Kootenai Lower Meander Project - BPA.gov...Idaho’s (Tribe) Lower Meander Project. The Lower...
Transcript of Kootenai Lower Meander Project - BPA.gov...Idaho’s (Tribe) Lower Meander Project. The Lower...
KootenaiLowerMeanderProject
DraftEnvironmentalAssessment
March2017
DOE/EA‐2051
LowerMeanderProject2 DraftEnvironmentalAssessment
TableofContents
1 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION ........................................................................................ 6 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Need for Action ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Purposes ................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.5 Public Involvement ............................................................................................................................... 8
2 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES .......................................................................... 9 2.1 Proposed Action .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 No Action Alternative ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Comparison of Alternatives ............................................................................................................... 16
2.4 Mitigation Measures ........................................................................................................................... 20
3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ................. 25 3.1 Soils and Geology ................................................................................................................................ 25
3.2 Wetlands ............................................................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Water Resources .................................................................................................................................. 28
3.4 Fish and Fish Habitat .......................................................................................................................... 32
3.5 Recreation ............................................................................................................................................. 35
3.6 Cultural Resources .............................................................................................................................. 37
3.7 Visual Resources .................................................................................................................................. 39
3.8 Noise ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.9 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gasses ................................................................................................. 41
3.10 Public Health and Safety .................................................................................................................... 42
3.11 Transportation and Utilities ............................................................................................................... 43
3.12 Socioeconomics .................................................................................................................................... 44
3.13 Other Environmental Resources ....................................................................................................... 47
3.14 Cumulative Effects Analysis .............................................................................................................. 47
4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTATION, REVIEW, AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS .. 51 4.1 National Environmental Policy Act .................................................................................................. 51
4.2 Wetlands, Floodplains, and Water Resources ................................................................................. 51
4.3 Fish and Wildlife ................................................................................................................................. 52
4.4 Land Use Plan Consistency ................................................................................................................ 54
4.5 Farmland Protection Policy Act ........................................................................................................ 54
4.6 Cultural and Historic Resources ....................................................................................................... 54
4.7 Air Quality ........................................................................................................................................... 55
4.8 Climate Change ................................................................................................................................... 55
4.9 Noise ..................................................................................................................................................... 56
4.10 Hazardous Materials ........................................................................................................................... 56
4.11 Executive Order on Environmental Justice ...................................................................................... 56
5 TRIBES, AGENCIES, AND PERSONS CONSULTED ........................................................... 57 5.1 Federal Agencies ................................................................................................................................. 57
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5.2 State Agencies ...................................................................................................................................... 57
5.3 Tribes ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
5.4 Local Governments ............................................................................................................................. 57
5.5 Other ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 58
7 WORKS CITED .............................................................................................................................. 59
