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Transcript of Korba 05 Report
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter has been divided into eight parts. The first part of the chapter highlights
the background of the study. Second part describes the NTPC and its approaches. The
third part of the chapter deals with the aims and objectives of the study. The fourth
part of the chapter covers the methodology of the study. The fifth part of the chapter
reflects on the area of the study. The sixth, seventh and eighth part covers the data
collection, data processing and data presentation of the study. The eighth part of the
chapter deals describes the organisation of the study.
1.1 BACKGROUND
Xavier Institute of Development Action and Studies (XIDAS), Jabalpur was invited
by NTPC, Korba (Ref. Letter No. KS/CS/56317/2165, dated 28.03.2006) for a limited
tender (No. KS/CS/56317/2005/247) for the work of “Socio-Economic Survey against
Land Acquisition for Ash Dyke Korba KSTPP Stage III” in five villages -- Dhanras,
Churrikhurd, Ghorapaat, Jhora and Baredimura. Subsequently, a Letter of Award
(Ref. KS. /CS/56317/0765/1280/ dated. 07.07.2006), along with the Term of
Reference, was issued by NTPC, Korba in favour of XIDAS, Jabalpur.
1.2 NTPC AND ITS APPROACH
NTPC Limited is the largest thermal power generating company of India. It was
incorporated as a public sector company in 1975, to accelerate power development in
the country. At present, the Government of India holds 89.5 per cent of the total
equity shares of the company and FIIs, Domestic Banks, Public and others hold the
balance 10.5 per cent equity shares. Within a span of 30 years, NTPC has emerged as
a truly national power company with power generating facilities in all the major
regions of the country (refer the Map 1). Based on the 1998 data, carried out by Data
Monitor UK, NTPC is the 6th largest company in terms of thermal power generation
and the second most efficient in terms of capacity utilization amongst the thermal
utilities of the world.
NTPC believes that in order to set up a project, adequate quantity of land is expected
to be acquired from various agencies like Government/Private owners and others.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 1
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
The acquisition of land along with the setting up of the project results in changes of
socio-economic aspects and the life style of the local people.
The objectives of NTPC states that after a reasonable transition period, the affected
families improve or at least regain their previous standard of living, earning capacity
and production level through a process in which they participate through their own
social and cultural institutions. Therefore, the process of R&R is developmental and
participatory, which emphasizes that the development fosters full respect for their
dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness. It is further essential to ensure that
indigenous people do not suffer adverse effects during the development process and
that they receive cultural, social and economic benefits.
The initiation of such a development oriented R&R needs to be carefully planned
from the outset. This is because the displacement of people by a development project
and their involuntary resettlement cause social, economic, cultural and environmental
problems. This affects their productive assets, sources of income, the habitat, families
and kinship, community structure, social relations, cultural identity and traditional
authority, which have potentials for mutual help that comes out of such relations. A
thorough understanding of issues related to social, economic and cultural factors that
cause these changes are absolutely important for formulating an appropriate
resettlement and rehabilitation plan. A detailed enumeration and socio-economic
impact assessment will provide such an understanding.
1.3 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the present study is to assess the number of Project Affected Persons
(PAPs) due to land acquisition and establishment of the project in the affected villages
and its over-all impact. It includes the entire population of the area in general and the
PAPs in particular, whose livelihood is likely to be affected due to land acquisition
directly or indirectly.
The specific objectives of the study were:
1. To collect all the details of the people who are likely to be affected in terms of
their demographic features like, name of the family members, their age, sex,
educational status, occupation (main and subsidiary), employment status and
their sources of livelihood;
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 2
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
2. To get the prospective number of PAPs, based on land records and categories
as per NTPC R&R Policy, authenticated by the District Administration;
3. To estimate the income, consumption and indebtedness of the households and
Project Affected Persons;
4. To determine the ownership over land holdings, land use particulars and the
extent of loss of land due to the setting up of the project;
5. To estimate the loss of production from the land for the households, due to the
land that is likely to be acquired by the project;
6. To assess the extent of the possession of immovable properties like houses,
wells, ponds, trees, etc., from every household/PAP;
7. To assess the employment potentials of the area with the help of educational
status, unemployed personnel available for work, etc.;
8. To identify the households / families who do not reside in the area but derive
their income from the land that is likely to be acquired for the project;
9. To identify the absentee landlords who own the land that is likely to be
acquired by the projects;
10. To determine the rehabilitation option from each PAP as per R&R policy;
11. To assess and analyze the choice of rehabilitation option of all the PAPs who
are likely to be affected by the land acquisition;
12. To study the economic and social situations of the families, whose land is
going to be acquired for establishment of this project;
13. To identify the tribal or any other special groups who are likely to be affected;
14. To identify the occupiers (in terms of definition of NTPC Policy), if any,
residing on the Forestlands.
To achieve the above objectives, XIDAS has covered the following aspects in
the study:
1. Established a social inventory of the affected villages;
2. Projected a description including the details of land to be acquired and PAPs;
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 3
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
3. Gave special emphasis on the vulnerable groups like women, SC/ST
population, physically challenged, etc.;
4. Assessed the demographic profile;
5. Estimated the income, consumption and indebtedness;
6. Determined landownership, the use of land and the extent of land loss;
7. Estimated the extent of loss of production from the land;
8. Assessed the extent of possession of immovable properties;
9. Identified the landless families;
10. Assessed the employment potential;
11. Identified the absentee landlords;
12. Presented the preferred rehabilitation options;
13. Studied the socio-economic status;
14. Studied the attitude of the PAPs towards the project and its implementation;
15. Identified the Common Property Resources and the extent of their getting
affected due to land acquisition.
1.4 METHDOLOGY
On the basis of the objectives outlined for the present study, the tools and methods
were selected to collect the necessary data. The study took into consideration both
qualitative and quantitative data, which were collected through the following methods
from the primary and secondary sources.
1.4.1 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 4
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
A) INTERVIEW METHOD: This method was used to collect the data from the
primary stakeholders, i.e. the PAPs with the help of an interview schedule. It was used
to collect information on the socio-economic background of the landholding and the
extent of loss, compensation and rehabilitation.
B) FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD): The FGD was conducted in each of the
five villages to draw up a picture of life and environment of these villages. A
guideline was used to conduct the FGD, which covered areas like the social
composition, the educational status, the occupational pattern, the trends of migration,
the facilities available in the village, the impact of displacement and rehabilitation and
suggestions for the rehabilitation of the PAPs as a whole.
C) OBSERVATION METHOD: The researchers used the observation method to
cross check, supplement and validate the data collected through the interview and
Focus Group Discussion (FGD). It was also used to examine the findings drawn from
the meetings and discussions, which provided more insights about the problem.
1.4.2 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from various secondary sources.
The list of PAPs land records and documents on R&R policy were collected from the
HR Department of NTPC, Korba. The census data along with other details pertaining
to the area and the people were collected from the Korba collectrate.
1.5 THE STUDY AREA
The present study is focused on the five villages, which will be affected by the Ash
Dyke III and the pipeline connecting the plant with the new Ash Dyke. A total of 251
shareholders from these five villages will be affected by the land acquisition.
1.6 DATA COLLECTION
The collection of data started on 10th Dec 2006 and continued up to 23rd Dec 2006. It
consisted of the collection of various secondary data and the identification of the
PAPs based on their location. The identified PAPs were interviewed. Subsequently,
information regarding the villages was collected through FGD.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 5
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
1.7 DATA PROCESSING
The data collected were validated, entered and processed with the help of SPSS
package. Bivariate tables were drawn using the parameters as mentioned in the TOR
for statistical description. The comprehensive tables so designed are provided in the
Annexure/Tables in the report.
1.8 DATA PRESENTATION
The data processed were classified and presented in a sequential manner to provide
lucid understanding. The statistical analysis was made through calculation of mean
and percentages methods following a comparative method of presenting data. The
qualitative data were used to supplement the quantitative data and to explain the
situation with proper reasoning.
1.9 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT
The report comprises of two parts i.e., Part – I and Part – II. Part – I contains a total of
Five Chapters. The first Chapter one of this report introduces the present research
depicting its objective and strategies of the data collection. Chapter two gives a
general description of the locality and the people of the study area. The background
characteristics of the project-affected area are presented in chapter three.
