Korean So Gang

8/8/2019 Korean So Gang

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LESSON 1

1. Verb'' : to be'' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.

If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It ispronounced like a part of the Noun.

It has two different forms '-' and '-'. '-' is used when the Noun ends with a vowel, and '-

' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.

+ - --> .

+ - --> .

2. '' : yes'', which means 'yes', is often pronounced `'. It is used as a regular response to a knock at the door, or

hearing your name called, and being greeted. The opposite of `' is `'. This means 'no' is used innegative replies to questions, in contradictions and denials, and as an informal reply to apologies,

expressions of thanks, and compliments.

3.The subjective marker '-/'

The subjective marker -/' is used to indicate that the preceding noun phrase is the subject of the sentence. -is used after a word which ends with a vowel, while `- is used after a consonant.Here are some examples:

.

.4.The topic marker '-/' While the subjective marker -/' indicates the subject of a sentence,

the topic marker `/' is used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison withanother subject, this marker cannot be used. '-' is used after words ending in a vowel, `-' is used after wordsending in a consonant.

Here are some examples:. This is a pencil.

. This (in comparison with other things) is a pencil.

. Korean is interesting.

. Korean(in comparison with other languages) is interesting.

5.,,(demonstrative)+NOUN : this/these ,it/their, that/those 5.1. ,,These are the contractions of ', , ` and the subjective marker '-'. '' is 'this thing.' ''

is a demonstrative which modifies the dependent noun '-' and it is used only as a modifier of

the following noun. '' indicates a thing which is close to the speaker. '' indicates a thingwhich is far from the speaker, but close to the listener. It can be also used as that thing or those

things already under discussion. '' is used to indicate a thing which is far from both thelistener and the speaker.

+ -> 'this'(close to the speaker)


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+ -> 'that'(far from the speaker, close to the listener)

+ -> 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)

5.2. ,, These are the contractions of ',,' and the topic marker

'-'.+ -> 'this' (close to the speaker)

+ -> 'that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)

+ -> 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)

A: ? What is this?

B: . It's window.

A: ?Then, what's that?

B: . That's blackboard.

5.3. ,,

', , ' can indicate persons with '' which means person.

'this person' (close to the speaker)

'that person' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)

'that person over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)There are no contracions when the subjective or topic markers follow

', , ' like ', , , , , '...

This person is Anna's father and that person is Anna's younger brother.

6.Verb '' : not to be This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied '`which indicates equality or identification. The '' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one wordwith the noun. When you make the negative construction of '', the subject marker '-/' is attached directly to

the noun, and then followed by the negative verb ''.

. .

. .


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7.Verb '/' : to be/not to be The verb `' indicates existence, location or possession.The opposite verb is `'. (Possesion)

? , . Do you have a younger brother? Yes, I have a younger brother.

, . .

No, I don't have a younger brother.But I have an older sister.

(Location)? , .

Is there a desk in the classroom? Yes, there is a desk (in the classroom)

, . .

No, there is not a desk (in the classroom).But there is a chair.

8.The marker '-' : at/in This locative marker indicates that someone or something isstationary in a place. It is attached to nouns, and followed by ''(to be) and ''(not to be).

. There is a student in the classroom.


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LESSON 2

1.The marker '-' 1.1. toThe marker '' indicates a destination.

.

.

.1.2. at, in

This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. In this case, '' is attached to

nouns, and is followed by an inactive verb, such as ' (to be)` or ' (not to be)`

.

.

.

2.The sentence ending '-(/)'

There are several kinds of speech style in the Korean language and three styles will be dealt within Novice 1. They are the informal polite speech style, formal polite speech style and the plainspeech style. Each speech style is determined by the formality of the situation and the personalrelationship of the individuals involved in a dialogue. Both the formal and the informal polite

speech styles are used when people want to be polite, but the formal polite speech style is used ina formal situation and the informal polite speech style in an informal situation. The plain speechstyle is spoken when a superior talks to an inferior in age or is used between close friends. Thestudy of the informal polite speech style will be done first in this lesson and the other two speechstyles will be introduced later.