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ListofFigures
Figure 1 Lower Meander Project Location ............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2 Lower Meander Project Area .................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 3 Kootenai Lower Meander construction actions, Phase 1 (upstream) ................................................ 11
Figure 4 Kootenai Lower Meander construction actions, Phase 2 (downstream) .......................................... 11
Figure 5 Examples of large bank structures in the Kootenai River ................................................................... 13
Figure 6 Pool excavation actions in the Kootenai River ..................................................................................... 14
Figure 7 Vegetated brush bank structures under construction at the 2015 Bonners Ferry Islands
project ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 8 Staging areas and temporary haul roads .............................................................................................. 15
Figure 9 Examples of temporary river access road construction ...................................................................... 16
Figure 10 Peak Flows in the Kootenai River ,1932‐2012 ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 11 Sediment plume during 2015 Island Construction ............................................................................ 30
Figure 12 Excerpt from FEMA FIRM Panel 16027 0575 B showing the regulatory floodplain in the
Lower Meander Project area within Boundary County. ........................................................... 31
Figure 13 Main public access roads into the project area .................................................................................. 43
ListofTables
Table 1. Lower Meander project features by construction phase ...................................................................... 10
Table 2. Design details for large bank structures ................................................................................................ 12
Table 3 Design details for excavated pools ........................................................................................................... 13
Table 4 Comparison of Alternatives by BPA purposes ...................................................................................... 16
Table 5 Comparison of Alternatives by Resource Impact1 ................................................................................. 17
Table 6 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................................................. 20
Table 7 Summary of wetlands mapped in the Lower Meander project area .................................................. 27
Table 8. Native and non‐native fish species in the Kootenai River likely to inhabit the project area .......... 32
Table 9. Common activities and associated noise levels .................................................................................... 40
Table 10 Demographic Characteristics, 2012........................................................................................................ 45
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AcronymsandAbbreviations
BiOp BiologicalOpinion
BPA BonnevillePowerAdministration
cfs cubicfeetpersecond
dB decibel
dBA A‐weighteddecibel
EA EnvironmentalAssessment
EPA U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
ESA EndangeredSpeciesList
FCRPS FederalColumbiaRiverPowerSystem
FEMA FederalEmergencyManagementAgency
FIRM FloodInsuranceRateMap
GHG greenhousegas
IDFG IdahoDepartmentofFishandGame
KRHRP KootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgram
NEPA NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct
NHPA NationalHistoricPreservationAct
OHW ordinaryhighwater
SHPO StateHistoricPreservationOffice
Tribe KootenaiTribeofIdaho
U.S.C. UnitedStatesCode
USACE USArmyCorpsofEngineers
USFWS U.S.FishandWildlifeService
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1 PurposeandNeedforAction
1.1 IntroductionTheBonnevillePowerAdministration(BPA)proposestoprovidefundingfortheKootenaiTribeofIdaho’s(Tribe)LowerMeanderProject.TheLowerMeanderProjectisoneofseveralprojectsbeingimplementedundertheTribe’sKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgram.ThisprojectwouldbelocatedontheKootenaiRiver0.5to1.0milesabovethetownofBonnersFerry,IdahoandisdesignedtoimprovehabitatconditionsforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,whicharelistedasendangeredundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA;16U.S.Code[USC]§1531etseq.),andothernativefishbyenhancingislands,sidechannels,restoringstreambanksandcreatingdeeppools.
BPApreparedthisdraftEnvironmentalAssessment(EA)undertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct(NEPA;42USC§4321etseq.)andtheCouncilonEnvironmentalQualityimplementingregulations,whichrequirefederalagenciestoassesstheeffectsthattheiractionsmayhaveontheenvironment.ThisdraftEAwaspreparedtodetermineiftheprojectislikelytosignificantlyaffecttheenvironmentandwarrantpreparinganenvironmentalimpactstatementorwhetheritisappropriatetoprepareaFindingofNoSignificantImpact.
1.2 NeedforActionTheneedfortheProposedActionistorestorefishhabitatfeatureslostordegradedbypastandcurrentlandusepracticesintheKootenaiRiver.TheLowerMeanderProjectisdesignedtomeetthisneedbyrestoringandimprovingKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonhabitatintherivernearBonnersFerry,Idahobyexcavatingnewpools,enhancingexistingislandsandsidechannels,installinglargewoodstructures,andplantingriparianvegetation.TheKootenaiRivernearBonnersFerry,Idahoisamigratorycorridorfornativefishbutcurrentlyprovidespoorfishhabitatduetoanumberoflimitingfactors,including:lackofnutrients,cover,pools,andinstreamhabitatcomplexity.
1.3 PurposesInmeetingtheneedforaction,BPAseekstoachievethefollowingpurposes:
HelpmitigateforeffectsoftheconstructionandoperationofLibbyDamandtheFederalColumbiaRiverPowerSystem(FCRPS)onfishandwildlifeintheKootenaiRiver,pursuanttothePacificNorthwestElectricPowerPlanningandConservationActof1980(NorthwestPowerAct)(16U.S.C.§839etseq.).