Improvisement Risk Assessment of the Project Affected Persons is described in
chapter four. The summary of findings, suggested RAP measures and Policy
Implications and Recommendations are presented in chapter five, followed by
References and Appendices. Part – II comprises of the Annexure.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 6
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
CHAPTER -II
AREA AND PEOPLE
This chapter has been divided into five parts. The first part of the chapter highlights
the background characteristics of the Korba town. Second part describes the location
of the study area. The third part of the chapter deals with the population features of
the study area. The fourth part of the chapter covers the social hierarchy of the study
area. The description of the marriage practices and families have been placed in the
fifth part of the chapter.
2.1 BACKGROUND
The NTPC Ltd., Korba comes under the Jamnipali village of the Katghora Tehsil of
the Korba district of Chhattisgarh state. It is situated on the right bank of the river
Hansdeo. Previously, Korba was a part of the Bilaspur district, but now it is a separate
district of Chhattisgarh State. The total geographical area of the district is 4464.55 sq.
Kms. and it has five blocks. The weather is temperate and the average temperature of
the district ranges between 10º C to 40º C. Most of the area of the district is covered
with forest consisting of Sal, Mahua, Saja, Tendu, Imli and Bamboos. Among the
wild animals, wild boar is found in some of the area of the district. The minor forest
produce (MFP) available in the district are: Tendu leaves, Gum, Dhoop, Honey, Char
(Chironji), Mahua, Harra, Bahera and Sal beej, etc. The district is rich in minerals
like Limestone, Liderite, Bauxite, Coal, etc.
In Korba, there are four major plants, viz, National Thermal Power Corporation
(NTPC), the South Eastern Coal Field Limited (SECL), the Bharat Aluminum
Company (BALCO) and the Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) Thermal
Power Plants. The NTPC and CSEB are located within a radius of 8-10 Kms.
Before the inception of the above plants, Korba was an isolated, ignored, and
economically backward rural area dominated by the scheduled tribes. The people
were living in small and scattered hamlets. As the area was fully covered with thick
forest, the main occupations of the people were mainly collection of minor forest
produce (MFP) and mono-cropping agriculture. Due to the lack of irrigation facilities
in the area, the people were dependent on rain fed farming. As the irrigation facilities
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 7
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
have not been increased in the area, the people are still dependent on rain fed farming.
Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood of the people. Monocropping is
generally practiced in the area. Very few people who have adequate irrigation
facilities for agriculture are cultivating a double crop.
Coal is available in abundance in this region; hence the Government of India selected
Korba to set up a Super Thermal Power Plant. To accommodate the ash of the new
plant, NTPC, Korba has selected a site for the construction of Ash Dyke III near
Dhanras village, about 16 Kms away from the NTPC plant. For the construction of
Ash Dyke III, 156.69 acres of land of 251 shareholders from five villages is to be
acquired by the NTPC. The acquisition of land and the apprehensions created by the
presence of the Ash Dyke and pipeline corridor will affect the socio-economic life of
the persons of the area.
The present study has been made to understand the socio-economic life of the people
living in the five affected villages. The data collected through the primary and
secondary sources provide an understanding of the life of the people living in the area.
2.2 LOCATION
The five villages, which will be affected by Ash Dyke III, come under Katghora
Development block of Katghora tehsil of Korba district. Out of these villages,
Ghorapaat, Churrikhurd and Jhora come under the Churrikhurd panchayats, village
Dhanras comes under Dhanras panchayat and village Baredimura comes under the
Gopalpur panchayat.
2.3 POPULATION FEATURES
The affected areas have a total population of 3313 persons (Fig. 3.3). Out of the total
population, the male population accounts for 54 per cent, and the female population
comprises 46 per cent (Fig 3.3 ). The social composition of the population of the area
is as follows: Scheduled Tribe (ST) 45 per cent, followed by 36 per cent Other
Backward Class (OBC), 17 per cent Scheduled Caste (SC) and only two per cent
belonging to the General category (Fig. 3.4 ).
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 8
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
The population composition of these villages’ reveals that the major caste and ethnic
groups found in these villages are:
1.4 SOCIAL HIERARCHY
The “Kanwars” occupy the highest position in the social ladder in the tribal
dominated villages. The other tribal communities like Gonds, Binjhwars and Bharias
come next to the Kanwars. Among the Other Backward Castes, the Yadavs occupy
the uppermost position followed by Jaiswal, Sahoos, Nais, Sonars, Panikas,
Dewangan and Lohars. The general category is represented by a few Brahmins in
these villages who are placed in the highest position of society. The scheduled castes
on the other hand occupy the lowest position.
1.5 MARRIAGES AND FAMILY
Monogamy is generally practiced in this area where the marriage age of girls across
caste and ethnic groups ranges between 18-20 years and that of boys ranges between
20- 22 year of age. The other marriage practices like separation, divorce, widow
remarriage, child marriage and bride price are prevalent in these communities.
One interesting finding with regard to the marriage practices is that the dowry and
purda system are not prevalent among the OBCs, while it is strongly prevalent in
many parts of the State and the Country.
The family in these villages is patriarchal and nuclear across all the caste and ethnic
groups. However, one common feature, found in these areas is that though the adult
male member after his marriage forms another nuclear family, he in fact shares the
same house with his brothers and parents. They cultivate the respective share of the
total holding with or without legal inheritance. While they cook their food separately,
they share the same house by making segments within the house. Hence, each house
accommodates mostly two or more nuclear families. The family size varies from 5-7
members with an average of 3-5 children.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 9
ST - Binjhwar, Gond, Kanwar, Bharia, TanwarSC - Sarthi, Mohair, Ganda, SatnamiOBC - Yadav, Patel, Panika, Nai, Sonar, Lohar, Ishawal, Sahoo (Taili), DewanganGeneral - Brahmin
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
CHAPTER -III
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT AFFECTED
AREA
This chapter has been divided into four sections. The first section of the chapter
highlights the background characteristics of the affected area in general from the data
collected through FGD. Section two describes the background characteristics of the
Project Affected Persons. Section three deals with the rehabilitation and resettlement
option of the PAP households. The RAP eligibility of the PAPs has been placed in
section four.
3.1. SECTION I
3.1.1. VILLAGE CHURRIKHURD
Churrikhurd is one of the villages, which will be affected by the acquisition of land
for Korba Ash Dyke Stage III. It lies on the eastern side of the village Ghorapaat. It is
located at a distance of 7 kms from the Ash- Dyke II. The village has a population of
1000 persons with 596 males and 404 females belonging to 136 households (refer
Table 3.3).
The dominant social group of the village is ST, which comprises 65 per cent of the
population; followed by 25 per cent OBC and the remaining 10 per cent are
Scheduled Caste people (Table. 3.4). The people of this are mostly Hindus. The
village is distributed in four hamlets, Mahtodugu, Dugupara, Dagaidugu and
Churrikhurd. The common dialect used in the village is Chattisgarhi. Mr. Rem Sai is
the Sarpanch of the village Churrikhurd. He is the head of four villages, which falls in
the Churrikhurd panchayat. There are two Mahila Mandals in the village with 12
members each. There is one Bhajan Mandli for men. Churrikhurd is the gram
panchayats of four villages viz, Churrikhurd, Ghorapaat, Jhora and Gangpur. There is
one Gram Samiti in the village, which takes decision about the development of the
village. The dowry system is not prevalent in the village. Gauna is performed
generally two years after the marriage. Parda system does not prevail in the village.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 10
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
The soil type of the village is red and sandy. The average land holding per family is
between 1 to 4 acres. Mono cropping is prevalent in this village and paddy is the
stable crop. Due to lack of irrigation facilities and the practice of mono-cropping, the
agriculture production is not sufficient to feed a family throughout the year. Migration
is not evident in the village. However, the villagers go to the nearby area to earn their
livelihood.
There is no health facility available in the village. The people go to the village
Churrikala, which is at a distance of 3 kms from the village to avail any health
facility. The village has a Panchayat Bhawan and a Cooperative Society. One
Aanganwadi center is functioning in the village. The villagers use family planning
methods and are aware of the use of contraceptives. Women use oral contraceptives to
maintain the gap between two childbirths. The majority of older women (i.e. above 40
years) undergo female sterilization or vasectomy.
