aimed to ecod the phsica chaacteis-

tics of the fagmets, ad the cotets ad mai isses at stake i eadig the isciptio, i a cocise ad accessibemae. Each et foows the stadad fomat of the othe cataog eties. The discssio potio gives simpa tasiteatio ad bief epaatio of the wods jdged to be visibe o the fagmet. Aows (←→) indicate

the oietatio of the witig. As oted i the itodctio of the cataog (p. 7), fo moe etesive phioogicateatmet of the isciptio the eade is efeed to Bihe ad Smmes 2006.

Each cataoged fagmet has oe o two “isciptio fagmet mbes” i oma meas. These isciptiofagmet mbes wee assiged b Bihe i his iitia std of the fagmets i 2005 ad ae sed i Bihe adSmmes 2006. Some of the fagmets wee joied afte Bihe’s eamiatio ad iitia categoizatio of thefagmets, so that combiig of these mbes was ecessa. Isciptio fagmet mbe Ix is ot epeseted:it was emoved fom the cops afte beig idetified as a maso’s mak athe tha a isciptio fagmet fom

the sadstoe bock.

13. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnT I

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 30, 65–66, 67a

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 03TR11U03stn01 PHOTOGRAPH: 05dpnk0105

DESCRIPTION

Two joiig fagmets attibted to the bottom eft coe of thefot face of the bock. legth: 11.0 cm; 4.5 ≈ 5.0 cm i sectio.

Fagmets fod o 15 ad 31 J 2003 i the bbe fi i Tech11 (its 3 ad 8).

Peseves the ed ad begiig of wods ig vetica dow

the eft side of the bock edge ad eft to ight aog the bottom.

DISCUSSION

---]vo≥œǀi---→ ie≥b≥..[--- (bette pehaps → ye≥b≥..[---)

It is ot cea whethe thee ae two wods divided at the coe,“…vos” ad “ieb…,” o the wod “…vosi…” eteds aod the coe, meetig the begiig of aothe wod“eb…” withot a wod sepaatio.

14. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnT II

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 65–66, 67b


DESCRIPTION

Fagmet of a isciptio. legth: 5.5 cm; height: ca. 3 cm.Fod o 15 J 2003 i bbe fi i the weste pat of Tech 11 (it 4).Peseves the begiig of a wod, ig fom ight to eft.

DISCUSSION

← œr≥[---

The wod wod appea to be the begiig of a aocemet: “s…”

CATALOG: INSCRIPTION FRAGMENTS (CAT. NOS. 13–20)

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It is cea whee this fagmet beoged o the bock. The ppe pat is smoothed, impig the top edge,bt at cica 2.3 cm i height, the etteig is smae tha that o the othe fagmets cetai beogig to thetop (ca. 4.5 cm).

15. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnT III

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 30, 33, 65–66, 68, 92

IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u04st04, 03Tr11u08st10, PHOTOGRAPHS : 05dpnk0101,

03Tr11u08st18 05dpk0104

DESCRIPTION

See aso Cataog no. 3.3.Thee joiig fagmets beogig to the midde of the fot

face of the bock. Height: 11 cm; egth: 15 cm.Fagmets fod sepaate o 19, 20, ad 22 J 2003 i

owe, bt pats of the bbe fi i the west pat of Tech 11(its 4 ad 8).

Peseves the ed ad begiig pats of two wods igeft to ight.

DISCUSSION

→ ---]o≥itio √ vosi≥k≥(?)[---

ude the two cofoted feet ae the ed of oe wod: “…oitio” ad the begiig of aothe: “vos…,” appaet sepa-ated b a vetica ie of icised dots.

16. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnTS IV AnD x

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 65–66, 69IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u04st09, 03Tr11u08st25 PHOTOGRAPHS : 06dpk0224, 06dpk0225

DESCRIPTION

Thee joiig fagmets attibted to the ppe ight-had coe of the fot face of the bock. Height: 10 cm;width: 8 cm.

Fagmets fod sepaate o 19 ad 31 J 2003i the bbe fi of Tech 11 (its 4 ad 8). Two of thefagmets joied immediate.

Peseves the edge of a ecessed pae o the eft ad

pats of two wods o the fame.DISCUSSION

→ eniye≥[---

The etteig aog the ight edge s vetica, topto bottom (i.e., eft to ight). It is thoght that the ette-ig o the top s fom ight to eft, meaig that twosepaate pats of the isciptio ae show, both beig thestatig poits of two aocemets.

Ateative, thee is a possibiit that the etteig of the top ie s fom eft to ight ad jois the witigo the side. If so, the sepaatio of wods is cea: “…ii eie…” o “…i ieie…” beig possibiities.

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69

17. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnT V

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 65–66, 70, 98

IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u03st05, 04Tr16u08st01 PHOTOGRAPH: 05dpk0106

DESCRIPTION

Thee joiig fagmets attibted to the ceta

pat of the top fot edge of the bock.Fagmets fod sepaate, two i the bbe fiof Tech 11 (it 3) o 19 J 2003, ad aothe iTech 16 (it 8) o 28 J 2004.

The fagmets peseve pats of thee wods -ig ight to eft, with ate sigma sepaatos.

DISCUSSION

← [---].pa C uva C.[---]

Two faces of the fagmet ae woked: the oe withthe isciptio ad aothe with poit chise maks. The too maks ae simia to those o the ppe sface of theagest fagmet (cat. o. 18), idicatig that this fagmet aso beogs to the top edge of the fot of the bock.

Beow the etteig ae taces of the edge of the ecessed pae that cotaied the eief scpte.Pats of two wods ad oe whoe wod ae show. The ate sigma maks ae sa ad ae thoght to beemphatic wod sepaatos. Oe of the wods, betwee the two ate sigma maks, is “uva.”

18. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnTS VI AnD VII

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 65–66, 71–72

IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS: 03Tr11u08st02, 03Tr11u08st24, PHOTOGRAPHS : 05dpnk0102,

04Tr16u07st01 06dpk0226

DESCRIPTION

See aso Cataog no. 3.1.Five joiig fagmets cetai beogig to the ppe

eft coe of the fot face of the bock. Height: 40 cm; width:16 cm.

Fagmets fod sepaate i 2003 ad 2004, fom the b-be fi of Tech 11 (it 8, 2003 seaso) ad Tech 16 (its6 ad 7, 2004 seaso).

Peseved is a og sectio of the isciptio o the fotface, the etteig ig fom ight to eft aog the top, t-ig the coe ad cotiig vetica dow (i.e., fom eft toight), dow the side of the eft edge (Isciptio Fagmets VIad VIIa). O the eft side of the bock is aothe shot iscip-tio ig vetica dow that edge (eft to ight; IsciptioFagmet VIIb).

DISCUSSION

Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa1: ← C ≥ m≥a≥s≥a≥u≥

Isciptio Fagmet VIIa2: → rgitosdakorsvebra≥[---With segmetatio: ---] C m≥a≥sa urgitos dakor svebra≥[---Isciptio Fagmet VIIb: → tata niye [---] e ≥d ≥aes

The fagmet beas two isciptios: a og pat of that othe fot of the bock (Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa), adthe shote dedicato isciptio o the eft side of the bock(Isciptio Fagmet VIIb). See discssio o pp. 73–74.

CATALOG: INSCRIPTION FRAGMENTS (CAT. NOS. 13–20)

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19. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnT VIII

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 65–66, 73a


DESCRIPTION

Fagmet possib to be attibted to the owe edge of the fot face of the bock. 5.2 ≈ 5.9 cm. Thickess:

1.8 cm.The fagmet ecoveed o 26 J 2003 fom the bbe coapse i Tech 11 (it 8).Peseved ae thee ettes of a isciptio. The deeath of the fagmet, as show,

is ogh woked, sggestig its positio o the fot face of the bock.

DISCUSSION

→ ---]le.[---

The etteig s fom eft to ight. The fist ette is itepeted b Bihe as a “”athe tha a “g.” The ast ette cod be a “,” “m,” o “,” so: “…e…,” “…em…,” o“…e….”

20. InSCrIPTIOn FrAGMEnT xI

SITE INVENTORY NUMBER: K03.168 PLATES: 28, 73b


DESCRIPTION

Fagmet with a sma icisio, attibted to a isciptio, bt o assiged pace o bock. 1.5 ≈ 2.5 cm.Fod 22 J 2003 i the bbe coapse i Tech 11 (it 8).Thee seem to be two woked faces, oe with the icisio, the othe pai. The pai face is ve shaow ad

cod be the edge of a ecessed pae.

DISCUSSION

[no transliteration]If the smoothed top face, as show, foms the edge of a ecessed pae, the the icisio cod be

the top of a ette. Othewise, it cod be the bottom of a ette.

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THE PHryGIAn InSCrIPTIOnSC LAUDE B RIXHE

(translated from the French by Catherine M. Draycott)

INTRODUCTION

It was i Istab i 2003 that I became awae of the discove of impotat isciptios at Kekees. Seveadas ate, at Godio, Keith DeVies, a dea ad missed fied, advised Geoffe ad Façoise Smmes of mecsio i Tke, ad that same eveig the wam wecomed me to the site. Apat fom the iscibed fag-mets, the paced at m disposa a the docmetatio that thei team had geeated: photos (de essetia toCatheie M. Dacott ad Mat Aka) ad dawigs (b B. Se ad Caie Va Ho).

A secod tip to the site i 2005 aowed me to compete m std. This cmiated i the pbicatio, whichwas as ehastive as possibe, peseted with G. Smmes (Bihe ad Smmes 2006), to which I efe i thefoowig pages fo the detai of some of the poposas. I cotet msef hee to pace the accet o the picipefagmets ad to caif the essetia cotibtios of the momet.