Assistincarryingoutcommitmentsrelatedtothe2006LibbyDamBiologicalOpinionasclarifiedin2008thatdirectstheBPAandUSArmyCorpsofEngineersto“supporttheKootenaiTribeofIdaho’sgood‐faitheffortstoimplementtheKootenaiRiverRestorationProjectMasterPlan.”(USFWS2006,2008)
ImplementBPA’sFishandWildlifeImplementationPlanEnvironmentalImpactStatementandRecordofDecisionpolicydirection,whichcallforprotectingweakstocks,liketheKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,whilesustainingoverallpopulationsoffishfortheireconomicandculturalvalue(BPA2003).
Minimizeharmtonaturalorhumanresources,includingspecieslistedundertheESA.
InadditiontoBPA’spurposes,theTribeseekstoachievethefollowingbiologicalobjectives:
IncreasedistributionandabundanceoflargedeeppoolstoprovideholdingandstaginghabitatforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonandtoencouragesturgeontomigrateupstreamtohigherqualityspawninghabitatbasedona"poolladder"concept,andtosupportburbotspawning,staging,foraging,andmigration.
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Increasetheamountofriparianvegetationinthefloodplaintoimproveprimaryproductionandincreasefoodsourcesofalllifestagesofwhitesturgeon,burbot,bulltrout,kokanee,westslopecutthroattrout,andredbandtrout.
1.4 BackgroundBPAisafederalpowermarketingagencywithintheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy.BPA’soperationsaregovernedbyseveralstatutes,includingtheNorthwestPowerAct.UndertheAct,BPAmustprotect,mitigate,andenhancefishandwildlifeandtheirhabitatsaffectedbythedevelopmentandoperationoftheFCRPS.BPAmustfulfillthisdutyinamannerconsistentwiththeFishandWildlifeProgramdevelopedbytheNorthwestPowerandConservationCouncil(Council).Underthisprogram,theCouncilreviewshabitatimprovement(orrestoration)planssubmittedbyvariousentities,andmakesrecommendationstoBPAaboutwhichfishandwildlifeprojectstofund.
TheTribebegandatacollectionandanalysisofKootenaiRiverhabitatconditionsundertheCouncil’sProgramin2006andcompletedtheKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgramMasterPlan(MasterPlan)in2009(KootenaiTribeofIdaho,2009)(describedinSection1.3.3).In2011,theTribesubmittedaproposaltotheCounciltoimplementspecifichabitatrestorationprojectsconsistentwiththeframeworkpresentedintheMasterPlan.In2012,theCouncil’sIndependentScientificReviewPanelreviewedtheKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgramandthelistofproposedprojects,andrecommendedthatBPAfundtheproposal.
1.4.1 LibbyDamBiologicalOpinion
LibbyDamisontheKootenaiRiverinMontanaapproximately220milesfromitsconfluencewiththeColumbiaRiver.TheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)operatesLibbyDamforfloodcontrol,hydropowergeneration,navigation,recreation,fish,andwildlife.Itisamajorupriverstoragedamfortheregion.
TheUSACE,theBureauofReclamation,andBPAhaveconsultedwiththeUSFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)andNationalMarineFisheriesServicetoaddresstheeffectsoftheoperationofFCRPSprojects,includingLibbyDam,onfishlistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)andtheirdesignatedcriticalhabitat.Damoperationshaveaffectedannualpeakflows,temperature,andsedimenttransportintheKootenaiRiver.In2003,theUSACEbeganalteringdischargesatLibbyDam,onaninterimbasis,tomorecloselymimictheKootenaiRiver’shistoricalflowpatterns,whilestillprovidingfloodcontrol.