The village has one primary school with 64 students and 2 teachers. The ratio of
student to teacher is 32:1. The villagers reported that the teachers are regular and the
children also attend the school regularly. For higher studies they go to Churrikala or
Katghora. The literacy level of the village is comparatively low with only 30 per cent
male and 5 per cent female literates.
About 29 per cent of the houses have electricity with meters. The remaining houses of
the village have one-bulb connection with no meters. However, those who have
electric connection pay the electricity bills regularly. The village has two hand pumps
and two wells, which is used as the main source of drinking water.
3.1.2. VILLAGE GHORAPAAT
This village lies on the western side of the Ash Dyke-II. It has a population of 50
people, out of which 30 are males and 36 females (Table. 3.3). The village comes
under the Churrikhurd Panchayat, which is 2 kms away. The OBCs dominate the
village. The people of the village are known as Goswamis. The common dialect in the
village is Chattisgarhi and Hindi.
The soil type is loamy and black. Mono-cropping is mostly practiced in Ghorapaat
with paddy as their staple crop. The agricultural land of the village is unirrigated. In
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 11
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
the process of land acquisition for Ash Dyke –III, the residents of the village will lose
their homestead.
The village has no community facilities such as health center, school building
Aanganwadi, etc., while electricity is being provided to this village. The children of
the village go to Churrikhurd village for primary education and for higher classes they
go to Churrikala and Katghora.
Table 3.4 shows the extent of the private land acquisition in village Ghorapaat. Most
of the private land will be acquired from the village.
3.1.3. VILLAGE PROFILE OF DHANRAS
Village Dhanras is situated on the southern side of the Ash Dyke II. It consists of two
hamlets, namely, Saliabhata and Dhanras. The village is connected to the Korba-
Katghora main road by a metal road constructed by NTPC. It has a population of 1225
persons of which 649 are males and 576 are females (table 3.3).
Among the total population in the village, 42 per cent are OBCs followed by 32 per
cent SCs and 26 per cent STs (Table 3.4). At the village and panchayat level
‘Kanwars’ are designated as the dominant caste. Sri Chhatrapal Singh, a Kanwar,
heads the panchayat. The common dialects used by the villagers are Chattisgarhi and
Hindi. The dowry systems do not prevail in the village.
The soil of the village is murram & darra .The village is located on a hilly terrain.
The farmers of the village usually practice rain fed mono-cropping. The majority of
the farmers is big (i.e. they possess more than five acres of land) and has irrigation
facilities to grow vegetable & mustard. The farmers generally use traditional
agricultural equipments for their agriculture. The majority of the tribal households are
big farmers owning more than five acres of land but the remaining households in the
other categories have less than five acres of land. The majority of the households
belong to the nuclear family. The farmers of the village depend on agriculture for
their livelihood; some go to the nearby place to work as labor to earn their livelihood.
There is one primary and middle school in the village. The number of student in the
primary classes is 53 and in the middle classes is 28. The number of teachers in the
primary classes is three and the number of teachers in the middle classes is two. There
is no separate building for the middle school. After the middle school, the students go
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
to Churrikala for completing their higher secondary studies. For pursuing college
education, the students of the village go to Katghora Degree College, which is 15 kms
away from the village.
There is one co-operative society in the village. Three Anganwadi centers are working
in the village. The village has no heath facility. The residents of the village go to
Churrikala, which is at a distance of 4 km from the village, for medical treatment. No
doctor or nurse visits the village during pregnancy. At the time of delivery, the
villagers rely on the midwives of the village. No vetenary facility is available in the
village for animals. There is absence of infrastructure like Bank, P.O. etc. in the
village. The village has four hand pumps and two wells, which are used as the main
source of drinking water.
3.1.4. VILLAGE JHORA
Village Jhora is situated on the eastern bank of the river Hansdeo. The village is
connected to Korba-Katghora main road by a metal road constructed by NTPC. The
village has 60 households with a population of 389 persons. The village comprises of
55 per cent STs, 17 per cent general category of people, 16 per cent SCs and 12 per
cent OBCs (Table 3.4). Out of the total population, 201 are males and 188 are females
(Table 3.3). The village comes under Churrikhurd Panchayat, which is 2 Kms. away.
The common dialects used by the village are Chattisgarhi. The dowry system is not
prevalent in village.
The village is located on a hilly terrain and the people do mono-cropping. Rain fed
farming is done in the village and the paddy is the main crop grown in the village.
There is one primary school in the village with 35 students and one teacher. One
Aanganwadi center is working in the village, which have no building. There are no
facilities of health, finance, consumer goods, etc., available in the village. Hence the
villagers have to go to Churrikala for all their needs.
3.1.5. VILLAGE BAREDIMURA
The village Baderimura that will be affected by the acquisition of land for Korba Ash
Dyke Stage III, lies on the northern side of the Ash Dyke II. It is located at a distance
of 8 kms from the Ash- Dyke II. The village has a population of 649 persons with 315
males and 334 females belonging to 112 households (refer Table no. 3.3). Out of the
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
total population, 52 per cent are OBCs and 48 per cent are STs. Out of these, 44 per
cent males and 40 per cent females of the village are literates. The people of the
village are Hindus by religion. The common dialect used in the village is Chattisgarhi.
The village comes under the area of Nagar Nigam. Mr. Komal Sidhar is the Parshad
of the ward of the Nagar Nigam.
The soil of the village is black and loamy. Mono cropping is prevalent in this village
and paddy is the stable crop. Migration is not evident in the village.
The village has one primary school and middle school. There are 108 students in the
primary and 65 students in the middle school.
3.2. SECTION II
The second section of chapter III illustrates the background characteristics of PAPs
based on the household survey of PAPs.
3.2.1. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE GHORAPAAT
From the list of land losers supplied by NTPC Korba, 91 PAPs are from Ghorapaat.
Out of these 91 PAPs, 55 could be interviewed, 16 PAPs could not be traced, four
died and 16 migrated to other places either after marriage or due to employment.
Table 3.6 shows that out of total 55 shareholders of land to be acquired, 77 per cent
are males and 23 per cent females.
Table 3.7 reveals that out of 55 shareholders, 52 per cent are OBCs, 34 per cent STs,
nine per cent SCs, and five per cent belong to the General category.
Table 3.8 depicts that the majority of the PAPs in this village are dependent on
agriculture for their livelihood. About 82 per cent are agriculturist followed by 11 per
cent housewife and six percent students who are dependent on another PAPfor their
livelihood. There is one PAP who lives in Churrikala and is a teacher of Jhora
Primary School and the remaining four per cent of the PAPs are in service.
Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. 18 per cent of PAPs are in the
income level below Rs.10, 000, 39 per cent of the PAPs fall in the income level of
Rs.10, 001-19,999 and 43 per cent of the PAPs belong to the category of Rs. 20,000
& above per annum.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
From table 3.10 it is evident that 38 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 38 per cent
have studied up to the primary level and 20 per cent of them have pursued their
education up to SSC, four per cent have completed their graduation and two per cent
have done post graduation.
Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Four per cent of the PAPs are of the
age up to 18 years, 43 per cent are between the age group of 19-45 years, 34 per cent
belong to the age group of 46-60 years and 20 per cent belong to the age group of 60
years and above.
Table 3.12 shows that 38 per cent of the PAPs reside in Churrikhurd followed by 25
per cent in Churrikala, 13 per cent in Ghorapaat, 10 per cent in Dugupara area of
village Churrikhurd. Five per cent of PAPs are dwelling in Bhatapara area of the
village Churrikala and five per cent PAPs live in Rahasbera hamlet of the village
Churrikala. Two per cent of the PAPs live in the NTPC resettlement colony in
Gopalpur and two per cent PAPs reside in the Mahtodugu area of the village
Churrikhurd.
Before land acquisition there are no landless PAPs, but after land acquisition 29 per
cent of PAPs will be rendered landless. During the process of land acquisition, 21 per
cent PAPs will lose less than one acre of their land. After the land acquisition the
number of PAPs with less than one acre of land will increase. The PAPs with more
than five acres are high before land acquisition as compared to other categories of land,
but after the land acquisition only one PAP will remain in the same category (refer
table 3.13).