THE InSCrIPTIOn AnD PHryGIAn IDEnTITy OF THE SITE

The isciptio is, as estabished beow, a dedicatio. The possib eigios ate of the momet, togethewith the gaffiti fom the site, is a sig of a pope Phgia fodatio (Bihe ad Smmes 2006: 133–34).The Phgia popatio that ived thee was ot isoated. We ae, i fact, i oe of the paeo-Phgia epigaphicegios, which, foowig Heodots ( Histories 1.76), lejee ad I have desigated Pteia i o cops (Bihead lejee 1984: 227). Kekees is fift kiometes sotheast of Boazkae, whee thee ae gaffiti o vases.Aişa Höyük, whee a gaffito attests a Phgia pesece, is twet kiometes sotheast of Kekees (Bihead Smmes 2006: 134).

CHrOnOlOGyO the gaffiti fom Godio, abdat ad beefitig fom statigaphic cotets, ae easoab databe;

the eted fom the ed of the ith cet o the begiig of the eighth cet B.C. to the epoch of Aeadethe Geat (Bihe 2004b). The geat ock-ct momets of the Phgia Highads seem, fo the most pat, tobeog to the seveth ad sith ceties B.C. The etteig of the isciptios fom Kekees does ot show aoticeabe diffeece with those of the Highads isciptios. The ae chooogica compatibe with the datespoposed b G. Smmes fo the datio of occpatio at the site, datig pehaps to the ve ed of the sevethcet thogh the fist haf of the sith.

The impotace of the site maifest desigates Kekees as a capita. Was it the capita of a Phgia kig-dom emegig afte the ldia seize of Godio? Fte achaeoogica eseach wi pehaps aow moe peciseimits. I a case, oe ecas that Taa, 225 kiometes to the soth as the bid fies, was ot Phgia teito

despite its paeo-Phgia stees (Bihe ad lejee 1984, vo. 1: cat. os. T-01–03), at east i tems of thepopatio; it was i fact the heatad of lwia-speakig cot.

ArrAnGEMEnT OF THE InSCrIPTIOnS

The isciptios ae spead ove a doze fagmets, some of which have bee joied. A caef eamiatio ofeach i 2005 aowed me, with the hep of G. Vottéo, to estimate thei pace o the bock momet.

The witig is caied o the modig that sods the ectaga ecessed paes (ps. 28, 30). We havebee abe to idetif at east two isciptios. Oe costittes the fot face of the momet, that is to sa, the

71

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137 Fo lacoia, see Gadcci 1967: 393; fo roma Athes, seeGadcci 1967: 395; Theatte 1980: 86–87.

picipe face (ps. 28, 65). The segmet with the eft foot ad the ight foot that smots Isciptio FagmetIII (cat. o. 15) idicates this face was oameted with two cofoted figes i eief. The majoit of the i-scibed mateia beogs to this face.

The secod pae idetified coespods to the adjacet, eft atea face of the bock: it appaet o caiesIsciptio Fagmet VIIb (cat. o. 18).

Accodig to what has bee fod, o the fot face had a fo sides iscibed. I this wa we have theemais of fo ies ig aog the modig ad pepedica oe to the othe: two hoizota, at top ad bot-

tom; ad two vetica, o the ight ad eft.Passig fom oe ie to aothe, the witig ca chage oietatio ad fom siistovese, fo eampe, be-

come detovese, depedig o the view that the stoectte wated to offe to the eade ad o his positio ieatio to the pace o the stoe which he was egavig. A eampe of this ca be fod o Isciptio FagmetsVI ad VIIa (cat. o. 18), which occp the othwest age of the fot face:

1. hoizota ← m≥a≥sau

2. vetica → rgitosThe two sectios beog to the same phase, 2 foowig 1 ad, as the segmetatio of the wods shows, oe passesfom oe modig to the othe withot egad fo sabes.

O the othe had, at the otheast coe, whee Isciptio Fagmets IV ad x (cat. o. 16) shod pobabbe paced, the two ies ae back to back: the hoizota is oieted to the eft ad the vetica to the ight. We havewithot dobt a boda betwee statemets.

I this wa, the iscibed mateia icdes at east thee statemets, oe o the atea eft face ad two otheso the fot face.

SCRIPT ANOMALIES

The egavig is competet eected. The oe o moe stoecttes seem to have sketched the ettes witha shap too, withot awas havig foowed these gideies. Beod this, the isciptio is emakabe fo twoaomaies.

ANOMALY ONE

Paeo-Phgia most ofte ses scriptio continua. Bt, occasioa, the wods o the phases ae sepaated bgaps o b pctatio cosistig of two, thee, o fo speposed dots (Bihe ad lejee 1984: 279; Bihe2004a: 10–11, 31).

I the Kekees isciptios, the fo sma dots i a vetica ie obsevabe i the cete of IsciptioFagmet III (cat. o. 15) seem to coespod to a pctatio mak of this tpe. Howeve, Isciptio FagmetsV, VI, ad VIIa (cat. os. 17–18) show aothe fom of sepaato; it has the appeaace of a ate sigma ( C), the

oietatio of which is vaiabe.Becase of the baait of the mak, it is ot spisig that, tota idepedet, oe fids it i Geek epig-

aph of divese epochs: i the sith ad fifth ceties B.C. i lacoia ad at Mceae ad i the roma peiodat Athes.137 Fo the impeia ea at Athes, Theatte emphasizes that “sevea diffeet tpes of pctatio masometimes appea i the same tet, ofte with oveappig fctio” (Theatte 1980: 85). This does ot seem to bethe case at Kekees: the fo itte maks of Isciptio Fagmet III (cat. o. 15) seem to sepaate two eemes,pehaps to highight oe of them. The “sigmas aies,” howeve, appaet have the fctio of sigaig theames of pesos; the appea befoe a athopom i Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa1 (C m≥a≥sa; cat. o. 18),ad befoe ad afte aothe athopom i Isciptio Fagmet V (C uva C; cat. o. 17).

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73 THE PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONS

AnOMAly TWOPossib i Isciptio Fagmet I (cat. o. 13) ad cetai i Isciptio Fagmets IV ad xb (cat. o. 16)

ad VI ad VIIb (cat. o. 18), the sig fo y (i/î) (optioa sage) appeas fo the fist time i Pteia. O the paceof this smbo i the histo of the Geco-Phgia aphabet ad the iteest of its appeaace i this egio, I efethe eade to Bihe 2004b: 282–84.

TrAnSlATIOn OF InSCrIPTIOn On THE lEFT SIDE OFTHE BlOCK: DEDICATIOn

(Isciptio Fagmet VIIb, Cataog no. 18)

Amog the iciptios that o momet caies, a sige phase o Isciptio Fagmet VIIb (cat. o. 18)is ope to a stat at tasatio; it is simpe ad it is iqe i beig compete:

→ tata niye[---] e ≥d ≥aes

E ≥d ≥aes is the thid-peso siga of a idicative peteit. It is a veb we attested i Phgia dedicatios (Bihead lejee 1984: ide); it is etmoogica idetica to the Geek Ñ™é¥≤∏™ or to the Latin fecit .

With tata, its sbject, we have the ame of the peso to whose geeosit o to whose iitiative the eectioof the momet is de. It is a Lallname. The tpe is ivesa, bt the pediectio that Aatoias had fo them

at a times is ecogized. Tata is attested fom the Hittite epoch to the Geco-roma peiod, both fo me adwome. Hee it is easoab the ame of a ma. I Phgia, the omiative mascie of this o tpe ca edin -as or -a.138

Niye[---] cod have ost o oe ette. The seqece tata niye[---] mistakab evokes the epithet ofKbee ataniyen (befoe itepctatio) i a isciptio o the ceebated facade dedicated to Aeastis (Bihead lejee 1984, vo. 1: cat. o. W-01c). The cofotatio of the two tets seems to big s to a dobeobsevatio:

— At Kekees, we cod ead tata niyen≥: the taces that emai afte the e ae qite favoabe to thiseadig;— I isciptio W-01c (Bihe ad lejee 1984, vo. 1), thee is a chace that ataniyen is ot a iqewod, bt a phase, segmeted as ata niyen. Ata is another Lallname, feqet attested i Aatoia fomthe secod mieim B.C. to the fist mieim A.D.

Howeve, what does niyen≥, appaet a accsative, mea? The wod fo a momet, the object e≥d≥aes? Aattibte of the wod fo the momet, hece impicit (Bihe ad Smmes 2006: 128)?

To the ees of those who wee ed b the aagemet of the isciptios o the stoe, this statemet wodot have costitted the mai pat of the message; it was paced o a secoda face, the eft side.

InSCrIPTIOn On THE TOP AnD lEFT SIDES OF THE FrOnT FACE(Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa, Cataog no. 18)

The isciptio jst discssed, which was fet to be a secoda oe, had at east the advatage of beig com-pete ad aowig s to ecogize the pobabe iitiato of the eectio of the momet. The adjacet modigso the picipe face, with Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa (cat. o. 18), give s the ame of aothe idivida,whose oe we ae icapabe of dedcig:

Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa1 (hoizota modig, ight to eft):← C ≥ m≥a≥s≥a≥u≥

Isciptio Fagmet VIIa2 (vetica modig, top to bottom):→ rgitosdakorsvebra≥ [---].The sign C sigas, we have see, the pesece of the ame of a peso.A segmetatio cod be imposed: m≥a≥s≥a≥ u≥≥rgitos dakor svebra≥[---].

138 O the oigi of this fctatio, see most ecet Bihe 2004a:51, s.n. kuliya; idem 2006: 42.

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“MAsA urGITOS”

Masa is a athopom we attested i Asia Mio fom the Hittite peiod to the Geco-roma peiod. Itappaet deives fom a topom. I the geogaph of the secod mieim, masa coespods ogh toMsia ad the weste pat of Bithia (cf. Bihe ad Smmes 2006: 125). The ame is withot dobt hee ithe omiative. (Fo its edig, compae tata.)