The informal polite speech style is most widely used in Korea. Speakers can use this stylewhen they wish to talk politely, but informally, in any situation. The sentence ending whichmakes the informal polite speech style has three forms. (1) `' form :This is used when the last vowel of the verb stem is '' or ''

; + -->

; + -->

; + --> --> (Contraction)

; + --> --> (Contraction) (2) `' form :This is used after any other last vowel of the verb stem except for the '' and '' cases.


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; + -->

; + -->

` + -->

(3) `' form :This is used after a '` verb.

; + --> --> (contraction)

: + --> --> (contraction)

; + --> --> (contraction)

** The verb form like , , is called the infinitive form. The verb stem is madewhen '' is omitted from the infinitive form and many verb forms are made by adding somepatterns to this verb stem.

3.Making questions.'-(/)?' It is very simple to make an interrogative sentence in Korean.There is no subject-verb inversion as in English. You can make Yes/No question with rising intonation at the end of

the sentence. For wh-questions, you should use interrogatives such as '(where)` and '/(what)`.

.There is a chair beside the desk.

?

Is there a chair beside the desk?

? Where is the chair?

. This is beer.

? Is this beer?

? What is this?

4.The marker : also/too The marker '-` means 'also' or 'too'. This can replace the subjectivemarker '-/', and the objective marker '-/`.

. There is some beer.

. There is some beertoo.


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. I will go.

. I will go, too.

5.The pattern '/ / / / + ': beside/in fromt of/behind/on/under Words that indicate directions and locations. Combined withmarkers indicating location such as '`, they are used for locations.

. There is a cat beside the desk.

. There is a cat in front ofthe desk.

. There is a cat behind the desk.

. There is a cat on the desk.

. There is a cat under the desk.


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LESSON 3

1.Adverb '' : do not The abverb '' is used to express the negative and means 'do not'. '' is putbefore the verb.

.

.

2.Adverb '' : want to do but can not The adverb '' is used with action verbs, and meansimpossibility or strong denial and refusal.

.

.

3.The marker '-' : at/in,from The marker '-' has two meanings. One is 'at' or 'in' indicatingthe place where an action takes place. Another meaning is 'from', indicating a starting point or cause..

.

4.The objective marker '-/' The marker '-/' is attached to a Noun to indicate the directobject of a transitive verb. '-' is used after a vowel while '' is used after a consonant.

.

.

5.The pre-ending '-//-' This is used to indicate an action which took place in the past or acondition which used to exist. (1) --When the final vowel of the verb stem is ',', it takes '--'

: + -> .

: + . -> .

: + -> . -> . (contraction)

: + -> . -> . (contracion) (2) --When the final vowel of the verb stem is any other vowel like ', , , ', it takes '--'.

: + -> .

: + . -> .


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:+ -> .-> . (contraction)

: + -> .

(3) --

When the verb is a '' verb, it takes '--'.


:+ . -> .-> . (contraction)



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LESSON 4

1.The pattern '-' : would like to (do)/want to (do) The pattern - is usedto indicate the desire of the subject and is used with action verbs and . This pattern - is used with first person statements and second person questions. Here are some examples:

. (I) would like to buy an apple.

. (I) would like to drink a cup of coffee.

. (I) would like to go to Korea.

? Would (you) like to see Anna?

? Where would (you) like to go?

Tense and negation are expressed in the verb ''.. (I) wanted to eat pizza.

. (I) don't want to eat pizza.

2.'-' : imperative Sentence ending '-' is one of the sentence endings whichcan be used for indicating polite questioning in the Interrogative(-?) and politeorder(command) in the Imperatives(-). This ending is more polite than the sententce ending

'-.' (1) '-?'This form implies respect of the speaker for the subject of the sentence, but the answer to this -

? must be - when referring to the yourself in the first person.? Do you go home?