The range of landholding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from 34 per cent of the
PAPs and 18 per cent PAPs will lose between 0.51–1.00 acre of land. Land will be
acquired in between 1.01-1.50 acres from 18 per cent PAPs, 10 per cent PAPs will be
losing land in the range of 1.51-2.00 acres, 10 per cent PAPs will lose land in the
range of 2.01-2.50 acres, two PAPs will lose between 2.51-3.00 acres and 8 per cent
PAPs will lose more than 3 acre of land (refer table no. 3.14)
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 15
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
3.2.2. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE CHURRIKHURD
From the list of land losers, 94 PAPs are from village Churrikhurd. Out of 94 PAPs,
64 could be interviewed. Eight PAPs could not be traced, 14 died and nine PAPs
migrated to other places either after marriage or due to employment.
Table 3.6 shows that out of a total 64 shareholders, 69 per cent are males and 31 per
cent are females.
Table 3.7 reveals that out of 64 shareholders, 42 per cent are STs, 39 per cent OBCs
and 19 per cent SCs.
Table 3.8 depicts that the majority of the PAPs in this village are dependent on
agriculture for their livelihood. About 72 per cent are agriculturist, 3 per cent agri-
labourers, seven per cent wage labourers, two per cent in private service, 10 per cent
PAPs housewives, five per cent PAPs students and one PAP of the village owns a
grocery shop.
Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. Twenty per cent of the PAPs are in
the income level below Rs.10, 000, 33 per cent fall in the income level between
Rs.10, 001-19,999 and 47 per cent belong to the category of Rs. 20, 000 & above.
From the table 3.10 it is evident that 56 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 28 per cent
have studied up to primary level and 16 per cent have completed their education up to
SSC.
Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Seven per cent PAPs are up to 18
years, 46 per cent between the age group of 19-45 years, 26 per cent belong to the age
group of 46-60 years and 21 per cent are of the age group of 60 years & above.
Table 3.12 shows that 72 per cent of the PAPs reside in village Churrikhurd followed
by 14 per cent in Dugupara hamlets of village Churrikhurd. Five per cent PAPs are
residing in the Bhatapara area of village Churrikala; three per cent PAPs live in the
NTPC resettlement colony at Gopalpur. One PAP dwells in Mahtodugu hamlet of
village Churrikhurd. Two PAPs reside in the Dagaidugu hamlet of Churrikhurd.
Before land acquisition there are no landless PAPs, but after the land acquisition 20 per
cent of PAPs will be rendered landless. During the process of land acquisition, 28 per
cent PAPs will lose less than one acre of their land. After the land acquisition the
number of PAPs with less than one acre of land will decrease. There are 10 per cent of
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 16
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
PAPs with land greater than five acres but after the land acquisition there will be no
PAPs in this category (refer table 3.13).
The range of landholding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from 45 per cent of the
PAPs, 32 per cent PAPs will lose land between 0.51–1.00 acres. Land will be
acquired between 1.01-1.50 acres from 11 per cent of the PAPs, five per cent will be
losing 1.51-2.00 acres, one PAP will lose between 2.51-3.00 acres and five per cent
PAPs will lose more than 3 acre of land (refer table 3.14).
3.2.3. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE DHANRAS
From the list of land losers, 42 PAPs are from village Dhanras. Out of 42 PAPs, 21
could be interviewed. Five PAPs could not be traced, six died and 10 migrated to
other places either after marriage or due to employment.
Table 3.6 shows that out of a total of 21shareholders, 86 per cent are males and 14 per
cent are females.
Table 3.7 reveals that out of 21 shareholders, 62 per cent are OBCs, 29 per cent SCs
and 10 per cent STs.
Table 3.8 depicts that 43 per cent of the PAPs are dependent on agriculture for their
livelihood, 24 per cent are running their private business, 19 per cent are agri-
labourers, 10 per cent are in private service and five per cent are wage labourers.
Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. Ten per cent of the PAPs are in the
income level below Rs.10, 000, 35 per cent fall in the income level of Rs.10, 001-
19,999 and 55 per cent belong to the category of Rs. 20, 000 & above.
From the table 3.10, it is evident that 24 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 38 per cent
have studied up to the primary level, 27 per cent have pursued their education up to
SSC and 10 per cent have completed their graduation.
Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Fourteen per cent of the PAPs are
below 18 years, 62 per cent are between the age group of 19-45 years, 24 per cent
belong to the age group of 46-60 years.
Table 3.12 shows that 33 per cent of the PAPs reside in village Churrikala, 33 per cent
live in village Dhanras, 19 per cent reside in village Ghamota, 10 per cent reside in
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 17
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
the Rahasbera hamlet of village Churrikala and one PAP is living in village
Baredimura.
Table 3.13 shows that before the land acquisition there are no landless PAPs, but after
the land acquisition 22 per cent of the PAPs will be rendered landless. Before the land
acquisition, there are PAPs with more than four acres of land, but after the land
acquisition there will be no PAPs of that category.
The range of land holding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from the 34 per cent
PAPs, 25 per cent PAPs will lose between 0.51–1.00 acres of land. Land will be
acquired between 1.01-1.50 acres from 17 per cent of the PAPs, 17 per cent will lose
land in the range of 2.01-2.50 acres, 9 per cent will lose between 2.51-3.00 acres
(refer table 3.14).
3.2.4. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE JHORA
From the list of land losers, 23 PAPs are from village Jhora. Out of 23 PAPs, 18 could
be interviewed. Two PAPs died and three migrated to other places after marriage.
Table 3.6 shows that out of a total 1of 8 shareholders, 83 per cent are males and 17
per cent are females.
Table 3.7 reveals that 27 per cent are STs, 27 per cent SCs, 46 per cent are OBCs.
Table 3.8 depicts that 41 per cent of the PAPs follow agriculture as their main
occupation, followed by 29 per cent of labourers, 18 per cent of agri-labourers, seven
per cent of housewives and six per cent of students.
Table 3.9 explains the income status of the PAPs. Thirteen per cent of the PAPs are in
the income level below Rs.10, 000, 31 per cent fall in the income level of Rs.10, 001-
19,999 and 56 per cent belong to the category of Rs. 20, 000 & above.
From the table 3.10, it is evident that 50 per cent of the PAPs are illiterate, 38 per cent
have studied up to the primary level and 13 per cent have completed their education
up to SSC.
Table 3.11 depicts the age groups of the PAPs. Fifteen per cent of the PAPs are
between the age group 19-45 years and 33 per cent belong to the age group of 46-60
years.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 18
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
Table 3.12 shows that 78 per cent of the PAPs reside in village Jhora and 22 per cent
live in village Churrikhurd.
Table 3.13 shows that before the land acquisition there is no landless PAP but after the
land acquisition, 22 per cent of the PAPs will be rendered landless. Before the land
acquisition, there are PAPs holding more than four acres of land, but after the land
acquisition the PAPs with non-economical holdings will increase.
The range of land holding of 0.00-0.50 acre will be acquired from 67 per cent of the
PAPs, 32 per cent will lose between 0.51–1.00 acres. Land will be acquired between
1.01-1.50 acre from 11 per cent of the PAPs (refer table no 3.14).
3.2.5. PAP PROFILE OF THE VILLAGE BAREDIMURA
There is only one PAP from the village whose land is proposed to be acquired who
resides in the village itself.
Table 3.6 shows that the gender of the PAP is male.
Table 3.7 reveals that the PAP is an ST.
Table 3.8 depicts that the occupation of the PAP is agriculture
From table 3.9 it is evident that the income of the PAP Rs 20, 000 and above.
Table 3.10 shows that this PAP has completed his primary education.
Table 3.11 depicts that the age of the PAP is between 18-45 years.
From table 3.13, it is evident that there is no change in the land holding of the PAP in
the village. The PAP owns 10 acres of land before the land acquisition. The proposed
land to be acquired from the PAP is 0.05 acre. After the land acquisition he will be
still hold 9.95 acres of land (Table 3.14).