InFebruary2006,theUSFWSissuedaBiologicalOpinionontheEffectsofLibbyDamOperationontheKootenaiRiverWhiteSturgeon,BullTroutandKootenaiSturgeonCriticalHabitat(LibbyDamBiOp)(USFWS2006).TheKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonisoneof18land‐lockedpopulationsofwhitesturgeoninwesternNorthAmerica.ThepopulationofKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,afreshwaterfish,hasdeclinedprimarilyduetothechangesinriverflowscausedbytheexistenceofLibbyDamanditsoperations,otherfactorsalsoincludehistoricalover‐harvest,andfloodplaindevelopmentforagriculturalactivities.Damoperationshavereducedannualpeakflowsby50percentanddisruptedthehistoricalriseandfallofwaterlevels.Thishascreatedunnaturalflowfluctuationsandlargelyeliminatedtheriver’sconnectionwithitsfloodplain.
TheLibbyDamBiOpidentifiesgeneralcategoriesofactionsandhabitatimprovementsthatwouldenhanceconditionswheresturgeoncurrentlyspawn,coaxsturgeontospawninupstreamareaswherethereismoresuitablehabitat,andimprovehabitatconditionsassociatedwiththeKootenaiRiver.TherestorationactionsproposedfortheLowerMeanderProjectareconsistentwiththoseidentifiedintheBiOp.
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1.4.2 KootenaiRiverRestorationProgramMasterPlan
In2006,BPAprovidedfundingtotheTribetobegindevelopmentofaMasterPlan,andtocontinuewithcriticaldatacollectionandplanningactivities.In2009,theTribecompletedamasterplanforalarge‐scale,ecosystem‐basedriverhabitatrestorationprogram.Thismasterplancalledforrestorationofa55‐milesegmentoftheKootenaiRiver,extendingfromtheconfluenceoftheMoyieandKootenairivers,downstreamtotheCanadianborder.Itprovidesasummaryofhistoricalandexistingconditionsinthe55‐mileprojectarea,andidentifiesspecificphysicalandbiologicalcharacteristicsineachoftheriversegmentsoftheprojectarea.Italsoidentifiedfactorsthatlimithabitatforaquaticspeciesincludingsturgeon,burbot,trout,andothernativefishspecieswithintheprojectarea.Basedonthisinformation,theplanidentifiedrestorationstrategiesandhabitatenhancementstoaddressthelimitingfactorsineachriversegment.
BPA’sfundingallowedtheTribetousethecompletedMasterPlantoidentifyspecifichabitatprojectsintheKootenaiRiverthatwouldenhancehabitatforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonasrequiredbytheLibbyDamBiOp.Theseprojectsalsoaddresshabitatandnutrientlimitingfactorsforburbot,troutandothernativefish.
WithfundingprimarilyfromBPA,theTribehasimplementedsixhabitatrestorationprojectsunderthisplanfrom2011to2016upstreamoftheLowerMeanderprojectsiteandoneprojectimmediatelydownstreamofthisproject.TheLowerMeanderProjectwouldbetheeighthprojecttobeimplementedundertheKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgramandisdesignedtoachievethefollowingobjectivesthataddresssite‐specificlimitingfactorsforfishhabitat:
Establishingasequenceofhigh‐quality,deeperpoolsupstreamofBonnersFerrytosupportmigrationofadultKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeontohigherqualityspawninghabitat;
Addingfillandplantingstoexistingislandstopromoteriparianvegetationdevelopmentandfoodwebsupport;
Gradingandplantingerodingriverbankstoestablishsustainableriparianbuffers; Installingbankstructurestoincreasecomplexity,promotebankstabilityandtomaintainpools;
and Installingwoodydebrisstructuresinsidechannelsandalongbankmarginstoimprovehabitat
complexity.
1.5 PublicInvolvementBPAmailedscopinglettersonOctober12,2016tolandowners,Tribes,governmentagencies,andotherpotentiallyaffectedorconcernedcitizensandinterestgroupsthatprovidedinformationabouttheproposalandEAscopingperiod,requestedcommentsonissuestobeaddressedintheEA,anddescribedhowtocomment.ThepublicletterwaspostedonaprojectwebsiteestablishedbyBPAtoprovideinformationabouttheproposalandtheEAprocess(www.bpa.gov/goto/KootenaiMeander).ThepubliccommentperiodbeganonOctober12,2016,andBPAacceptedcommentsontheproposalfromthepublicuntilNovember14,2016.