, . Yes, I go.

(2) '-.'This form means 'Please do something' when referring to the second person.

. Please give me an apple.

. Please meet Anna.

3.The marker '-' : per,for,by,at,in You have already studied this marker '-'which indicates static location in lesson 2. This marker '-' is used to indicate the time thatsomething takes place and proportion.

. I meet Anna at 1 o'clock.

. I go climbing on Monday.

1,000 . I bought that book for 1,000won.


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? How much is this apple for one?Interrogatives With Numbers

How much

What time

How many

What day

How many kinds

? How much for this?

? What time is it now?

? How many do you want?

? What day is today?

? How many colors are there?

4.Counting unit (1) There are various counting units in the Korean language. '',which means 'piece, item, object', is widely used when counting things and '', which means'person', is used when counting persons. '' and '' are also used when counting persons, but'' is the polite form and shows respect for the persons counted. These counting units do not

occur as independent words, but are connected to numbers. The Korean numbers are used withthese units, for example ', ', and ', ', and the name of things orpersons should precede these expressions.

five watches

seven books

ten students

eighteen teachersSeveral Korean numbers are changed when they used with counting units.

Korean Numbers Number + counting unit

, , ,

, , ,

, , ,


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, , ,

, , ,

. Give me one apple.

. I have three children.Other counting units will be introduced later. Both Chinese and Korean units are used

according to the counting units. (2) Both Korean and Chinese numbers are used whenspeaking about time is said. Here are some examples:

04:40

K.N : C.N.

Korean number + (o'clock) one o'clock

ten o'clock

Chinese number + (minutes) fourty minutes

thirty minutes

.

Let's meet at 1:30.

('' is used often as thirty minutes)

. The class ended at 10:05.

5.Irregular verbs '' (1) When verbs ending with '' meet the vowel, '' is omitted.Most verbs ending in a final vowel '' of the stem are irregular. () + - : +

=> : to write,to use,to be bitter,to put on(a hat) () + - : + => : to be

tall () : to rise () : to turn off. I am writing a letter .

. I wrote a letter.

. I have to write a letter.

. My brother is tall


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(2) '-' is used if the vowel before '' is '' or '', '-' is used if the vowel before

'' is other vowel except '' and ''. - irregular verbs + '-'

() + - : + => : To be busy

() : to be hungry

() : to be bad

() : to lock

() : to be painful

. Today I am busy.

. I was busy this morning.

. Because I was busy, I couldn't go.

- irregular verbs + '-'

() + - : => (To be pretty)

() : => (to be sad)

() : to be happy

() : to be sad


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LESSON 5

1.The pattern '-(/) ' (1) On it's own, '' means 'to see.' The pattern '-(/)' is used to convey meanings such as 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it willturn out) or 'someone does something to see (how it will turn out).'

. Please try on these shoes.

. Please try to call.

. Please wait here. (2) With past tense form. it can be used to express experience as well as the meaningsmentioned in (1)

. I have been to Korea.

. I have met Melanie.

2.The pattern '-//': someone(or something) looks (appears, seems...) This pattern conveys meanings such aslikeness, resemblance, or similarity. when attached directly to the stems of adjectives.The past tense form of this pattern is '-//.' - is after verb stemshaving '/'


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- is after verb stems having other vowel '/'- is after verb stems having '-'

. The clothes look small.

. Korean food looks delicious.

. He looks happy.

3.The marker '-' : more than The comparative marker '-' (more than) isattached to a standard of comparison (which is usually the second noun) when both items ofcomparison are mentioned. It is often accompanied by '-' which means 'more'.

() .Korean is more difficult than English.

() . Dogs are bigger than cats.

() . Today is cooler than yesterday.

When the standard of comparison is omitted, ''('more) is used.. This is better.

. Korean is more difficult.

. I like apples more.

4./: the most While the comparative marker is attached to nouns,superlative sentences are made by putting the word '/' before adjectives, noun modifiersor adverbs.