Whie tata is desigated o b his ame, that of masa seems to be accompaied b a patom, urgitos, dobt-

ess a sig of the impotace of the peso i the message. Of urgitos, pobab the geitive of a urgis kowti ow, o the feio is cea. The deta etesio i the decesio of a stem with -i- has aead bee attestedb artimitos (Bihe 2004a: cat. o. B-05, ie 3) ad manitos (Bihe 2004a: 55, 78, cat. o. B-07, ie 1). Thisiovatio dates back to the Geco-Thaco-Phgia koie peiod (Bihe 2006: 40).

The etmoog is cetai. Bihe ad Smmes (2006: 125) otie the pobematics of the qestio, withotpoposig a sotio. A simiait with the Phgia ethic „¤¶†∫™∂› isks beig a isio.139 Diffeet fom tata

and masa, urgitos has a chace of beogig to the pope Phgia oomastic stock of Midas’ compatiots.

DAKOR

Dakor cod be the veb. The fom immediate cas to mid the oot of edaes (*dheH 1) ad, moe pecise,

the neo-Phgia †®®†∏™‡∆¤, thid-peso siga medio-passive (tese? mode?), which, i the potase of im-

pecatios, ateates with the active (®)®†∏™‡ (Bihe 1979: 179–80). Might we have hee a fist-peso siga,with eveatio of a desietia cope or/-tor, compaabe to the lati -or/-tur (< *tor) (Bihe 2004a: 53–54,80–81)?

sveBrA˘[---]

If we wee to see a deiabe edig -rs, we cod, fo eampe, epai it as a scope. ufotate, how-eve, we have o occece of this i Phgia. This is wh I have poposed the segmetatio dakor svebra≥[---],which is ot itsef withot pobems; the avata of *sw- is i fact sa jst witte as w- (tasiteatio v-)

i Phgia. Compae the venavtun of isciptio W-01b (Bihe ad lejee 1984, vo. 1) (= foma Geekú™†‚‡∆é¬, with ™- < *swe-); hee sv- ma be a achaizig aticatio o gaphic fo v-? The hpothesis wod pemitidetificatio of the wod with paeo-Phgia vebras (Bihe 2004a: cat. o. B-05, .4) ad with the eo-Phgia

∆‚™§¤†/∆‚§¤†, withot, fotate, fishig a etmoog ad a meaig (Bihe 2004a: 56; Bihe adSmmes 2006: 126). Gammatica, wod svebra≥[---] be the object of dakor?

I this wa, accodig to Isciptio Fagmets VI ad VIIa, the docmet cod make masa speak i the fistpeso: “I, Masa, so of ugis, I ….” If so, the tese ad/o the mode wod emai cetai.

PArT OF InSCrIPTIOn AlOnG THE BOTTOM OF THE FrOnT FACE: AC-TIVE FIrST-PErSOn SInGulAr VErB?

(Isciptio Fagmet III, Cataog no. 15)

I ask msef if Isciptio Fagmet III (cat. o. 15) does ot aso cotai a veb i the fist-peso siga:

→ [---]o≥itio √ vosi≥k≥(?)[---]

Whateve the aticatio coveed b i, the seqece -tio ecas to s the optioa ate of the se of the ette y:if the iota coespods to [ y], we cod have the witte fom -tyo; compae kuryaneyon (Bihe ad lejee 1984,vo. 1: cat. o. W-01c). If [i], -tiyo wod be possibe; compae tiyes (Bihe ad lejee 1984, vo. 1: M-04).

If, at the coectio of two of the joiig fagmets, what I give hee as a itepctatio, wee i eaita sigma, it wod ata be ecessa to sppose a boda of eemes afte -tioœ, which wod obviosepeset a omia o adjectiva edig. Bt this eadig is ot the most pobabe (Bihe ad Smmes 2006:117–18).

139 West of Emeeia; see Zgsta 1984: § 1409/1.

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75 THE PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONS

reasoab, theefoe, it is ecessa to aow fo a edig -tio befoe itepctatio. With what is kowof Phgia, it seems to me a pioi diffict to sitate this edig i a omia o adjectiva paadigm: wod wehave, as with dakor, a fist-peso siga of a maged veb, active this time?

InSCrIPTIOn, rIGHT PArT OF TOP EDGE: “uWA”(Isciptio Fagmet V, Cataog no. 17)

At the ed of this sthesis, we have see the appeaace of two “actos”: o the atea eft side, tata, the a-tho of the dedicatio (Isciptio Fagmet VIIb); o the picipe face, masa, so of urgis (Isciptio FagmetsVI ad VIIa), abot whom the fagmetatio of the isciptio obsces fom s the oe which he cod havepaed.

Thee is et a thid peso iteveig, whose oe, fo the same easos, is aso tota msteios. It is pob-ab o the same modig as masa, bt comig befoe him i the statemet. Isciptio Fagmet V (cat. o. 17)eads, fom ight to eft:

← [---].pa C uva C.[---]

Two ate sigma itepctatio maks (C) sod uva, seemig the ame of a ma i the omiative (o theedig, compae tata). The mtiatio of the tet pevets kowig if the ame was foowed b a patom.

This athopom beogs to the most simpe catego of Lallnamen : consonant + a, here w+a, possib po-

oced [uwa] (laoche 1966: 240 [tpe I]). As with tata, we fid it i Aatoia of a epochs sice the secodmieim B.C. (Bihe ad Smmes 2006: 123).

FINAL COMMENTS

Fo ames ae give i tota, icdig a patomic. Tata dedicated the momet. The ames Masa, soof ugis, ad uwa both appea o the fot face. Tata, Masa, ad uwa appea to be Aatoia ames whie ugis(amed as the fathe of Masa) ma be a pope Phgia ame.

These iscibed fagmets ae of eceptioa iteest. Howeve, becase of the eteme mtiatio of the tet,this iteest is moe histoica tha igistic, ad it is ess de to what oe ca peceive of the cotets of themessage, tha to the agage tiized ad to the possibe eigios ate of the momet.

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CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY

AnD CATAlOG nuMBErS Inventory Number

Catalog Number

Ident ification Number

Inscript ionFragment

Page Number (s)

Plate Number (s)

— 4 05Tr14u51st01 — 7–8, 54, 57 29, 54b

— 5 05TR17U11stn02 — 7–8, 54, 55 29, 55a

— 603TR11U05stn03,

04Tr16u14st01— 7–8, 54, 55, 56 29, 55b

— 7 03Tr11u04st13 — 7–8, 54, 55 29, 56a

— 8 04Tr16u08st02 — 7–8, 54, 56 29, 56b

— 10 05TR17U15stn01 — 7, 22, 38, 54, 58 58, 97

K03.167 12

03TR11U01stn01,

03Tr11u04st03,03Tr11u04st10,03Tr11u08ac01,03Tr11u08ac04,03Tr11u08st14,03Tr11u08st16,03Tr11u08st21,05TR17U07arc01

—5, 7, 9–10, 25,57, 61, 63, 66

62–64, 66

K03.168 3 (see cat. no. 3.1–44)Cat. nos.

13–207, 9–10, 22, 24– 54, 61, 65–66

28–54a, 65–66,94–95

3.103Tr11u08st29,03Tr11u08st34,04Tr16u06st02

VI + VII(cat. o. 18)

7–8, 24–25, 26,

27, 47, 65, 6928, 30–31, 65–66,71

3.203Tr11u08st22,03Tr11u08st33

— 8, 25, 27, 65 28, 30, 32, 65–66

3.303Tr11u04st04,03Tr11u08st10,03Tr11u08st18

III

(cat. o. 15) 7–8, 25, 28–29,

31, 41, 65, 6828, 30, 33, 65–66,68, 92

3.4 03TR11U05stn01 — 8, 28, 29–30, 42 29, 34a

3.503TR11U01stn02,

03TR11U03stn02—

8, 28, 30–31, 41–

42, 49, 51, 65

29, 30, 34b, 65–

66, 93

3.6 03Tr11u08st23 —8, 28, 32–33, 42,65

29, 35. 65–66, 94

3.703Tr11u04st05,03Tr11u08st35

— 8, 28, 32, 33, 65 29, 36a

3.803Tr11u08st06,04Tr11u22st01

— 8, 32, 34, 49 29, 36b

3.903Tr11u08st08,03Tr11u08st30

—8, 32, 34, 35, 36–37, 48, 50, 65

29, 37a

77

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Inventory Number

Catalog Number

Identification Number

InscriptionFragment

Page Number(s)

Plate Number(s)

K03.168(cont .)