3.3 SECTION III
3.3.1. REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT OPTIONS OF THE PAP
HOUSEHOLDS
In view of the deep commitment of NTPC towards rehabilitation and resettlement, it
has been pursuing a number of remedial measures for the benefit of the PAPs as well
as that of the PAFs. Such benefits for the affected persons are provided in terms of
direct as well as indirect employment opportunities in the project, in terms of various
income earning opportunities and arrangement of vocational training programmes for
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 19
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
the interested PAPs. Besides these, NTPC also supports basic infrastructural facilities
like education, drinking water, communication and health care facilities for the
affected persons and affected communities. With a view to identify such potentials in
the affected village, we collected a host of data from the households
However, in respect of their R&R options we have observed that each of them had the
first preference as money (49 %), followed by land (37%), 9% have opted for
allotment of shop, one per cent has opted for vehicle hiring and one per cent for
PCO/internet stall. One per cent did not show any interest in any of the options of
R&R.
TABLE: 3.1 DISTRIBUTIONS OF PAPS BY THEIR R & R OPTION
Sl. No
Village AA BB CC DD EE FF GG Total
1 Ghorapaat 01 24 22 03 03 01 01 55
2 Churrikhurd 01 30 26 07 - - - 64
3 Dhanras 11 07 03 - - - 21
4 Jhora 12 04 01 01 - - 18
5 Baredimura 01 - - - - - 01Total 2
(1)78
(49)59
(37)14 (9)
04 (2)
01 (1)
01(1)
159
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
AA: Nil, BB: Money CC: Land, DD: Allotment of shop, EE: Award of petty contract, FF:
Vehicle hiring, GG: PCO/Internet stall
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 20
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
3.4 SECTION IV
3.4.1 RAP ELIGIBILITY OF THE PAP
For designing a viable RAP for the PAPs we have worked out a categorization, which
is presented in table 3.16. An examination of the data reveals that in the village
Ghorapaat, 23 per cent of the PAPs will lose their entire land and belong to RAP
category A, 43 per cent will be left with uneconomical holdings and will fall in the
RAP category B, 16 per cent of PAPs will be in category C. One PAP who does not
fall in the category B or C, has been categorized in the D category. Four per cent of
the PAPs will lose the entire land as well as the homestead and these have been
categorized in category A & I. Fourteen per cent of the PAPs will be left with
uneconomical holdings and will also lose their homestead and these belong to
category B & I.
In village Churrikhurd, 18 per cent of the PAPs will lose their entire land holdings and
they belong to the RAP category A, 27 per cent PAPs after the land acquisition for
KSTPP will belong to category B, 19 per cent come in category C, 32 per cent in
category D. One PAP belongs to category A & one PAP and I will belong to category
B & I.
In village Dhanras 79 percent of the PAPs will belong to RAP category B and 21 per
cent to category C.
In village Jhora, 11 per cent of the PAP will belong to category A followed by 68 per
cent in category B and 28 per cent in the category D.
The PAP of the village Baredimura will fall in category D.
During the survey, the PAPs of categories E, F, G, H, as per NTPC policy, were not
found in the affected area.
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 21
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE: 3.2 DISTRIBUTION OF THE PAP ON THE BASIS OF RAP ELIGIBILITY
Sl. No.Name of villages
A B C D B &I A & I Total
1 Ghorapaat13
(23)22
(43)09
(16)01(2)
08(14)
02(4)
55(100)
2 Churrikhurd11
(18)18
(27)13
(19)20
(32)1
(2)1
(2)64
(100)
3 Dhanras -17
(79)04
(21)- - -
21(100)
4 Jhora02
(11)10
(61)-
06(28)
- -18
(100)
5 Baredimura - - -01
(100)- -
01(100)
Total26
(16)67
(42)26
(16)28
(17)09(6)
03(2)
159(100)
Source: XIDAS field survey
Figure in the parentheses shows the percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 22
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.3: GENDER AND VILLAGE-WISE TOTAL POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION OF THE AFFECTED AREA
Sl. No.
Name of villages
Total Households
Total Population
Male Female
1 Ghorapaat 2 50 30 20
2 Churrikhurd 136 1000 596 404
3 Dhanras 152 1225 649 576
4 Jhora 60 389 201 188
5 Baredimura 112 649 315 334
Total 462 33131791 (54)
1522 (46)
Source: XIDAS field surveyFigure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 23
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
Table 3.4: CASTE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION
IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl. No. Name of village SC ST OBC GENERAL TOTAL
1 Ghorapaat -- -- 50
(100)
--- 50
(100)
2 Churrikhurd 100
(10)
650
(65)
250
(25)
--- 1000
(100)
3 Dhanras 392
(32)
318
(26)
515
(42)
--- 1225
(100)
4 Jhora 64
(16)
213
(55)
44
(12)
68
(17)
389
(100)
5 Baredimura - 311
(48)
338
(52)
--- 649
(100)
Total 556
(17)
1492
(45)
1197
(36)
68
(2)
3313
(100)Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006Figures in the parentheses show percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 24
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.5: VILLAGE WISE TOTAL LAND ACQUISITION FOR KSTPP
ASH DYKE III BY ITS TYPE
Sl. No. Name of village
Private land
Government land Total
1 Ghorapaat 96.07 14.14 110.210
2 Churrikhurd 42.87 1.972 44.842
3 Dhanras 3.62 41.32 44.940
4 Jhora 14.08 52.89 66.970
5 Baredimura 0.05 Nil 0.05
Total 156.69 110.322 267.012
Source: NTPC office, Korba
z
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 25
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.6: GENDER WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PAPs IN THE AFFECTED
VILLAGES
Sl. No. Name of village Male Female Base population
1 Ghorapaat42
(77)13
(23)55
(100)
2 Churrikhurd44
(69)20
(31)64
(100)
3 Dhanras18
(83)3
(17)21
(100)
4 Jhora15
(78)3
(22)18
(100)
5 Baredimura1
(100)-
1(100)
Total 120 (75) 39 (25) 159 (100)Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 26
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
3.7: SOCIAL GROUP COMPOSITION OF PAPS OF THE AFFECTED
VILLAGES
Sl.No. Name of village ST SC OBC General Base population
1 Ghorapaat19
(34)5
(9)28
(52)3
(5)55
(100)
2 Churrikhurd27
(42)12
(19)25
(39)-
64(100)
3 Dhanras2
(10)6
(26)13
(62)-
21(100)
4 Jhora5
(27)5
(27)8
(45)-
18(100)
5 Baredimura1
(100)- - -
1(100)
Total54
(34)28
(18)74
(47)3
(1)159
(100) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 27
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.8: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl. No
Villages
Agric-
ulture
Agri-
Labour
Labour
Service
TeacherHouse
wifeStudent
Business
Base
Population
1 Ghorapaat 48 - - 2 1 3 1 -55
(100)
2 Churrikhurd 52 - - 1 - 6 3 164
(100)
3 Dhanras 14 - - 2 - - - 521
(100)
4 Jhora 15 - - - - 2 2 -18
(100)
5 Baredimura 1 - - - - - - -1
(100)
Total130
(82)- -
5
(3)
1
(1)
11
(7)
6
(4)
6
(4)
159
(100)
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 28
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.9: ANNUAL INCOME OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur
Sl. No.
Name of village
Below 10000 10001- 19999 20000 & above Base population
1 Ghorapaat10
(18)
21
(39)
24
(43)
55
(100)
2 Churrikhurd13
(20)
21
(33)
30
(47)
64
(100)
3 Dhanras2
(10)
7
(35)
12
(55)
21
(100)
4 Jhora2
(12)
6
(31)
10
(56)
18
(18)
5 Baredimura - -1
(100)
1
(100)
Total27
(17)
55
(35)
77
(48)
159
(100)
29
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.10: PARTICULARS REGARDING EDUCATION OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl. No.