. That one is the prettiest.

. This is the smallest pencil.

.He teaches best of all.(He is the best teacher.)

. Anna is the biggest.


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LESSON 6

1.The pattern '-()' : will This pattern is used in the first or second person to express anaction which is going to take place in the future. (1) -: If the verb stem ends in a vowel.

, ? Anna, what will you do tomorrow?

. I will move tomorrow.

(2) -: If the verb stem ends in a consonant.? Will you have lunch now?

, 30 .

No, I will have it in 30 minutes.

If the subject of the sentence is the 3rd person pronoun, this pattern indicates likelihood orprobability.


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2.The Marker '-' : all the way up to This marker '-' indicates goal of the timeand place, attaching to nouns of place or time.

? How far are you going?

. I am going as far as City Hall.

. Please come by nine o'clock.

3.The Marker '-' : from (when)

The marker '-' indicates a movement away from a certain place or time.It is much more commonly used for time than place.

For place, the marker '-' is better.

9 12 .

I study Korean from nine to twelve.

? What time does class begin?(From what time do you begin class?)

. Do this first.

. Read from here.

4.The Marker '-' : from The marker '-' is attached to place nouns and indicates a startingpoint of movement.

. Anna came from Australia.

LA New York? Is it far from LA to New York ?

You have studied this marker '-' denoting dynamic location. If someone does somethingat a certain place. this marker designates the location. Let's review it.

. I study at Sogang University.

. I eat Korean food at a korean restaurant.

5.The Plain Speech Style You have already studied the formal and informal polite speechstyle. Now you will study the plain style (in Korean ) which is used among truly closefriends, to a social inferior, or when talking with children.There are several ways to form the plain speech style. 5.1. The easiest way to form the plainspeech style is to just attach '-//' to the verb stem. It is very similar to the formation of the


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informal polite style which is formed by the ending '-//'. If you drop the '-', you willget the plain speech style.

? ----> ? Where are you going?

. ----> . I'm going to home.

()----> ! Go quickly!

!---->! Let's go.

The sentence ending of the four types of sentences are the same, but they are differenciated byintonation.

If the predicate has the construction 'Noun + -', the ending '-' is used.

? ----> ?

? ----> ? 5.2.First, two kinds of endings can be used for the interrogative '-' and '//'. There

aredifferences in nuance between the two. The ending '-//' is used among close friends,and the ending '-' is used to a social inferior.

? ----> ?

? ----> ?

? ----> ?

5.3.Second, the propositive ending '-' is used more frequently in colloquial conversation.

! Let's go to swimming.

12 ! Let's meet at 12 o'clock.

! Let's meet in the evening.

! Let's go to drink.

5.4.The imperative is formed with the ending ' //' . However, its use is restricted and

it is not commonly used among close friends. ! Be quiet !

! Get out of here !

! Come quickly !


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! Throw it to me !

6.'-' Irregular verbs The final consonant '-' of the verb stem changes '-' whenfollowed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.

(to listen): + ---> .

(to ask): + ---> .

(to walk): + ---> .

. I listen to the music now

. If you really don't know, ask me.

. I walked a lot yesterday.

.! Don't ask me.

However '' to close, '' to receive and '' to believe are not irregular verbs.. Please close the door.

. I received a letter from my friend.

. I need map and camera.

. I study Korean and English these days.

There is another pattern '-/' which means 'together', 'with' or 'along with'. This '-/' is interchangeable with '-' and '' can be dropped in both '-/'and ''.

() . I went on a trip with my friends.

. I had a discussion with my teacher.

. I live with my younger brother.

7.'-' Irregular verbs Some verbs of which the verb stems ends in the final consonant '-' are irregular. When the final consonant '-' of the verb stem is followed by a vowel, itchanges into ''. The vowel which follows the verb stem is usually '' except for some verbslike '' and ''. When the final consonant '-' of the verb stem is followed by aconsonant, it does not change.(to be pleasant) + -> ->


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(contraction)

(to be glad) + -> -> .