3.10 03Tr11u08st27 —8, 32, 34, 36 –37,65

29, 37b

3.11 03Tr11u04st01 — 8, 32, 34, 36, 65 29, 38a

3.12 03Tr11u08st17 —8, 32, 34, 37, 49,65

29, 38b

3.13 03Tr11u08st03 —8, 32, 34, 37, 49,65

29, 39a

3.14 04Tr16u13st01 —8, 32, 34, 38, 49,65

29, 39b

3.15 03Tr11u04st07 —8, 32, 34, 38, 49,65

29, 40a

3.16 03Tr11u03st06 — 8, 39, 49, 65 29, 40b

3.17 04Tr16u13st02 — 8, 39, 49, 51, 65 29, 40c3.18 03Tr11u04st08 — 8, 39, 40 29, 41a

3.19 03Tr11u08st13 — 8, 39, 4029–30, 41b, 65–66, 95

3.20 03Tr11u04st12 — 8, 40, 41 29, 42a

3.21 03TR11U03stn03 — 8, 40, 42, 43 29, 42b

3.2203Tr11u08st09,03Tr11u08st12

— 8, 40, 42 29, 43

3.23 04Tr16u13st05 — 8, 40, 43 29, 44a

3.24

03Tr11u08st31,

04Tr16u04st01 —

8, 29, 43–44, 45,

49 29, 44b

3.25 04Tr16u06st01 —8, 29, 43, 44, 46,49

29, 45a

3.26 03Tr11u08st15 — 8, 29, 43, 44, 49 29, 45b

3.27 03Tr11u08st01 — 8, 29, 43, 45, 49 29, 46a

3.28 04Tr14u03st01 —8, 29, 43, 45, 49,57

29, 46b

3.29 03Tr11u04st14 — 8, 29, 43, 45, 49 29, 46c

3.30 05TR17U11stn01 —8, 29, 43, 46,

48–4929, 47a

3.3103Tr11u08st07,03Tr11u08st05

— 8, 46, 47, 48–49 29, 47b

3.32 03Tr11u08st04 — 8, 46, 47–48 29, 48a

3.33 03Tr11u04st11 — 8, 46, 48 29, 48b

3.34 03Tr11u09st01 — 8, 46, 48 29, 49a

3.35 03Tr11u03st04 — 8, 46, 49 29, 49b

3.36 04Tr16u13st04 — 8, 46, 49 29, 50a

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79CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY AND CATALOG NUMBERS

Inventory Number

Catalog Number

Ident ification Number

Inscript ionFragment

Page Number (s)

Plate Number (s)

K03.168(cont .)

3.37 03Tr11u08st19 — 8, 50 29, 50b

3.38 03Tr11u04st06 — 8, 24, 50 29, 51a

3.39 04Tr16u13st03 — 8, 50, 51 29, 51b3.40 03Tr11u08st36 — 8, 50, 51 29, 52a

3.41 03Tr11u08st20 — 8, 50, 51–52 29, 52b

3.42 04Tr16u06st04 — 8, 50, 52 29, 53a

3.43 03TR11U00stn01 — 8, 50, 52 29, 53b

3.44 04Tr16u01st01 — 8, 50, 52 29, 54a

13 03TR11U03stn01 I 7, 24, 67, 7328, 30, 65–66,67a

14 03Tr11u04st02 II 7, 24, 67 28, 65–66, 67b

15

03Tr11u04st04,03Tr11u08st10,03Tr11u08st18

III (see alsocat. no. 3.3)

7, 24, 67, 68, 72,

7428, 30, 33, 65–66,68, 92

1603Tr11u04st09,03Tr11u08st25

IV + x7, 24, 67, 68,

72–7328, 65–66, 69

1703TR11U03stn05,

04Tr16u08st01V

7, 24, 67, 69, 72,

7528, 65–66, 70, 98

1803Tr11u08st02,03Tr11u08st24,04Tr16u07st01

VI + VII(see also cat.

no. 3.1)

7, 24, 67, 69,

72–73, 7528, 65–66, 71–72

19 03Tr11u08st28 VIII 7, 24, 67, 70 28, 65–66, 73a

20 03Tr11u08st32 XI 7, 24, 67, 70 28, 73b

K03.169 1103Tr11u04ac01,04Tr11u01ac01

— 5, 7, 61, 62, 66 59–61, 66

K04.182 1 — —7–9, 10–21, 22,

53, 57, 60, 65–6612–26, 66, 74, 83,85–90

K04.183 2 04Tr16u00st01 —7–9, 21–23, 35,

58, 6527, 91

K08.228 9 04Tr14u15st01 — 7–9, 14, 54,56–

57, 65 29, 57, 96

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Regions and TeRRiToRies

Agan — 4, 20, 22

Anatolia (Anatolian) — 1, 3–4, 8, 17, 20–21, 25, 27, 33,

38, 46, 58–60, 73, 75

Anatolian Platau — 1

Aia Mino (Aiatic) — 36–37, 74

Attica — 13Bithynia — 74

Cappadocia (Cappadocian) — 1, 21

Cilicia (Cilician) — 16, 20

Gc — 33

Köhnü® vally — 23

Laconia — 72

Lycia — 59

Lydia (Lydian) — 3–4, 22–23, 58, 60, 64, 71

Myia — 74

Pamphylia (Pamphylian) — 20Pia — 4

Ptia — 4, 58, 71, 73

Phygia (Phygian) — 1, 3, 5, 7–9, 12, 14, 16, 19–23,

31–32, 36, 53–54, 57–60, 64–65, 67, 71–75

(Phygian) Highland — 20, 23, 60, 64, 71

Pontu — 1

rhod — 28

Tabal — 18, 21

Uatu — 53

RiveRs

e©i Öz su — 2

Haly (modn Kızılımak, rd ri) — 1, 64

Kızılımak — see Halys

sangaio (modn sakaya) — 57

MounTains

Daha (Hittit, pobably Kkn Da©) — 2

eciy Da© — 1

Kkn Da© — paim

KeRKenes

Buç — 2

Kal — 1–3

Kaaba® — 3

Kknz Haabli — 2

Kimitlik — 1

Palatial Complex

Ahla Building — 5, 77

Audinc Hall — 5, 77

Monumntal entanc — 14, 21–22, 24, 45, 54,

58–62, 64–66

stuctu A — 3–4

stuctu B — 4

stuctu C — 4

stuctu D — 4

Gates

Cappadocia Gat — 4, 62–63

Wt Gat — 3

MuseuMs

Adana Achaological Muum — 15, 18

Afyon Muum — 19–20, 32, 53

Alanya Muum — 20

Alppo Muum — 12, 18, 22

Ankaa, Anatolian Ciilization Muum — 12, 14–17,19–20, 27, 29, 31, 34–37, 41, 46–47, 54

Antalya Muum — 15

Athn, Acopoli Muum — 13

Baghdad, Iaq National Muum — 46

Blin, vodaiatich Muum — 14–16, 18, 25, 29, 36,

54

Boton, Muum of Fin At — 29

Çoum Muum — 14

Dlphi Muum — 14

Ddn Kuntammlungn — 22

edmli Muum — 16

ekihi Achaological Muum — 16, 53

Gaziantp Muum — 19

Godion Muum — 20, 22, 46

Itanbul Achaological Muum — 12, 15–17, 19–20, 22

Kayi Achaological Muum — 14, 35

London, Bitih Muum — 16–17, 19, 22, 28–29, 53

Maa® Muum — 18–19

Ni©d Muum — 12

Olympia Muum — 33, 37

Pai, Lou — 12, 15–17, 22, 34, 53

Yozgat Muum — 2, 9–11, 63

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TürKÇE ÖZETT ranslaTed by G. bİ ke y azıcıoğlu

KErKEnES DAğ — HEyKElTrAŞlIK ESErlEr VE yAZITlAr

SArAy yAPI GruBu’nun AnITSAl GrŞ’nDEK HEyKElTrAŞlIKESErlEr VE FrGCE yAZITlArIn BulunTu DuruMlArI VE

ArKEOlOJK BAğlAMlArIGeoffrey D. Summers

Bg Tkie Cmhieti sııaı içide e aa Kekees Da eeşmesi, Demi Çaı’a taihee bibaşket ve aı zamada Aado patos, Heeistik Ça öcesi eeşmeei aasıda, biie e bk keti-di. Kitabı ik bömde, b citte taıtıa azıtaı ve heketaşık eseeii ee geçtii Saa yapı Gb’date kazı çaışmaaıda bahsedimektedi. B böm ik kısmıda bögei ikim koşaı, s kaakaı,gmzdeki öetim biimei ve eeşmei bgk isimeie dai bigi veidikte soa, kazı aaaı vebta içi kaımış oa kaıt sistemi ie biikte akeoojik çaışmaaı bi özeti smaktadı.

kici kısımda, Kekees Da’daki Demi Çaı ketii gee bi deeediimesi apımaktadı. Badahava fotoafaı, Goba Komadıma Sistemei (GPS) ve jeofizik ze taamaaı gibi zakta begeemeötemeide ede edie kaıtaa daaaak, keti sıfıda kd iddia edimektedi. Öcede paaa-ak işaa edimiş oa b keti gee paıı keti çeveee edi kapıı s dvaı beiemişti. Keti başıcaapısa öeei aasıda, ykaı Ket (Kale), Saa yapı Gb’ da dahi od idai aa, cadde ve sokakaıoştd ietişim aı, mekezi s daıtım sistemei ve eeşme dışıda e aa tapıak saıabii. B kısımdaaıca, keti odkça kısa bi se iskâ edidii iei smekte, kette iskâı agıa ve saı ıkımıa se-bebiet vee bi sadıı edeie soa edii iddia edimekte ve b göş daadıı kaıta tatışımaktadı.

Böm so kısmı, azıtaı ve heketaşık eseeii ee geçtii akeoojik baamaı taıtımıa aı-mıştı. Saa yapı Gb’ doa do zaa cda kazıaı tmş od geiş aadaki ç aa evekısaca ş şekide açıkaabii: (1) taş kapı mei (glacis) ve iişkii apıaı işaa edidii ik eve, (2) teası Byapısı, Kab Sao ( Audience Hall) ve Kesme Taş yapı’ı ( Ashlar Building) işaasıa biikte apıaı işe-vii deiştii ikici apı evesi ve so oaak da (3) Aıtsa Giiş’i işaa edidii so eve. yazıtı paçaa vebezemei mimai öee b so evee ait oa ve hez bi bezei daha bmamış b Aıtsa Giiş civaıdakiagıda ata kaa mooz aasıda ee geçmişti.