Name of villages
Illiterate Primary SSC Graduate Post -Graduate
Base population
1 Ghorapaat 21(38)
20(36)
11(20)
2(4)
1(2)
55(100)
2 Churrikhurd 36(56)
18(28)
10(16)
- - 64(100)
3 Dhanras 5(24)
8(38)
6(29)
2(10)
- 21(100)
4 Jhora 9(50)
7(31)
2(12)
- - 18(100)
5 Baredimura - 1(100)
1(100)
Total 71(45)
54(34)
29(18)
4(2)
1(1)
159(100)
Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006 Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 30
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.11: AGE COMPOSITION OF PAPS IN THE AFFECTED VILLAGES
Sl.No.Name of village
Upto 18 19-45 46 -6060 and above
Base population
1 Ghorapaat2
(4)
24
(43)
18
(34)
11
(20)
55
(100)
2 Churrikhurd5
(7)
29
(45)
17
(26)
13
(21)
64
(100)
3 Dhanras3
(14)
13
(62)
5
(24)-
21
(100)
4 Jhora -10
(56)
6
(33)
2
(11)
18
(100)
5 Baredimura -1
(100)- -
1
(100)
Total10
(6)
77
(48)
46
(29)
26
(16)
159
(100) Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 31
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.12: PARTICULARS OF PAPS RESIDING IN DIFFERENT VILLAGES /
HAMLETS
Sl. No.
Name of Villages/ Hamlets
Name of the VillagesGhorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora BaredimuraNos.
of PAPs
% of PAP
s
Nos. of
PAPs
% of PAP
s
Nos. of
PAPs
% of PAP
S
Nos. of
PAPs
% of PAP
s
Nos. of
PAPs
% of PAP
s1. Ghorapaat 07 13 - - - - - - -2. Churrikhurd 21 38 47 72 - - 04 22 - -3. Dugupara 05 10 09 14 - - - - - -4. Bhatapara 03 5 03 5 - - - - - -5. Churrikala 14 25 - - 07 33 - - - -6. Rahasbera 03 5 - - 02 10 - - - -7. Gopalpur 01 2 02 3 - - - - - -8. Mahtodugu 01 2 01 2 - - - - - -9. Dagaidugu - - 02 3 - - - - - -10. Baredimura - - - - 01 5 - - 01 10011. Jhora - - - - 14 78 - -12. Dhanras - - - - 07 33 - -13. Ghamota - - - - 04 19 - - - -
Total 55 100 64 100 21 100 18 100 01 100Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 32
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
TABLE 3.13: PERCENTAGE OF PAPs ACCORDING TO THEIR LAND HOLDING BEFORE & AFTER ACQUISITION OF LAND OF DIFFERENT VILLAGES
Sl.No.
Area in ac
Name of the VillagesGhorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimura
Before acqu
isition
After acquIsitio
n
Before
acquisition
After acqu
isition
Before
acquIsitio
n
After acqu
isition
Before
acquisition
After acqu
isition
Before
acquisition
After acqu
isition
1. Nil - 29 - 20 - - - 22 - -2. 0<1 21 44 30 18 16.6 41.5 44 33 - -3. >1<2 20 16 24 16 33.3 25.0 22 22 - -4. >2<3 11 6 20 14 16.6 8.3 11 22 - -5. >3<4 18 4 16 9 8.3 25.0 11 - - -6. >4<5 4 - 2 7 8.3 - 11 - - -7. >5 ac 25 2 10 - 16.7 - - - 100 100
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
TABLE 3.14: DETAILS OF VILLAGE WISE LAND ACQUISITION IN ACRES
Area Ghorapaat Churrikhurd Dhanras Jhora Baredimu
ra
0-0.50 33.7 43.2 33.2 66.6 100
0.51-1.00 17.9 32.1 24.9 32.2 -
1.10-1.50 17.9 11.4 16.6 11.1 -
1.51-2.00 9.9 4.6 - - -
2.10-2.50 9.9 - 16.6 - -
2.51-3.00 2.00 2.3 8.3 - -
3.00 & above 8.00 4.6 - - -
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Source: NTPC office
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 33
IRA
Lan
dle
ssn
ess Jo
bl
essn
ess
Hom
eles
sn
ess
Mar
gin
aliz
atio
n
Mor
bid
ity
&
Mor
tali
ty r
ates
Foo
d
Sec
uri
ty
Los
s of
co
mm
on
pro
pe
rty
reso
ur
ces
Soc
ial
Dis
arti
cula
tio
n
IMPROVISEMENT RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
CHAPTER IV
IMPOVERISHMENT RISK ASSESSMENT (IRA)
This chapter has been divided into four sections. The first section of the chapter
highlights the concept of IRA. Section two deals with the evolution model of IRA.
Section three describes the basic functions of IRA model. IRA for Korba ash dyke
stage III has been discussed in section four.
4.1 CONCEPT OF IRA
The IRA framework is empirically derived from previous projects experiences and
research and was applied in the 1994 Resettlement Review conducted by the World
Bank. It helps project teams anticipate the common risks inherent in displacement and
orient the Rehabilitation Plan (RP) towards preventing and managing these risks. The
IRA framework identifies major categories of Improvisement risk. Practitioners
maintain that using these categories can improve the identification of the people most
vulnerable to Improvisement, guide the design of effective mitigation measures, and
provide a matrix for the resettlement process.
4.2 EVOLUTION OF IRA MODEL
Xavier Institute of Development Action & Studies, Jabalpur 34
Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
4.3 BASIC FUNCTION OF IRA MODEL
Landlessness -- Loss of land by Displaced Persons (DPs), especially in
agricultural areas, can be a source of the most severe form of lasting
impoverishment.
Joblessness -- Loss of employment may be overlooked if planners’ focus
solely on loss of land, but this risk affects many DPs, and creating new
employment is one of the greatest challenges in resettlement.
Homelessness -- Replacement of housing is only one aspect of relocation.
Relocating may also disrupt the family and neighborhood relationships that are
vital to the restoration of living standards.
Marginalization -- Loss of economic power and of social status pushes the
families closer to the poverty line, or even below it. Resettlement may
similarly result in social marginalization.
Increased morbidity and mortality -- Relocation tends to expose resettlers to
new or more intensive sources of illness or debilitation, or it may deprive them
of access to health services or traditional remedies.
Food insecurity -- Diminished self-sufficiency and disrupted food production
and supply can cause or exacerbate chronic under-nutrition (defined as calorie
or protein intake below the minimum levels needed for normal growth and
work).
Loss of access to common property -- The groups that are most vulnerable to
impoverishment (especially women) rely heavily on common property
resources, such as, forests, water bodies, grazing areas, and fuel wood. These
resources are often lost in displacement, and rapid appraisal processes should
counter such losses.
Social disarticulation -- Social capital can be lost through dismantling or
debilitation of community-level network and associations, kinship systems,
and mutual help arrangements.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
4.4 IRA FOR KORBA ASH DYKE- III
4.4.1 LANDLESSNESS OF PAP HOUSEHOLDS
Since land is a major asset for income generation for the rural households in our
economy, with a view to assess the risk associated with landlessness in our PAP
households, we have made an attempt to estimate the level of landlessness with the
help of the primary data collected from the field. Our primary data have established
that some landowners will lose their entire land due to the land acquisition by KSTPP.
As it is evident, the acquisition of the land for public purposes in the rural areas
removes the main foundations upon which the socio-economic as well as the cultural
set up of the rural people are constructed. The data containing the present and the
future status of land ownership pattern in our project site is provided in table 4.1
below.
TABLE 4.1: EXTENT OF LAND ACQUISITION BEFORE AND AFTER NTPC
INTERVENTION
Sl. No.
Name of villages
Nil 1-2 >2-5 >5
P F P F P F P F1 Ghorapaat - 17 38 32 12 5 6 1 2 Churrikhurd - 12 29 22 23 20 12 103 Dhanras - - 12 14 5 7 4 -4 Jhora - 4 14 10 4 4 - -5 Baredimura - - - - - - 1 1
Total -33
(21)93
(58)78
(49)43
(27)36
(23)23
(14)12
(08)Source: XIDAS field survey, 2006
Figure in the parentheses shows percentage
An analysis of the above table reveals that there is no landless farmer before the land
acquisition. But after the land acquisition 21 per cent of the households will become
landless after the proposed land acquisition by KSTPP. On the other hand, there will
be Nine per cent reduction of small farmers, four per cent reduction of medium
farmers and significant six per cent reduction of big farmers after the land acquisition.