(to be cold) + -> ->.

(to be difficult) + -> .

(to be hot) + -> -> .

(to help) + -> -> .

(to be pretty) + -> -> .

LESSON 7

1.The pattern' -()?' Shall we(I) ~ ?/Will it be ~ ? The pattern '-()?' is used toexpress inquiring about someone's opinion, view or appraisal on a certain matter or fact with the action verb.

In this case, the subject of the sentence is always the first person, singular or plural.

? Shall we meet there?

? What shall I do?


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? Because we are late, shall we go by airplane?

When used with the adjectives, or with '(to exist)' or '(to be)', the subject of thesentence is the third person, and it express doubt or polite denial.

?Will Korean be interesting?(or You say Korean is interesting ?)

? Will this one be better?

?Will the library be over there?(Do you think the library is over there?)

2.The Propositive '-()' : let's --(propositive) This form is used to expressing thesubject's suggestion with the action verbs and the verb of existence ''. It cannot be used with '' nor with

adjectives.

. Let's go quickly.

. Let's study Korean.

. Let's stay here.

. Let's go by train.

. Let's meet this weekend.

'-.' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.

(

) + -

;

.'-.' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.() + ; .

In plain speech style(), with children and sometimes with close friends you can use theform '-' instead of '-//'.

Drop the '-' of the informal polite speech style ending '-//'. Here are some examples;

. Let's go quickly.

. Let's study Korean.

. Let's stay here.

. Let's go by train.

. Let's meet this weekend.


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3.The Connective '-()' : in order to

The connective '-()' is used to express the purpose of the subject's action and is followed byeither ''(to go), ''(to come) or their compounds, or any verb which indicates movement,

such as ''(to go and come regularly).

.I went to a bookstore (in order) to buy abook yesterday.

() . I came to the park (in order) to exercise.

? Shall we go for a swim?

. Tom will come (in order) to play.

As you see the above examples, '-' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel or theconsonant ''. On the other hand, '-' is used after verb stems ending in all consonants except

''.Tense and negation are expressed with the verbs or, but not in the verb connected to '-()'.

Anna went to buy a book.

. Anna didn't go to eat.

4.The pattern '-()' : I will do -- This form is used for expressing the speaker'sintention or plan or promise. It is used with action verbs as well as with the verb , but notwith adjectives.

. I will do it.

. I will wait (for you) over there.

. I will go tomorrow.

. I will help you.

LESSON 8

1.The pattern' -' : want to do -, would like to - This pattern -' is usedto express desires in third person subject statements and questions with all verbs and `'.

? Where does Anna want to go?


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. Anna wants to go to home.

? What does Andy want to eat?

. Andy wants to eat Bulgogi.

Tense is expressed in the verb `', such as `' ? Where did Mina want to go ?

She wanted to go home.

Negation is expressed in the verb `' with `-', such as `'.

? Did Mina want to go home ?

, . No, she didn't want to go home.

2.The pattern '-/' : One knows (doesn't know) how to do sth Thispattern is used to express the knowledge or lack of knowledge of a technique or process of doingsomething.

() ? Do you know how to drive ?

,. Yes, I know how to drive.

,. No, I don't know how to drive.

() ? Do you know how to play the piano ?

, . Yes, I know how to play.

, . No, I don't know how to play.

The Tense is expressed with the verb '/`..(.)

I knew how to play the piano.(But, now I don't know how to play.)

.(.).

I didn't know how to play the piano.(But, now I know how to play.)

3.The pattern '//()'


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When the verb '' and its respectful counterpart ''(to give) are used in the pattern '-//()', it expresses the speaker's request for something or offer to do something

for someone else. '' is used for a request or offer to a social equal or inferior.

?Would you be kind enough to help me ?

(Will you help me ?)

. Please read this for me.

. I will help you.(to an inferior)

'' is used when the speaker makes an offer or request to a social superior, or in anysituation when the speaker wants to be polite.