KATALOG

HEyKElTrAŞlIK ESErlEr

Catherine M. Draycott

B bömde Saa yapı Gb’ Aıtsa Giiş’i çeveside ba heketaşık eseeii aıtıı bi

katao smaktadı. B eseei tm Aıtsa Giiş’i iki aıda e aa kee aasıda ve giişi stkesimie akı bi aada, kete so vee sadıı edeie iei deecede tahip omş ve paçaamış hade eegeçmişti. Böm giiş kısmıda b btaı gee özeikei taıtımaktadı. Paçaamış oaak ee geçeb bta ait odkaı apısa öeee göe ç aa gpta iceeebii: (kataog maası 1) bie bi öçektebi isa fig betimedii heke, (kataog maası 2) bi asa başıa ait paçaa ve (kataog maası 3)kabatma oaak işemiş bi kompoziso kapadıı taş boa ait paçaa. B taş bo zeie işemiş oakabatma sahei aı zamada dödc bömde taıtıa paçaaı ait od azıt ie çeveemiş odda aaşımıştı. Taıtıa die heketaşık eseei aasıda b boa ait oabiecek bazı kabatmaı paçaaıaısıa, daha bk bot ve bk oasııka bi asa başı betimie ait oa die bi kabatmaı paça (ka-taog maası 10) ie bi ıtıcı kş hekei (kataog maası 9) de e amaktadı. B eseei tm çeşiti t

83

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ve oktaki kmtaşı bokada etimişti. Kekees Da’daki b esee e eke eve Gek hekeei, bazıFig Mata/Kbee figei ve kabatmaaı ie Defi, Efes ve Baıdı’da ee geçmiş oa kçk bot fidişibetimee aaaıdaki bezeikee daaaak kabaca M.Ö. edici vea eke atıcı zıa taiheebii.

yaıaa kataogda he bi paça taif edimekte, aıtıaı taıtımakta, ait omş oabiecekei betimeve sahee tatışımakta ve betimee dai öeie tmemee smaktadı. Aşaıda b paçaaa dai vaıasoçaı özeti smşt:

Katalog Numarası 1. Uzun eteklikli heykel (K04.182):

Asa biçimi bi ese tta ve aakta d hade betimemiş b isa fig paçaamış oaak ee geçmiş-ti. Fig saçaı, aı ve başı zeide dz kaı hata haide başaıp omzaı zeide bkee haidesoaa saç ttamaı şekide stiize edimişti. Betimee kişi, dz kısa bi tik ve z piii bi etekikgimektedi. Fig gösei beigi deidi ve cisietii beieecek hehagi başka bi deta da bma-maktadı. B edee cisieti kesi oaak aaşıamamış oa fig kimiie dai e öemi öe sa eidettmakta od asa biçimi esedi. B esei sapıı biçimi ve z aısıa, sapı etafıda e aave bk oasııka ahşap bi sapı saamaştımak içi kaıa keepçeei betimee bata, b esei bitopz vea bata od dşdmşt. B tip esee Geç Hitit kabatmaaıda sıkıka ei taıaı veaöeticiei eide gömekte ve bezeei ie Geç Hitit döemie taihee bazı hekeede de biimek-tedi (bakıız: kaşıaştımaa istesi). Kekees Da hekei ie b betime aasıdaki paaeike, bahsi geçe

öekei başsız oaak ee geçmiş oması edeie kısıtı omaka biikte, b bezeik Kekees Da’dakihekei bk ihtimae bi ekek betimi od dşd. Aı zamada, hekei saç stii b döeme aitekek betimeide agı omaka biikte kadı betimeide adie gömektedi.

B özeike, hekei ek sahibi bi ekei (a bi öeticii a da bi taıı) betimediii göstemektedi.Eke eve Geç Hitit keteide de bezei bi şekide kaı şehi giişeie ve öemi geçişee taı veaöeticiei hekeeii eeştiidii biimektedi. Die taafta, Kekees’teki hekede dikkate dee stifakııkaı od göze çapa. Öceike, Kekees hekei, Geç Hitit keteide biie aıtsa hekeedeçok daha kçk bottadı; acak kaıda da beitidii gibi Geç Hitit keteide kçk bot hekeeede astamıştı. Aı zamada Kekees hekeii kıafeti, taşıdıı semboe ve hekei sakasız oş daGeç Hitit öekeide fakıdı. Aıtsa bot Geç Hitit hekeei geeike siahta ziade bi asa ttakebetimemişedi; acak ie bitakım kçk bot hekecii siahaıa betimedii de gö. Geç Hitithekeeii ço sakaı omaka biikte, Kekees hekeie daha akı bezeik göstee öekee Geç Hitit

kabatmaaıdaki sakasız taı ve ka figeide astaı. So oaak, Kekees hekeii gisisi Geç Hititdöemi ekek betimeide odkça fakı omaka biikte, bezei kıafete çadaş ve daha geç döem Kbee/Mata hekeeide ve die kadı betimeide biii. B öekede, özeike piii etekii b döemdekadıa içi tipik bi kıafet od aaşımaktadı. Die taafta Kekees hekeii zeideki dz kısa tikve piii z etekii çadaş öekede odkça adie biaada göd ve hekei kemesiz oş bdöem içi sıadışı od da beitimeidi.

Soç oaak, sti açısıda iceediide Kekees hekeii Fig vea Aado sba g odgö. Acak işedii ko açısıda deeediidiide, bi öetici vea taı od aaşıa ek sahibi bibiei betimedii b heke, bezeei Geç Hitit öekeide biimesie ame, Ota Aado içi hezbaşkaca bi öeie kaşıaşımamış öze bi btd. B dmda, Kekees’teki öeticiei biçok açıdaGeç Hitit geeekeie i itii bi ek imgesi otaa kodkaı, acak b imgei haata geçimek içi çadaş OtaAado/Fig öeeii kaa ee zaaatkaada aaadıkaı iei sebii.

Katalog Numarası 2. Bir arslan heykelinin başına ait parçalar (K04.183):

Bi asa hekeii başıa ait kama biçimi bi paça ee geçmişti. Paçaı zeide e aa ve kesi oaakbi asa eesie ait oa şevo desei saeside b paçaı bi asa başıda kopt aaşımıştı. Çizimdegöebiecei gibi, paçaı so taafıda, ie şevo desei ie kapı bi bat bmaktadı. B hattı öteside,asaı ze dek gedii dşe kçk, zei dzetimiş, çıkıtıı bi paça e amaktadı. Paçaı atzde ba, kaa ait oması geeke heezoi desei aa da ie çizimde açıkça göebii. ç taaftakihataı fakı omaka biikte, b desei bezeei çadaş asa betimeii kakaıda da gömektedi. B

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85TÜRKÇE ÖZET

paçaı eeside göe şevo deseie Godio Ota Fig Döemi seamikei ve Pazaı’daki pişmiş topakevhaa gibi öekedeki boa bezemei hava betimeide de astamaktadı. Ba daaaak, paçaı kaba-ca M.Ö. edici vea atıcı zıa taihedii iei sebii. yaızca kçk bi paçası ee geçmiş osa dahiKekees’te ba b bie-bi öçeki asa hekeii aıtsa iteiki od açıktı. Doaısıa, b hekeiKekees öeticieii haata geçidikei aıtsa ek imgesii die bi cephesii sd söeebii. ykaıdabahsettiimiz heke gibi b asa figde de ie Geç Hitit keteii aıtsa kapıaıda biie bi koOta Aado sb ie işemiş od gömektedi.

Katalog Numarsı 3. Kabartma bezemeli ve yazıtlı plakaya ait parçalar (K03.168):

B bömde, ice kmtaşıda apımış bi bo zeeideki paee içide e aa kabatma betimeeait kık beş paça taıtımaktadı. Paeei keaaıda e aa dışa çıkıtıı çeçevede ise Figce iki aı azıte aı (bakıız: yazıta). Kazıda kçk paçaa haide ee geçe b kabatmaı paçaaı ateşi etkisie boö zde kopt aaşımaktadı. Boa ait die paçaaı beieip bieştimek ise mmk omamıştı.

Ba paçaa saeside bo e az ç zeide giitii paeei e adıı aaşımıştı. Dödczei işememiş oaak bıakımış omasıı bo bi dvaa asaaak kaımış od göstegesiod dşmş, acak b vasaımı kaıtamak mmk omamıştı. Kabatmaadaki betime ee geçepaçaada kısme beieebimiş ve ö paedeki kompoziso da kısme tmeebimişti. Bo ö ze-ideki kompoziso st kesimide kaatı bi ozeti e adıı gö (kataog maaaı 3.1–3.2). Bo

ö ze ait çeçevedeki azıtı bi die paçasıda ise kaşııkı da iki aak gömektedi. B dmda, özde betimee sahe kaatı bi diski atıda kaşııkı aakta da iki fig biçimide tmeebii. B tipkompozisoa yakı Do saatıda sıkıka kaşımıza çıka. Ee geçmiş oa iki gifo başıı da (kataog ma-aaı 3.6–3.7) b figee ait od vasaıacak osa, b iki fig bie ci od söeebii. üzeeidekeaaı ss z etekikee ait desee ba iki paça daha ee geçmiş (kataog maaaı 3.5 ve 3.19) veb paçaaı da bie isa a da ci betimie ait od dşmşt. B btaı da aı sahei biepaçası oma oasııı mevctt, acak b paçaaı kompoziso içide eee otacaıı beiemek gçt vezeeideki motifei tmemek de mmk omamıştı.

B saheei aısıa, die btada kaşıaşıa betime aasıda ik oaak asaada bahsedimeidi:bi gifo vea asa aaı (kataog maası 3.8), asa başı paçaaı (kataog maaaı 3.9–3.10), asaaaait gövde ve ee paçaaı (kataog maaaı 3.11–3.18). B paçaa bk ihtimae iki aı asa motifieaitti ve b fige bo iki aıı ssemiş oabii. Aıca, bitakım bitki motifeie astamıştı: bo ö

vea a zeeide e amış oabiecek bk oasııka bi ktsa aaç betimi oa bi bitki (kataog maa-aı 3.24–3.30) ve bitki deseeii paçaaı oabiecei gibi hava betimeii zeeideki bezemeee de aitoabiecek pamet deseeii göd bitakım paçaa (kataog maaaı 3.31–3.34). yomaması dahagç oa die paçaaı bazıaıı hava gövdeeie, dieeiise aaşıması mmk omaa başkacamotifee ait od dşmektedi.

