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Border Security Policies and Border Security Policies and US-Canada RelationsUS-Canada Relations

Rey KoslowskiRey Koslowski

Fellow, Transatlantic Academy, Washington, DCFellow, Transatlantic Academy, Washington, DC

Associate Professor of Political Science, Public Policy Associate Professor of Political Science, Public Policy and Informaticsand Informatics

University at Albany, State University of New YorkUniversity at Albany, State University of New York

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Ambassador Bridge Ambassador Bridge post 9/11/01post 9/11/01

Smart BordersSmart Borders

““The border of the future must integrate actions The border of the future must integrate actions abroad to screen goods and people prior to their abroad to screen goods and people prior to their arrival in sovereign U.S. territory. arrival in sovereign U.S. territory.

Agreements with our neighbors, major trading Agreements with our neighbors, major trading partners, and private industry will allow extensive partners, and private industry will allow extensive pre-screening of low-risk traffic, thereby allowing pre-screening of low-risk traffic, thereby allowing limited assets to focus attention on high-risk limited assets to focus attention on high-risk traffic. traffic.

The use of advanced technology to track the The use of advanced technology to track the movement of cargo and the entry and exit of movement of cargo and the entry and exit of individuals is essential to the task of managing the individuals is essential to the task of managing the movement of hundreds of millions of individuals, movement of hundreds of millions of individuals, conveyances, and vehicles” conveyances, and vehicles”

- W- White House, Jan. 25, 2002hite House, Jan. 25, 2002

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Scenarios for US-Canada borderScenarios for US-Canada border

No borders:No borders: lift internal border controls lift internal border controls after erecting a common external border.after erecting a common external border.

Smart borders:Smart borders: increase security and increase security and facilitate travel using technology and facilitate travel using technology and registered traveler programs registered traveler programs

Virtual borders: Virtual borders: automated data automated data collection, data-mining, biometrics & RFIDcollection, data-mining, biometrics & RFID

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Presentation outlinePresentation outline

Possibilities of “no borders” with N.A. perimeterPossibilities of “no borders” with N.A. perimeter

SBISBInetnet: physical barriers and a “virtual fence” : physical barriers and a “virtual fence”

US-VISIT: automated biometric entry-exit US-VISIT: automated biometric entry-exit

WHITI: passport to enter USWHITI: passport to enter US

Alternatives: security through US-Canada cooperationAlternatives: security through US-Canada cooperation

Proposal: identity management and global mobility Proposal: identity management and global mobility

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No Borders No Borders

North American Security PerimeterNorth American Security Perimeter– lifting internal border controls lifting internal border controls – common external bordercommon external border

Presupposes:Presupposes:– customs unioncustoms union– common visa policycommon visa policy

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Lifting border controls in the EULifting border controls in the EU

1957 Treaty of Rome1957 Treaty of Rome– committed states to customs union in 12 years committed states to customs union in 12 years

1968 customs union achieved1968 customs union achieved1986 Single European Act1986 Single European Act– committed EC states to end non-tariff barriers by 1992 committed EC states to end non-tariff barriers by 1992

1990 Schengen Convention 1990 Schengen Convention – harmonizes asylum and visa policies harmonizes asylum and visa policies

1993 customs controls at internal borders lifted1993 customs controls at internal borders lifted1995 all internal border controls lifted 1995 all internal border controls lifted

38 years from treaty commitment to customs union to lifting 38 years from treaty commitment to customs union to lifting all internal border controlsall internal border controls

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Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau join in a singalong during Trudeau's Latin American Tour, January 1976.

CUBA?

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""I will maintain the embargoI will maintain the embargo. It provides us . It provides us with the leverage to present the regime with the leverage to present the regime with a clear choice.”with a clear choice.”

Barak ObamaBarak ObamaMiami, FloridaMiami, FloridaMay 23, 2008May 23, 2008

Visa-free travelVisa-free travel

To US and Canada (35 countries):To US and Canada (35 countries):Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Czech Republic, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, S. Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Ireland, Italy, Japan, S. Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, United Kingdom  Slovenia, Switzerland, United Kingdom  

Additionally to Canada (17 countries):Additionally to Canada (17 countries):Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Cyprus, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Mexico, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Greece, Israel, Mexico, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Poland, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, Western Samoa; Swaziland, Western Samoa;

British dependent territories: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin British dependent territories: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn, St. Helena or the Turks and Caicos Islands; Pitcairn, St. Helena or the Turks and Caicos Islands;

Hong KongHong Kong

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Secure Border Initiative Network (SBInet)

““Virtual Fence”Virtual Fence”

US-Canadian Border - FarmedUS-Canadian Border - Farmed

US-Canadian Border ForestedUS-Canadian Border Forested

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Border Patrol apprehending illegal crossers

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While others cross elsewhere

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1,349 miles of forested1,349 miles of forested borderborder

Fingerscans at consulates & PoEsFingerscans at consulates & PoEs

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Table 1: FY 2002 Entries into the US (in millions)Table 1: FY 2002 Entries into the US (in millions)AirAir SeaSea LandLand TotalsTotals