? Shall I help you ?

. I will help you.

. Please read it for Anna.

4.'-' irregular verbs 1. When '' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-' andpreceded by the vowels '--' or '--', it is changed into ''. And the consonant '-' is added tothe preceding syllable.

( not to know) -->

( to be fast) -->

( to be different) -->

. I don't know English well.

. The plane is fast.

. The phone number is different.2. When '' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-' and preceded by any other vowel

than '--' or '-', it is changed into '-'. Then the consonant '-' is added to the preceding

syllabel. ( to sing): . Sing a song.

( to bring up): ,

I raised a puppy when I waslittle.

( to press): ?, .

Do you want to open thedoor? Then press here,


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please.

LESSON 9

1.The ending '-/' People use this formal polite speech style when they speak to strangers,casual acquaintances, superiors, their elders, and social inferiors in formal situations. 1.1 The formation of

present tense The declarative verb form is made by attaching '-

/

' to the verb stemand '-/?' must be attached to the verb stem to make the interrogative verb form. '-/-?' is used after verb stems (or the honorific infix --) ending in a vowel and '/?' after verb stems ending in a consonant.

: +/ /?

: +/ / ?

Thank you

I feel good 1.2 The formation of past tense The declarative form is formed by attaching '-(/)' to the verb stem and the interrogative form is made by adding '-(/)? to theverb stem. The declarative form is made the same way as the past tense of the informal politespeech style. '/?' is attached to '-//' instead of '-'.

: + /?

/? (contraction)

: + /

?/?

/?(contraction)

: + /?

/? (contraction)

. The music concert was good yesterday

? When did the class end?

. I was tired yesterday.

1.3 The formation of future tense The declarative form is formed by attaching '()' to the verb stem and the interrogative form is made by adding '()?' to the

verb stem.

: + .

: +

. I will wake up early tomorrow.


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.. Just leave it. It will be O.K.1.4 The formation of the imperative form The imperative verb form is made by

attaching '-()' to the verb stem. '-' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel and'' after verb stems ending in a consonant

: + .

: + . .

. Come on in.

. Read the next chapter.

2.The pattern '-()/' : can/cannot do, be able to do/not be able to doThe pattern -// is used with verbs and indicates ability,capability,possibility orpermission. (1) - ; It is used when the verb stem ends in a vowel:

Infinitive Form Formation Inflected Form

() + -/ /

() + -/ /

() + -/ /

(2) - ; It is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant:Infinitive Form Formation Inflected Form

() + -/ /

() + -/ /

() + -/ /

The past tense form `-//-' and the future tense form `-/' are combinedwith the final verb `/'

3.The connective '-()' : 'if, when ...'


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The connective `-()' can be used with any verb or adjective and indicates condition and/orstipulation. While in English a dependent clause which is introduced with 'if' can either precedeor follow the main clause, in Korean the dependent clause precedes the main clause. '-' is used

when verb stem ends in a vowel or the consonant '-' and '-' is used when verb stem ends inall consonant except '-'.

.If the movie is interesting, I willsee it.

. If it rains, let's not go.Sometimes, the word `/' is used at the beginning of a conditional clause as a signal

of the condition., .If you meet him, give him my regards.

4.The pattern '-' : don't do On it's own, the verb `' means 'to stop, to cease,to quit.' So the pattern'-` preceded by an action verb expresses prohibition or dissuasion. This pattern is alwaysused as a negative imperative sentence or a negative propositive sentence.

. Please don't go to school.

. Please don't go to bed late.

. Please don't leave now.

. Don't cry.

. Let's not take a bus.

. Let's not meet him today.

5.The connective -(//): so, because The connective `-(//)' is used toindicate cause or reason. In this case, it is mostly used with adjectives and ''(to go), ''(tocome), ''(don't have) etc. in declarative and interrogative sentences. That is, `-(//)'cannot be used in imperative and propositive sentence, where another connective '-()' is

used. (This connective will be explained later.). I was tired, so I took a rest at home.