Bo gee öçeii beiemek içi kaatı diski geişii baz aıabii. B diski geişii aı zamada,b bo taçadıdıı heme heme kesiike söeebiecek aı taşta ima edimiş astıkı tabaı (kataogmaası 12) geişii ie aıdı. B tabaı st zeii dz kesimiş oması, b bo tm bi diemimai eema içi bi kaide oaak kaımış od dşdmektedi. Bo kaıda bahsedie hekeikaidesi oaak kaımış oması mhtemedi.

B kabatma bezemei ve azıtı boa beze bta odkça kısıtıdı. şevse bezeik açısıda aızcaFig kt aaı içide bmş oa acak işevi aaşıamamış st kaideei ve az saıdaki dikme biçimi

bokta bahsediebii. Esedeki kabatmaa, hataıı odkça beigi oş açısıda yei Ass ve uat e-eşmeeide biie fidişi eseei adımaktadı. şee koa açısıda bakıdııda da betimedeki epetaie Kekees Da’ı dosdaki ketei geeekeii aadııı dşdmektedi. Acak kaıda bah-sedie hekeei aksie, b esede betimei Aado sba aama çabası pek de beigi deidi. Geeoaak deeediidiide b aıtı, kaideedeki bezeme geeeie g dşmekte, acak dekoatif saıaçısıda odkça sıadışı od gömektedi.

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87

ÖZET VE yOruMlAr

B kısımda heketaşık eseeii gee bi deeedimesi smakta ve b btaı Kekees Daeeşmesii iteii ve keti kimiii aaşıması açısıda taşıdıı öemde bahsedimektedi. Kekees’teba hekede, bge dek Figa’da biimemeke biikte Geç Hitit keteide ve daha akıdaki Tabakeside taıa koaı işemiş oması odkça çapıcıdı. Kekees aıtaıdaki betime, eeşmei do-sdaki coafada e aa haedaıkaı idai mekezeide biie gç ve pestij ifade ede aıtsa fom-

aı, Ota Aado/Fig sb ie omaaak kaıdııı göstemektedi. B eseede kaıa tekikeve sti, Kekees Da’daki masif dvaaa çevii sıfıda kmş b keti kcaıı ve öeticieii bcoafaa abacı oa bi idai gç ifadesii otaa komak adıa deeseie ve eiikçiie başvdkaııgöstegesi oaak deeediiebii. Die Fig eeşmeeide ede edie ei bgaa biikte KekeesDa’daki b bta kette sdecek oa çaışmaaı, Fig medeietii iteiie ve Aado’daki kom-şaı ie oa sııaıa dai bigimizi öemi öçde attıacaıı ve Aado’ Demi Çaı’a dai omaıdeiştiecek deecede öemi soça otaa koacaıı göstemektedi.

lŞKl MMAr ElEMAnlAr

Geoffrey D. Summers

Bada bii basamakı, diei ise gövdee bieşik astıka ie bezemiş taba biçimi iki kmtaşı mimai ee-

ma taıtımaktadı. Bömde e aa katao adıda, kabatmaı ve azıtı bo öeie ekostksiosmakta ve so oaak da tm aıtı e şekide tmeebieceie dai öeie getiimektedi.

yAZITlAr

Catherine M. Draycott ve Claude Brixhe

B bömde, kabatma bezemei bo (kataog maası 3) keaaıdaki azıta taıtımaktadı. Baazıtı paçaaı ço bo ö ze ait od aaşımış, acak bo so keaıda da bi adak metiivaod beieebimişti. B azıtada kaıa afabede, bögese fakııkada kaakadıı dşebitakım sıadışı özeike gözemişti. So keadaki adak meti, b aıtı Tata taafıda dikidiii beit-mektedi. Ö zedeki azıtı iteii ve içeii ise aaşıamamış, acak iki şahıs ismi saptaabimişti: “Masaugitos” (ugos’ o) ve “uva.”

TÜRKÇE ÖZET

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PLATES

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a

(a) Map of Anatolia and Adjacent Regions Showing Sites Mentioned in the Text (prepared by Guzin Eren);

(b) Entire Iron Age City on Kerkenes Dağ, Seen from Manned Hot-air Balloon (93slhb0233)

b

Plate 1

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Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) Simulation of the City Made in ArcView 3D Analyst from 1,400,000 GPS Readings.

Rectangle at Lower Right (P) Shows the Area Depicted on Plate 5

Plate 2

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Plan of Monumental Entrance to Palatial Complex, Showing Locations of Trenches

Plate 3

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Plan of Monumental Entrance to Palatial Complex

Plate 4

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Plan of Eastern End of Palatial Complex. (P) on Plate 2

Plate 5

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(a) Trench 11 from East in Early Stages of Excavation in 2003, with Part of Trench 1 in Foreground (03dpjv4704);

(b) Mass of Burnt and Fused Superstructure Fallen into Doorway through Wooden Facade,

Figure Crouches on Burnt Earth Floor of Room on Far Side of Facade (04dpjv2355)

a

b

Plate 6

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(a) Front Portion of Entrance, Looking East at End of 2005 Season; in Foreground Is Rubble Base of Foundation Trench for

Timber Facade, Five Large Pavers Mark Position of Wide, Double Doorway with Sandstone Plinth on Right (05dpnc0958);

(b) Rear of Entrance, Looking South, with Rubble-filled Foundation Slot and Later Pits, Not Fully Emptied;

in Foreground, Disturbed Column Base. Fallen Aniconic Stele in Center, Drain at Right, and Burnt Earthen

Floor of Room in Central Section at Left (05dpnc0917)

a

b

Plate 7

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(a) Trench 11 and Part of Trench 1 at End of 2003 Season Showing Corner of North Tower-like Platform (03dpjv7035);

(b) Looking Westward through Monumental Entrance at End of 2005 Season (05dpnc1006)

a

b

Plate 8

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(a) South Tower-like Platform with Figure by Corner (05dpnc0862); (b) Sandstone Column Base by Front of South

Tower-like Platform (05dpnc0516)

a

b

Plate 9

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(a) Rear of Entrance, Looking South, Drain Just behind Figures with Disturbed Column Base at Left (05dpnc0155);

(b) Stone Fallen from South Tower-like Platform (05dpca0214)

a

b

Plate 10

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(a) Ornamented Architectural Blocks Fallen from Corner of South Tower-like Platform (05dphp1122); (b) Front Portion

of Entrance at End of 2004 Season, Showing Collapse onto Pavement at Right, Section through Pitted Filling in Middle

Ground, and Partially Excavated Foundation for Wooden Facade in Foreground (04dpjv2307)

a

b

Plate 11

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Right Side; (b) Front. Drawings by Catherine M. Draycott

a b

Plate 12

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Skirt, Vertical Cross Section; (b) Skirt, Horizontal Cross Section.

Drawings by Catherine M. Draycott

a

b

Plate 13

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Front Right Angle; (b) Front.

Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 06dpnk0101; [b] 06dpnk0102)

a b

Plate 14

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Front Left Angle; (b) Left Side.


a b

Plate 15

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Left Rear Angle; (b) Back.


a b

Plate 16

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Right Rear Angle; (b) Right.


a b

Plate 17

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Looking Up to Statue as It May Have Been Viewed.

Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0111)

Plate 18

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Face. Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0116)

Plate 19

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Skirt, Dowel Hole, and Channel,

Showing Choppy, Short, Flat Chisel Marks; (b) Skirt, Dowel Hole, and Channel.

Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott ([a] 05dpcs0548; [b] 05dpcs0543)

a

b

Plate 20

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Face, Right Angle; (b) Hair at Temple, Upper Right Side of Head.


a

b

Plate 21

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Shaft with Ferrules and Lower Part of Face; (b) Right Hand Grasping

Shaft and Cuff or Bracelet around Wrist. Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott ([a] 05dpcs1011; [b] 05dpcs1008)

a

b

Plate 22

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Part of Ear Lobe, Upper Right Side; (b) Detail, with Curls of Hair at

Back of Head. Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott ([a] 05dpcs1013; [b] 05dpcs1408)

a

b

Plate 23

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Left Side of Head; (b) Outline of Upper Part of Ear, Left Side of

Head. Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott ([a] 05dpcs1113; [b] 05dpcs1108)

a

b

Plate 24

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Hair at Left Temple; (b) Curls of Hair at Back of Head.


a

b

Plate 25

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Non-joining Fragment of Torso.


Plate 26

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Catalog No. 2. Fragment from Head of Lion Statue (K04.183): (a) Side; (b) Front; (c) Side (04TR16U00stn01).

Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 05dpnk0112; [b] 05dpcs1124). Drawing by Catherine M. Draycott

a b

c

Plate 27

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Catalog No. 3. Small Relief and Inscription (K03.168): Fragments Attributed to Front Face of Relief-carved and Inscribed

Block, Shown in Approximate Original Locations. Bottom Left: Fragments that Have Not Been Placed.

Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

Plate 28

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Catalog Nos. 3–9: Fragments Attributed to Sandstone Block (cat. no. 3), Plus Related Small Reliefs (cat. nos. 4–8), and Feet

of Raptor Carved in Round (cat. no. 9). Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

Plate 29

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Catalog No. 3. Small Relief (K03.168): Reconstruction of Angle View of Relief-carved and Inscribed Block.