US CitizensUS Citizens 33.033.0 7.47.4 120.7120.7 161.1161.1

Legal Permanent Residents Legal Permanent Residents 4.4 4.4 0.2 0.2 75.0 75.0 79.6 79.6

Visa WaiverVisa Waiver 13.0 13.0 0.3 0.3 1.81.8 15.1 15.1

Visa Exempt (Canadians)Visa Exempt (Canadians) 52.2 52.2 52.2 52.2

Regular VisaRegular Visa 19.3 19.3 4.5 4.5 4.54.5 28.3 28.3

Mexican Border Crossing CardMexican Border Crossing Card 104.1 104.1 104.1104.1

TotalsTotals 67.967.9 12.412.4 358.3358.3 440.4440.4

Table 2: False Claims to Citizenship Table 2: False Claims to Citizenship

FY1999FY1999 FY2000FY2000 FY2001FY2001 FY2002FY2002 FY2003FY2003 FY2004FY2004

To US To US 27,78127,781 31,96431,964 30,12930,129 15,29315,293 12,87812,878 12,40412,404

To otherTo other 1,1081,108 787787 908908 836836 269269 295295

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Western Hemisphere Travel Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI)Initiative (WHTI)

Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004Prevention Act of 2004– a valid passport ora valid passport or– documentary proof of citizenship documentary proof of citizenship – beginning Jan. 1, 2008beginning Jan. 1, 2008

Delayed to June 1, 2009Delayed to June 1, 2009

Jan. 2008: oral declaration of citizenship Jan. 2008: oral declaration of citizenship no longer acceptedno longer accepted

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“Our ID's are the best ID Cards money can buy.  They also come with many added security options such as holograms Learn More about Fake ID's”

http://www.theidshop.com

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Pakistani and Polish Passports (genuine)Pakistani and Polish Passports (genuine)

Australian and Philippine Passports (fake)

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Crossing with fraudulent documents

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WHTI requirements:WHTI requirements:

June 1, 2009June 1, 2009

passport passport

wallet-sized passport card (PASS)wallet-sized passport card (PASS)

Enhanced Drivers’ License (EDL)Enhanced Drivers’ License (EDL)

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Personal Authentication Device (PAD)Personal Authentication Device (PAD)

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PAD system in actionPAD system in action

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Alternative: Binational inspectionsAlternative: Binational inspections

Canadians collect data for US-VISITCanadians collect data for US-VISIT

Binational zones for preclearanceBinational zones for preclearance

European binational cooperationEuropean binational cooperation

Workplace Enforcement

  1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Est. unauthorized population 5.9 M 6.1 M 6.5 M 7.0 M 7.8 M     10.3 M 11.1 M 12 M

Employer investigations                    

Arrests 17,554 13,914 2,849 953 735 485 445 159 251 716

Indictments 865 1,023 417 178 100 53 162 66 195 441

Convictions 778 535 297 180 78 13 124 46 188 493

Identity Management and Global MobilityIdentity Management and Global Mobility(a potential research project)(a potential research project)

UAlbany Center for Technology in GovernmentUAlbany Center for Technology in Government

Identity document fraud – complex problemIdentity document fraud – complex problem

Examine administrative reforms:Examine administrative reforms:– Birth certificate issuance process (US states)Birth certificate issuance process (US states)– Digitization of vital records (US States, Italy)Digitization of vital records (US States, Italy)– National identity management (UK, Australia)National identity management (UK, Australia)– US-VISIT: “biometric data” service providerUS-VISIT: “biometric data” service provider

case studies, best practicescase studies, best practices

NYS agencies NYS agencies

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ConclusionsConclusions

““No borders” not politically viable No borders” not politically viable

““Virtual borders” constrained by infrastructure Virtual borders” constrained by infrastructure

““Smart borders” can be improved with Smart borders” can be improved with border border infrastructureinfrastructure and/or binational inspections and/or binational inspections

Hope for N.A. perimeter could reduce support Hope for N.A. perimeter could reduce support for infrastructure budgets and taxesfor infrastructure budgets and taxes

Political capital not infinite; choices necessaryPolitical capital not infinite; choices necessary

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Further reading and info: Further reading and info:

““Smart Borders, Virtual Borders or No Borders: Homeland Security Smart Borders, Virtual Borders or No Borders: Homeland Security Choices for the United States and Canada.” Choices for the United States and Canada.” Law and Business Law and Business Review of the AmericasReview of the Americas, Vol. 11, (Summer/Fall 2005)., Vol. 11, (Summer/Fall 2005).

Prepared Testimony for “US-VISIT: Challenges and Strategies for Prepared Testimony for “US-VISIT: Challenges and Strategies for Securing the U.S. Border,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Securing the U.S. Border,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security of the Committee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, January 31, 2007.the Judiciary, United States Senate, January 31, 2007.

Real Challenges for Virtual Borders: The Implementation of US-VISIT,Real Challenges for Virtual Borders: The Implementation of US-VISIT, Migration Policy Institute, June 2005.Migration Policy Institute, June 2005.

available at:available at:

Rey Koslowski’ webpageRey Koslowski’ webpagehttp://www.albany.edu/~rk289758/ http://www.albany.edu/~rk289758/