. I was busy, so I couldn't go.


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6.Honorific system Korean has two types of honorifics. (1) One type isexpressed by combining `--' with verbs, indicating and respect on the partof the speaker for the person spoken to. The honorific form is made byinserting '-()-' between the verb stem and the endings like -(/),, -, , -? or ? '--' is used when verb stem

ends in a vowel and '--' is used when verb stem ends in a consonant. + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ + + .

+ +

+ + +

There are also special honorific verbs indicating respect for the personspoken to. These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the subject of thesentence.

Plain Form Honorific Form Meaning

to eat

to sleep

to exist, to be

to be sick

. Help yourself.

? Is Mr.Kim there?

? Is your mother seriously sick ?(2) The other way is to use respectful verbs. They are special words used by the speaker to

express his own humility and, simultaneously, show his respect for the person with whom he isspeaking. These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the object of thesentence.


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Plain Form Honorific Form Meaning

to give

() / to ask/to tell

to see/to meet

/ / to take/bring someone to somewhere

If you learn these honorific/respectful forms, you can handle most of the honorific/respectfulexpressions

7.'-' irregular verbs The final consonant '' of the verb stem is dropped when it isfollowed by the endings which begins with the consonants '-,-,-'.

(to live) ? Where do you live?

(to know) . I know the person well.

(to sell) ? What they sell at the store?

(don't) . Don't come in.


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LESSON 10

1.The pattern '-()' : intend to The pattern `-()' is used with

verbs(including `'). This pattern is used to indicate a subject's intention. However, thispattern is restricted to first and second personal pronouns. The third personal pronoun will be

dealt with in detail later. `' is used if the verb stem ends in a vowel.`-' is used if the verb stem ends in a consonant.

. I intend to go to the theater.

1. I intend to be in Seoul for about 1 month.

1 . I intend to study from 1 o'clock.

. I intend to eat bulgogi.

The negation is expressed in the main verb which has `-()', not with the `'verb.

. I don't intend to buy that book.

(= .)However tense is expressed in the main verb. It will be dealt with in detail later. 2.The

marker '-' : to (person) This marker '-' is used for indicating the receiver of anaction or the one whom something is done or exists.? To whom did you give a book?

. I gave it to my friend.


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? To whom did you write a letter?

. Mellanie has Anna's key.

. Please ask the teacher.

3.The marker '-' : from (person) This marker '-' is used forindicating the source or starting point of an action.? From whom did you hear that news ?

. I heard from my mother.

? From whom did you get a letter ?

? From whom did you receive that present?4.Pre-ending '--' : guess/conjecture This pre-ending -- is used for expressingthe speaker's conjecture or supposition or for asking intention of the person spoken to in a politerequest.

. I think you will be busy these days.

. I think he/she was beautiful.

? What will you eat?

5.The pattern '-()' : after doing something On it's own, the noun ''

means 'later'. The pattern '-()' is used to express 'after something happens' or 'aftersomething happened'. It is used only with verbs. Tense and negation is expressed in the mainverb.

. Let's meet after class finishes.

.I will do that task(job) after meetingmy friend.

. Please come over after you call.

? After we finish supper, what shall we do?However, if the subject of the two clauses (the main clause and the dependent clause which is

introduced with this pattern) is the same, this pattern cannot be used with the verbs '' (togo) / ' '(to come) and their compounds.

. (awkward/never used)

. (awkward/never used)


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6.'-' Irregular verbs The final consonant '-' of the verb stem changes into '-'when followed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.

(to listen): + -> .

(to ask): + -> .

(to walk): + -> .

. I listen to the music now.

. If you really don't know, ask me.

. I walked a lot yesterday.

. Don't ask me.

However '' to close, '' to receive and '' to believe are not irregular verbs.. Please close the door.

. I received a letter from my friend.

Korean So Gang

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