Reconstruction by Ahmet Çinici

0 10 cm

Plate 30

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Catalog No. 3.1. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragments with Winged Rosette (03TR11U08stn29, 03TR11U08stn34,

04TR16U06stn02) and Joining Inscription Fragments Catalog No. 18 (03TR11U08stn02, 03TR11U08stn24,

04TR16U07stn01). Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0226). Drawing by Carrie Van Horn

Plate 31

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Catalog No. 3.2. Small Relief (K03.168): Rosette Disk Fragments (03TR11U08stn22, 03TR11U08stn33).

Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0222). Drawing by Carrie Van Horn

Plate 32

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Catalog No. 3.3. Small Relief (K03.168): Two Confronting Human Feet on Inscribed Frame Groundline and

Inscription Fragment Catalog No. 15 (03TR11U04stn04, 03TR11U08stn10, 03TR11U08stn18).


Plate 33

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(a) Catalog No. 3.4. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Fist (03TR11U05stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 3.5. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragments Showing Hand Holding Rod and Possibly Part of Torso and

Upper Legs with Fringed Drapery (03TR11U01stn02, 03TR11U03stn02). Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 05dpnk0314;

[b] 06dpnk0221). Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

b

a

Plate 34

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Catalog No. 3.6. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Griffin’s Head (03TR11U08stn23).


a b

Plate 35

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(a) Catalog No. 3.7. Small Relief (K03.168): Two Joining Fragments with Plume and Eye of Griffin (03TR11U04stn05,

03TR11U08stn35); (b) Catalog No. 3.8. Small Relief (K03.168): Two Joining Fragments of Paw of Griffin or

Lion (03TR11U08stn06, 04TR11U22stn01). Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 06dpnk0204; [b] 05dpnk0310).


a

b

Plate 36

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(a) Catalog No. 3.9. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragments Showing an Eye, Ear, and Muzzle of a Feline (03TR11U08stn08,

03TR11U08stn30); (b) Catalog No. 3.10. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment Showing Lower Jaw of Lion

(03TR11U08stn27). Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 06dpnk0205; [b] 05dpnk0306). Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

a

b

Plate 37

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(a) Catalog No. 3.11. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Lion Shoulder and Mane (03TR11U04stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 3.12. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Lion Shoulder(?) (03TR11U08stn17).

Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 05dpnk0305; [b] 06dpnk0206). Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

a

b

Plate 38

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(a) Catalog No. 3.13. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Lion Neck with Mane (03TR11U08stn03);

(b) Catalog No. 3.14. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Lion Mane with Shoulder Edge(?) (04TR16U13stn01).

Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 05dpnk0307) and Catherine M. Draycott ([b] 05dpcs0834).


a

b

Plate 39

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(a) Catalog No. 3.15. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Lion Mane (03TR11U04stn07);

(b) Catalog No. 3.16. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment Fringed with Dentils Resembling Lion Mane (03TR11U03stn06);

(c) Catalog No. 3.17. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment Fringed with Dentils Resembling Lion Mane (04TR16U13stn02).

Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 06dpnk0210; [b] 05dpnk0206; [c] 05dpnk0214). Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

a

b

c

Plate 40

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(a) Catalog No. 3.18. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment with Feathered Shapes (03TR11U04stn08);

(b) Catalog No. 3.19. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Dentil-fringed Drapery and Part of Foot(?) (03TR11U08stn13).


b

a

Plate 41

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(a) Catalog No. 3.20. Small Relief (K03.168): Limb-like Fragment (03TR11U04stn12);

(b) Catalog No. 3.21. Small Relief (K03.168): Limb-like Fragment with Dentilated, Cuff-like Band (03TR11U03stn03).


a

b

Plate 42

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Catalog No. 3.22. Small Relief (K03.168): Elbow-like Fragments with Engaged Thumb-like Part (03TR11U08stn09,

03TR11U08stn12). Photograph by Catherine M. Draycott (05dpcs0820). Drawing by Carrie Van Horn

Plate 43

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b

(a) Catalog No. 3.23. Small Relief (K03.168): Elbow-like Fragment (04TR16U13stn05);

(b) Catalog No. 3.24. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragments with Vegetal Node and Extending Dentilated Tendrils

(03TR11U08stn31, 04TR16U04stn01). Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 05dpnk0311; [b] 05dpnk0113).


a

Plate 44

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(a) Catalog No. 3.25. Small Relief (K03.168): Terminal Bud of Vegetal Element (04TR16U06stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 3.26. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Dentilated Tendril (03TR11U08stn15).

Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott ([a] 05dpcs0722) and Murat Akar ([b] 06dpnk0231).


a

b

Plate 45

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(a) Catalog No. 3.30. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Dentilated Tendril (05TR17U11stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 3.31. Small Relief (K03.168): Palmette-like Fragment Emanating from Fragment of Plain and Dentilated

Bands (03TR11U08stn07, 03TR11U08stn05). Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott ([a] 05dpcs0712; [b] 05dpcs0808).


a

b

Plate 47

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(a) Catalog No. 3.32. Small Relief (K03.168): Palmette-like Fragment (03TR11U08stn04);

(b) Catalog No. 3.32. Small Relief (K03.168): Palmette-like Fragment (03TR11U04stn11).


a

b

Plate 48

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(a) Catalog No. 3.34. Small Relief (K03.168): Palmette-like Fragment (03TR11U09stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 3.35. Small Relief (K03.168): Curving Fragment with Dentilated Fringe (03TR11U03stn04).


a

b

Plate 49

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(a) Catalog No. 3.36. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment with Dentilated Fringe (04TR16U13stn04);

(b) Catalog No. 3.37. Small Relief (K03.168): Slice Fragment with Ribbed Pattern (03TR11U08stn19).


a

b

Plate 50

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(a) Catalog No. 3.38. Small Relief (K03.168): Small Fragment with Curved and Incised Face (03TR11U04stn06);

(b) Catalog No. 3.39. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment with Traces of Dentils(?) (04TR16U13stn03).


a

b

Plate 51

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(a) Catalog No. 3.40. Small Relief (K03.168): Convex Edge Fragment, Edge of Torso(?) (03TR11U08stn36);

(b) Catalog No. 3.41. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment with Faceted Surface (03TR11U08stn20).



a

b

Plate 52

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(a) Catalog No. 3.42. Small Relief (K03.168): Small Faceted Fragment (04TR16U06stn04);

(b) Catalog No. 3.43. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment with Smoothed Surface (03TR11U00stn01).


a

b

Plate 53

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(a) Catalog No. 3.44. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment with Smoothed Surface (04TR16U01stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 4. Rosette (05TR14U51stn01).

Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 06dpnk0211; [b] 06dpnk0215).


a

b

Plate 54

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(a) Catalog No. 5. Single Rosette Petal (05TR17U11stn02);

(b) Catalog No. 6. Fragments of Curved Molding (03TR11U05stn03, 04TR16U14stn01).



a

b

Plate 55

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(a) Catalog No. 7. Fragment with Curved Molding on Background (03TR11U04stn13);

(b) Catalog No. 8. Fragment from Molding(?) (04TR16U08stn02).


a

b

Plate 56

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Catalog No. 9. Fragment from Statue of Bird of Prey (K08.228; 04TR14U15stn01): (a) Front Left Angle; (b) Front View;

(c) Side View; (d ) Front View; (e) Talons of Raptor Holding Bone. Photographs by Catherine M. Draycott

([a] 05dpcs0934; [b] 05dpcs0931; [c] 05dpcs0928; [d ] 05dpcs0926). Drawing by Carrie Van Horn

e

a b

c d

Plate 57

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Catalog No. 10. Possible Relief of Lion Tail(?) (05TR17U15stn01).

Photograph by Catherine M. Draycott (05dpcs1222). Drawing by Elizabeth Tiffin Thompson

Plate 58

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a

Catalog No. 11. Stepped Slab or Base (K03.169): (a) Portion of Stepped Slab; (b) Stepped Slab Showing Corner

of Recessed Top with Outer Corner Missing (03TR11U04arc01, 04TR11U01arc01).

Photographs by Joseph W. Lehner ([a] 06dpcj0316; [b] 06dpcj0306)

b

Plate 59

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Catalog No. 11. Stepped Slab or Base (K03.169): Drawings of Fragments Belonging to Stepped Slab or Base

(03TR11U04arc01, 04TR11U01arc01). Drawings by Ben Claasz Coockson

0 5 cm

Plate 60

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Catalog No. 11. Stepped Slab or Base (K03.169): Drawings of Fragments Belonging to Stepped Slab or Base

(03TR11U04arc01, 04TR11U01arc01). Drawings by Ben Claasz Coockson

0 5 cm

Plate 61

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Catalog No. 12. Bolster Slab (K03.167): Angle View (03TR11U01stn01, 03TR11U04stn03, 03TR11U04stn10,

03TR11U08arc01, 03TR11U08arc04, 03TR11U08stn14, 03TR11U08stn16, 03TR11U08stn21, 05TR17U07arc01).

Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0203). Drawing by Ben Claasz Coockson

0 5 cm

Plate 62

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Catalog No. 12. Bolster Slab (K03.167): Top, Side, and Bottom (03TR11U01stn01, 03TR11U04stn03, 03TR11U04stn10,

03TR11U08arc01, 03TR11U08arc04, 03TR11U08stn14, 03TR11U08stn16, 03TR11U08stn21,

05TR17U07arc01). Drawings by Ben Claasz Coockson

0 5 cm

Plate 63

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Catalog No. 12. Bolster Slab (K03.167): (a) Top; (b) Bottom (03TR11U01stn01, 03TR11U04stn03, 03TR11U04stn10,

03TR11U08arc01, 03TR11U08arc04, 03TR11U08stn14, 03TR11U08stn16, 03TR11U08stn21, 05TR17U07arc01).


a

b

Plate 64

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Catalog No. 3. Small Relief (K03.168): Possible Assemblage of Relief Elements on Front Face of Block.