As we have found, 21 per cent of the households will become landless farmers;
thereby they will be marginalized in the rural setup because land is the status symbol
in the rural sector.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
4.4.2 JOBLESSNESS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS
Further acquisition of land for KSTPP will influence the existing job structure of the
PAP households in the study area. The transfer of 156.69 acres of agricultural land to
non-agricultural use will adversely affect the scope of agricultural employment in the
households. But we have also noted that there will be loss of job opportunities for the
agricultural labourers. ,
4.4.3 HOMELESSNESS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS
Our survey reveals that during the process of land acquisition by KSTPP, the PAPs of
Ghorapaat and Churrikhurd are losing their homesteads. This reveals that the project
will create homelessness for the households of the PAPs.
4.4.4 MARGINALIZATION OF THE HOUSEHOLDS
As discussed above, due to the acquisition of agricultural land by KSTPP some
families will slide down to the category of the landless and others to that of the
marginal farmers, which are shown in the above table and graph. The analysis of table
5.1 reveals, that though at present there is no PAP household that is landless, this will
increase to 21 per cent. Further, the percentage of the PAPs who belong to the
category of marginal farmers will increase from 22 per cent at present to 32 per cent
in future. Our study has established that marginalization will increase due to the land
acquisition.
4.4.5 MORBIDITY & MORTALITY RATES IN THE HOUSEHOLDS
During our field survey and frequent visits to the affected villages, we found that the
public health care system does not exist in these villages. The construction of the Ash
Dyke will influence the environment in future. Moreover, the subsequent
environmental pollution due to the emission of toxic gases and ashes will influence
the human as well the animal health to a great extent. Hence, the project authorities
should take care to improve the health care facilities in the affected villages and more
particularly all efforts are to be made to minimize the air and water pollution in the
project affected villages in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
4.4.6 FOOD INSECURITY IN THE HOUSEHOLDS
In addition to the above impacts on the agricultural land of the people, KSTPP will
also cause an adverse impact on agricultural production. The transfer of land use from
agriculture to industrial purposes will result in the loss of food production for the
individual PAP households as well as for the entire country. The loss of food
production will greatly affect the level of consumption of each individual PAP. As per
our study, due to the setting up the Ash Dyke for the new project of KSTPP, about
156.69 acres of agricultural land will be diverted to non-agricultural use, which will
result in a loss of food production of the area. This may result in food scarcity and the
consequent insecurity will increase.
4.4.7 LOSS OF ACCESS TO COMMON PROPERTY:
Though 110.22 acres of government land is to be acquired, our survey shows that no
public land will be affected, which shows that there will be no loss to the common
property.
4.4.8 SOCIAL DISINTEGRATION IN THE AREA
The acquisition of private as well Government land by KSTPP will affect the socio-
cultural set up of the surrounding village including the PAFs. The acquisition of
public lands, i.e. village roads used as communication links, will sever the close social
and kinship relationships that exist among the people of different villages. More
particularly, due to the setting up of KSTPP, the lack of communication may result in
social disintegration.
During our survey, we have noted that the villagers perform the following social and
cultural activities in their communities:
1. Hariyali – By farmers at the starting of the harvesting season;
2. Halkhetra Brata -- By ladies during the harvesting season;
3. Bhojli -- During the rainy season;
4. Cherchera -- Performed by the children after the harvesting of paddy;
A close look at the above activities and festivals reveals that all types of people --
male, female and children -- participate in those festivals and all those are linked with
agricultural season. Thus, the appropriation of private agricultural land will result in a
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
change in the socio-economic set ups and values and socio-cultural practices of the
PAPs as well as that of the villagers.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTED RAP MEASURES,
POLICY IMPILCATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION:
The present socio-economic conditions of the PAP households in terms of their
demographic features, education and employment status, occupations of family
members, income-consumption levels, and preferences for alternative occupations
desired as well as their rehabilitation and resettlement options have been investigated
by us through our survey. We have also examined the possible impacts of the KSTPP
on their socio-economic conditions in future after the loss of land. The viable RAP
measure will depend on the reliability of the data presented in the SES report. With
the help of the primary data and on the basis of the feedback received during the PRA
survey conducted in the villages, we have attempted to suggest some income
generating activities / schemes which may be taken up as R&R measures to augment
the incomes of the affected households / families. Moreover, we have identified some
community development measures / activities for the benefit of the affected people of
those villages, directly or indirectly, and to improve the socio-economic environment
of the surrounding.
On the basis of our critical examination and analysis of the primary data collected
from the field and our personal discussions and interviews with the PAPs and with the
village Sarpanch/Mukhiyas, and leading personalities, we have drawn our conclusions
and policy implications, which would be helpful for NTPC in developing and
implementing its R & R policies in future. The Rehabilitation Action Plan (RAP) will
be drawn with the help of the primary data provided in the basic tables and also on the
basis of our findings and suggestions. The conclusions and policy measures are
presented for the consideration of NTPC as well as the developmental agencies of the
Government of Chhattisgarh operating in the area.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDING
The following is the summary of the findings of the study:
Total no. of PAPs 251Legal Holder 159Legal joint holder 65Legal Heirs 27
Out of total 251 PAPsPAPs interviewed 159Absentee (Not found) 29Absentee (Migrated) 37Died 26
1. Our study has identified that the total number of private landowners affected
by the project would be 251. Out of these, 159 are the legal holders, 27 are the
heirs of the dead and 65 are the shareholders. Out of the total 251 PAPs, 159
PAPs could be covered, 37 have migrated either in search of their livelihood
or after marriage to nearby places, 26 have died and 29 were not found.
2. Though land will be acquired from five revenue villages, the landowners
affected are residing in 13 villages/hamlets in the surrounding areas as
discussed in chapter III.
3. In terms of absolute land loss of the landowners to be affected by the project,
our study has estimated that while 46 per cent of the PAPs will lose less than
0.50 acres of land, 24 per cent will lose between 0.51-1.00 acres, 13 per cent
between 1.00-1.50 acres, five per cent between 1.51-2.00 acres, five per cent
between 2.01-2.50 acres, two per cent between 2.51-3.00 acres and 4 per cent
will lose above three acres.
4. Out of the 251 affected shareholders, we could assign RAP categories to 159
persons, viz., 26 persons losing the entire land (A), 68 persons, who after
losing the land, will be left with un-economical holdings (B), 26 persons, who
after losing the land, will become small farmers (C), 28 persons who will not
will not fall in the category B or C, and hence have been categorized in the
category D. Nine persons, after losing their homesteads and land, will be left
with un-economical holdings and these are categorized in the category B & I.
Two persons who will lose their homesteads and their entire land are
categorized in the category A & I.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
5. As per R & R entitlement, 147 PAPs are entitled for LFL or RG and 12 PAPs
are entitled for LFL or RG and grant for self-settlement or plot in RC +
transportation and resettlement grant.
6. It terms of social groupings of the PAPs, it is established that the maximum
number of OBC families (47%), followed by ST (34%), SC (18%) and
General (1%) will be affected due to the land acquisition by KSTPP (Fig 3.6).
7. As regards the educational status of PAP-households, 45 per cent of the PAPs
are illiterates and two per cent of the PAPs have completed their formal
education up to graduation.
8. Among the PAP households, 66 per cent hold agriculture as their main
occupation and eight per cent hold labour as their main occupation.
9. As 156.69 acres of land is to be acquired for the project, it is estimated that
approximately 1410 q of the food grain production is likely to be affected.
10. The landlessness and marginalization of the PAP households has been
established by our study. On the basis of relative land loss by the households,
it is calculated that 21 per cent of them will be landless due to the land
acquisition by KSTPP.
11. With regard to the alternative preferences by the PAP households we have
noted that 49 per cent preferred money, 37 per cent preferred land and only
one PAP has preferred hiring of vehicle.
12. In the study it is estimated that among the PAPs, 76 per cent are males and 24
per cent are females.
13. The unemployment status has been identified in the area with age, sex,
education and the vocational skill. The interested unemployed people have
shown the activity in which they are interested. The details for the same can be
referred in Part – II, Annexure No. VII.
14. The large size of the families and consequently the fragmentation of housing
plots result in the family members living in a cramped manner. Many families
stay under one roof with severe congestions. To add to it the sanitation aspects
of the houses are very bad.