Reconstruction by Geoffrey D. Summers

Plate 65

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Catalog Nos. 1, 3, 11, and 12. Possible Assemblage of Elements into One Monument. Reconstruction Drawn by

Ahmet Çinici from a Digital Compilation by Ben Claasz Coockson

Plate 66

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(a) Catalog No. 13. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment I, Attributed to Bottom Left Corner,

Front of Block (03TR11U03stn01);

(b) Catalog No. 14. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment II, Unplaced Fragment (03TR11U04stn02).


a

b

Plate 67

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Catalog No. 15. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment III, Bottom Center, Front of Block (03TR11U04stn04,

03TR11U08stn10, 03TR11U08stn18). Photograph by Murat Akar (05dpnk0101). Drawing by Carrie Van Horn

Plate 68

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Catalog No. 16. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragments IV and X, Possibly from Top Right Corner of Block(?)

(03TR11U04stn09, 03TR11U08stn25). Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 06dpnk0224; [b] 06dpnk0225).

Drawing by Carrie Van Horn

a b

Plate 69

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Catalog No. 17. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment V, Attributed to Top Center, Front Face of Block

(03TR11U03stn05, 04TR16U08stn01).


Plate 70

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Catalog No. 18. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragments VI and VIIa1–2 in Top Left Corner, Front of Block

(03TR11U08stn02, 03TR11U08stn24, 04TR16U07stn01).


0 2

Plate 71

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Catalog No. 18. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment VIIb, Left Edge of Block with Dedication Inscription and Part

of Inscription on Front Face (03TR11U08stn02, 03TR11U08stn24, 04TR16U07stn01).


a b

0 2

Plate 72

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(a) Catalog No. 19. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment VIII, Perhaps Belonging to Bottom Center, Front Face of

Block(?) (03TR11U08stn28); (b) Catalog No. 20. Inscription (K03.168): Inscription Fragment XI, Small Unplaced Fragment

(03TR11U08stn32). Photographs by Murat Akar ([a] 05dpnk0107; [b] 05dpnk0110). Drawings by Carrie Van Horn

a

b

Plate 73

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): (a) Reconstruction of Right of Statue; (b) Reconstruction of Front of

Statue. Drawings by Catherine M. Draycott

a b

Plate 74

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(a) Ruler Statue from Palace Building J at Zincirli, Istanbul Archaeological Museum 7768, Basalt, Ninth Century B.C.,

3.22 m High with Base (Bonatz 2000: A6, pl. 2); (b) Statue of Male Figure Holding Club-like Instrument, from

Tel Halaf (Orthmann 1971: Tell Halaf Bc/4, pl. 13a); (c) Statue from Taftanaz, Now in Aleppo Museum, Basalt,

Ninth Century B.C.(?), 1.12 m (Bonatz 2000: A10, pl. 13); (d ) Statue in Maraş Museum 225, Basalt,

Ninth Century B.C.(?), 1.57 m (Bonatz 2000: A11, pl. 3)

a b

c d

Plate 75

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(a) Matar and Youths Group from Boğazkale, Now in Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum, Sixth Century B.C.,

Limestone, 1.34 m (Boardman 1994: fig. 2.5); (b) Limestone Matar Relief from Etlik, Near Ankara, Now in

Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum, Seventh Century B.C., Height 1.15 m (Prayon 1987: 27, pl. 9b);

(c) Andesite Matar Relief from Bed of Sakarya River, South of Citadel Mound of Gordion. Previously Ankara,

Anatolian Civilizations Museum, 5459 S 59, now Gordion Museum, Sixth Century B.C.(?), height 90 cm

(Gordion photo 55-64134, with thanks to the Gordion Archive, Pennsylvania University)

a b

c

Plate 76

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(a) Stele Showing Kybele or Votary from Mut (Claudiopolis), Cilicia, Now in Adana Museum (formerly Erdemli Museum

1357), Limestone, 65.3 cm (Fleischer 1984: 86, fig. 1); (b) Sandstone Head from Matar Statue, Found at Salmanköy, Now

in Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum, 38.4 cm (Prayon 1987: 8, pl. 3d); (c) Limestone Head of Male Figure from

Gordion, Found in Fill under Floor 4 of West Gate at Citadel Mound. Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum,

height 21 cm (Gordion photo G 5406, with thanks to the Gordion Archive, Pennsylvania University)

a b

c

Plate 77

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(a) Limestone Double Lion Base from Gordion, Sixth Century B.C.(?), Height 22.0 cm, Gordion Museum 88–143 (photo

courtesy of Mary Voigt); (b–c) Right Side and Front of Ivory Handle Figure of “Priest” from Ephesos,

Istanbul Archaeological Museum, 10.7 cm (Boardman 2000: fig. 3.9a–b, used with permission of author);

(d ) Ivory Figure Found at Delphi, now in Delphi Museum, Seventh Century B.C.(?), 24.0 cm

(Boardman 1991: fig. 52, used with permission of author)

a

b c d

Plate 78

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(a) Drawing of Silver “Priest” Figure from Tomb D at Bayındır, Antalya Museum 11.21.87, 12.4 cm (after Akurgal 1992: 69,

fig. 3); (b) Drawing of Ivory Mother and Children Group from Tomb D at Bayındır, Antalya Museum, 17.0 cm

(after Akurgal 1992: 69, fig. 1); (c) Drawings of Three Sculpted Sides of Pillar from Daydalı, Now in

Afyon Museum 7222, Eighth Century B.C.(?), Basalt, 64.0 cm (Prayon 1987: 28, pl. 10, bottom)

a b

c

Plate 79

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(a) One of Several Orthostat Reliefs Found in the Vicinity of Ankara, This One Showing a Griffin, Ankara, Anatolian

Civilizations Museum, Eighth–Sixth Century B.C.(?), Andesite, 1.30 m (Prayon 1987: 22, pl. 7b); (b) One of Two

Ankara Orthostat Reliefs Showing Lions, Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum, Eighth–Sixth

Century B.C.(?), Andesite, 93.5 cm (Prayon 1987: 17, pl. 6b)

a

b

Plate 80

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(a) Orthostat Reliefs from Sakçegözü, Showing Griffin-headed Figure and Two Symmetrically Arranged Human-headed

Genies, Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum 1807 and 1810, 730–700 B.C.(?), Basalt, 83–88 cm (Orthmann 1971:

Sakçegözü A9–A10, pl. 50c); (b) Orthostat Reliefs from Carchemish, Showing Symmetrically Arranged

Griffin-headed Genies, Ankara, Anatolian Civilizations Museum 96, Eighth Century B.C.(?), Basalt,

1.17 m (Orthmann 1971: Karkemis E/5, pl. 26d)

a

b

Plate 81

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Comparison of Phrygian and Neo-Hittite Statues: (a) Boğazkale Kybele Group (1.34 m with base; Boardman 1994: 25,

fig. 2.5); (b) Kerkenes Figure, Catalog No. 1 (1 m; photograph by Murat Akar, 06dpnk0102); (c) Headless Figure

from Taftanaz (1.12 m; Bonatz 2000: A10, pl. 3); (d ) Bearded Figure from Taftanaz (1.57 m; Bonatz 2000: A9,

pl. 3); (e) Monumental Ruler Figure from Zincirli (2.5 m; Bonatz 2000: A6, pl. 2); ( f ) Monumental Ruler

Figure from Malatya (3.18 m; Bonatz 2000: A13, pl. 4)

a b c d e f

Plate 83

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Site Plan of Kerkenes Dağ, Showing Major Features

Plate 84

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Front. Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0102)

Plate 85

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Right Angle View. Photograph by Murat Akar (06dpnk0101)

Plate 86

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Right Side of Head, Showing Part of Ear Lobe and Broken End of

Instrument Carried by Figure. Photograph by Catherine M. Draycott (05dpcs1013)

Plate 87

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Close-up of Face.

Photograph by Catherine M. Draycott (05dpcs1307)

Plate 88

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Back of Torso and Head, with Some New Fragments Added.

Photograph by Joseph W. Lehner (06dpcj1033)

Plate 89

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Catalog No. 1. Statue of Draped Figure (K04.182): Right Side of Head, Showing Ribbed Hair and Area where Curl Has

Broken Off. Photograph by Catherine M. Draycott (05dpcs1408)

Plate 90

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Catalog No. 2. Fragment from Head of Lion Statue (K04.183; 04TR16U00stn01).


Plate 91

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Catalog No. 3.3. Small Relief (K03.168): Joining Fragments with Inscription Fragment III (cat. no. 15) and Two Confronted

Feet (03TR11U04stn04, 03TR11U08stn10, 03TR11U08stn18). Photograph by Murat Akar (05dpnk0104)

Plate 92

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Catalog No. 3.5. Small Relief (K03.168): Joining Fragments Showing Hand Holding Rod and Draped Leg(?)

(03TR11U01stn02, 03TR11U03stn02). Photograph by Catherine M. Draycott (05dpcs0838)

Plate 93

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Catalog No. 3.6. Small Relief (K03.168): Fragment of Griffin’s Head (03TR11U08stn23).


Plate 94

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Catalog No. 3.19. Small Relief (K03.168): Dentil-fringed Drapery and Part of Foot(?) (03TR11U08stn13).


Plate 95

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Catalog No. 9. Fragment from Statue of Bird of Prey (K08.228; 04TR14U15stn01): Fragment Showing Talons.


Plate 96

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Catalog No. 10. Possible Relief of Lion Tail(?) (05TR17U15stn01).


Plate 97

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Plate 98

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Kouroi, Archaic Greek Youths - a Study of the Development of the Kouros Type in Greek Sculpture

Documents

Transcript of Kouroi, Archaic Greek Youths - a Study of the Development of the Kouros Type in Greek Sculpture