15. The various proposed CD Activities have been given in details in Part – II,
Annexure XVIII.
16. All adults sons in the family considered as PAPs has been shown in Part – II
Annexure XIX.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
17. The kinship structure of the people is still strong. They take help from both the
blood-related kinsmen and also marital-related ones at the time of crisis. It has
been noted by us, on the basis of other studies, that after the receipt of
compensation money, this pattern of relationship and social structure will be
demolished because of income inequality among the relatives. The kinship ties
will break and there will be none to support the elders in the family. Hence,
the loss of land will increase the vulnerability of the affected families. This
will be more prominent at the time of social crisis. However, to some extent
the economic crisis can be tackled by the intervention of the state in the shape
of proper implementation of various welfare schemes as well as by the
intervention of NTPC in the form of income augmenting schemes and
community development measures.
18. Since, most of the villages is single crop area, the labourers do migrate to
other areas in search of jobs to earn their livelihood.
19. Mostly the womenfolk and to some extent the young men go out of the village
for the call of nature. This acts as leisure activity. When that isolated place
will not be available, no outlet will be there. The social taboos would be
changed because of the changing social structure. To overcome the toilet
problem in the villages since individual units are not possible due to lack of
space, Sulabh Sauchalaya can be thought of in a decentralized manner, i.e. it
can be constructed at few locations /Mahallas.
5.3 SUGGESTED RAP MEASURES
Following are the Suggested RAP measures, which can be provided to the PAPs.
• Formation of PAPs cooperative society institutions.
• Giving registration charges to Landless PAPs on purchase of land
• As 49% PAPs want money and 37% want land. Therefore, one time negotiated
settlement (inclusive of R&R benefits) as consent award under LA act is being
suggested.
• Employment with contracting agencies.
• shops.
• Award of petty contract.
• Vehicle Hiring.
• PCO/Internet kiosks.
• Newspaper vending.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
• Vendor permit.
• Courier service.
In course of our primary data collections and through out discussions with PAPs, it is
noted that the people are interested in the following income augmenting schemes
which can be provided as addition income generating activities.
1. AGRICULTURE RELATED
a) Agriculture related occupation, like dairy, poultry, fisheries, etc.
b) Commercial Vegetable Cultivation
c) Horticulture Plantations
d) Plantations for fodder development
e) Sericulture development.
Since most of the PAPs are agriculturist or at least have got the knowledge of
agriculture, these activities should be promoted using the latest agricultural
techniques. Instead of imposing things on them, the ongoing activities may be pursued
rigorously. The commercial vegetation may be taken up in the ash pond area by
KSTPP and the maintenance contract may be awarded to some interested PAPs for
augmenting their income with the support of the Sericulture Directorate of the
Government of Chhattisgarh.
Proper utilization of the land does not exist in these villages and therefore the
productivity of land remains low. Hence, it is recommended that provision for
irrigation be granted to some of the affected villages. For instance, NTPC may
arrange electricity for agriculture on a priority basis.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
5.4 POLICY RECOMMENDATION
Any community development measure in the form of RAP in the faction-ridden
villages has to be planned and implemented in a tactful manner. RAP should not be
planned by ignoring the group interests. Instead, it should be planned after
understanding the requirements of the underprivileged classes. This is necessitated
because ultimately the organization / state will not be involved in the day-to-day
management of the activities in the villages. When the organization / state withdraws,
the activities will be influenced by the elite.
The general feelings in the minds of the people that a degree may fetch a job is to he
removed from their minds. Such mindset can be changed only through improving the
educational standards of the people and also through their involvement and
participation in the implementation of RAPs.
In view of the existing R& R policy framework of NTPC, prescribing land for land as
RAP, we suggest that the policy of land for land for the landless PAPs may be
implemented by KSTPP with the help of the Revenue Officials. KSTPP may
constitute a "Land Purchase Committee" to identify the private agriculture land
available for sale in the nearby villages by private landowners. Alternatively, the
committee should also try to locate the non-acquired and non-disputed government
land in the nearby area, which can be reclaimed and upgraded for agricultural
purposes with the financial help from NTPC. The landless PAPs, who will be
interested to purchase land in lieu of their compensation amount, should be given all
possible help through the LPC. Specifically, this scheme may be implemented for the
PAPs of Ghorapaat who will be the worst affected PAPs within the area.
Project officials should try to identify the direct and indirect necessities of the plant as
well as that of the colony. In order to fulfill those needs, the PAPs should be
encouraged to start those ventures on a commercial basis and to provide all those
goods and services. For example, the milk and egg requirement of the project can be
met locally by promoting those activities through the PAPs. Even the vehicle
requirements of the project can be met through interested PAPs.
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
KSTPP may also explore the possibility and examine the feasibility of setting up an
ash utilization project to prepare bricks out of fly ash for which the local labourers
possess the required skill and capability. Such activity can be entrusted to a
cooperative venture of the PAPs with the condition that a significant portion of such
ash bricks will be utilized by the project itself.
Provisions for the supply of safe drinking water, in the affected villages, may be made
with the help of concerned district officials.
From the Rotary and Lions clubs in the plant, some doctors may be willing to
volunteer if management encourages them. All cares should be taken to provide
adequate health care facilities both for the human beings as well as the animals in the
affected villages. Besides taking all the required measures to reduce the pollution
level, the project officials should make provisions for free distribution of medicines
and free medical check-ups in regular intervals, in the affected villages. Further, to
protect the villagers from possible health hazards, which may arise due to the setting
up of the ash dyke, health awareness camps may be organized in the affected villages
and the village health workers may be provided requisite training in this regard.
The project officials should take all possible and required preventive measures to
minimize the adverse impact of fly ash within the affected area, as there is a
possibility that the fly ash deposited nearby, particularly at the time of harvesting, will
cause an extensive damage to the crops and thereby loss to the farmers. Therefore, all
necessary measures should be taken by the project officials to prevent such hazards.
Promoting thick tree plantations all around the ash pond can mitigate this.
The loss of land will result in the loss of production of agricultural output for the
households. In order to overcome this loss, one of the possible solutions is to increase
the productivity of the remaining land by providing irrigation facilities. With a view
to providing irrigation facility to the farmers in the affected villages, KSTPP may
explore the possibility of setting up deep bore/tube wells with the help of the district
irrigation department.
5.5 VDAC AS PER NTPC POLICY
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
For institutionalizing the public consultants for preparation and implementation of
rehabilitation schemes/RAPs, in a participative manner, NTPC shall establish VDACs
for the period of formulation and implementation of RAP. The members of VDAC
may include representatives of PAPs, Gram Panchayats, Block Development Officer,
other representatives of State Government and NGOs, etc. Regular meetings shall be
held, the records maintained and shared. The VDAC will be established immediately
after initiating notifications under section 4 of LA Act and the establishment of
project R & R Cell and shall continue till the closure of RAP.
VDAC COMMITTEE AGAINST LAND ACQUISITION FOR KORBA ASH
DYKE STAGE III AS PER NTPC POLICY
Village Ghorapaat
Sl.No. Name of members Phone no
1. Mr. Rem Sai (Sarpanch) 09827921922
2. Mr. Mahesh wan --
3. One person from NTPC --
4. District Administration --
Village Churrikhurd
Sl.No. Name of members Phone no
1. Mr. Rem Sai (Sarpanch) 09827921922
2. Mr. Mahesh wan --
3. One person from NTPC --
4. District Administration --
Village Dhanras
Sl.No. Name of members Phone no
.1 Mr. Chhatrapal Singh (Sarpanch) 09926752715
2. Mr. Samar Singh --
3. One person from NTPC --
4. District Administration --
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Socio-Economic Survey of NTPC, Korba Ash Dyke Stage III
Village Jhora
Sl.No. Name of members Phone no
1. Mr. Rem Sai (Sarpanch) 09827921922
2. Mr. Mahesh wan
3. One person from NTPC
4. District Administration
Village Baredimura
Sl.No. Name of members Phone no
1. Smt. Komal Sridhar 07759-231366
2. Mr. Mangal Singh --
3. One person from NTPC --
4. District Administration
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