BPAidentifiedfivetribesthatcouldhaveaninterestintheproposedproject,basedontheirhistoricalorcurrentuseofthelandintheprojectarea:theKalispelTribeofIndians,theCoeurd’AleneTribe,theConfederatedSalishandKootenaiTribes,theSpokaneTribeofIndians,andtheKootenaiTribeofIdaho.BPAprovidedinformationto,andrequestedinformationfrom,thesetribes.
BPAconsideredcommentsitreceivedduringthescopingperiodinthedevelopmentofthisdraftEA.Fourcommentletterswerereceived:threeexpressedsupportoftheproposedprojectandthefourthwasaninquiryregardinganunrelatedissue.Thefulltextofthecomments,includingcopiesofanylettersreceived,isavailableonBPA’swebsiteat:www.bpa.gov/goto/KootenaiMeander.Noneofthecommentsreceivedinscopingresultedinthedevelopmentofadditionalalternatives.
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2 ProposedActionandAlternativesThischapterdescribestheProposedActionandtheNoActionAlternative,andcomparesthealternativesbyprojectpurposesandtheirpotentialenvironmentalconsequences.
2.1 ProposedActionTheLowerMeanderProjectislocatedbetween0.5and1.0milesupstreamfromBonnersFerry,Idaho(Figures1and2)andisoneofseveralriverhabitatimprovementprojectsthattheTribehasimplementedsincebeginningrestorationeffortsin2011.Aswiththepreviousprojects,theProposedActionisintendedtoimprovehabitatforjuvenileandadultKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,burbot,bulltrout,andothernativefishes.
Figure1.LowerMeanderProjectLocation
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Figure2.LowerMeanderProjectArea
TheProposedActioncallsforcreatinglargeexcavatedpoolswithinthemainchanneloftheKootenaiRiver.Severalmid‐channelislandswouldbeenhancedusingmaterialexcavatedfromtheriverbottomtocreatethepools.Materialremovedfromthenorthbankoftheriverwouldalsobeusedtoenhancetheislands.Threestreambankstructureswouldbeconstructedandbankstabilizationmethodswouldbeusedtoreduceerosionandestablishriparianvegetation.Eachoftheseprojectelementsisdescribedinthesectionsthatfollow.
ConstructionoftheLowerMeanderProjectwouldoccurintwophases,duringlatesummer/earlyfallof2017and2018.ThephasingisdesignedtoworkfromupstreamtodownstreamasdisplayedinTable1andFigures3and4.
Table1.LowerMeanderprojectfeaturesbyconstructionphase
ProjectFeature Phase12017
Phase22018
BankStabilization(gradingandbrush‐bankstructures) 2600ft. 2100Ft.
LargeBankStructures two structures(structures#1and#2)
onestructure(structure#3)
Side‐ChannelLargeWoodStructures 15structures none
ExcavatedPools Onepool(pool#1) Onepool(pool#2)
IslandEnhancement Threeislands(total20acres)
Threeislands(total6.5acres)
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Figure3.KootenaiLowerMeanderconstructionactions,Phase1(upstream)
Figure4.KootenaiLowerMeanderconstructionactions,Phase2(downstream)
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2.1.1 LargeBankStructures
Threelargebankstructureswouldbeinstalledtoprovidelargerecirculationzones(eddies)andprotectadjacentbankareasfromerosion.Thetwoupstreamstructureswouldbeconstructedfromtimberpiles,importedgravel/riprap,andwoodydebris.Thethirddownstreamstructurewouldbeconstructedfromimportedcobbleonly.
Forthetwoupstreamlargebankstructures(Structure1,Structure2),timberpileswouldbedrivenintotheriverbedwithapproximatelyfourtosixfeetofeachpileremainingexposed.Largelogswouldbeplacedinbetweentheverticalpilesandthenboltedtosecuretheminplace.Abarriercomposedofwoodandrockwouldbeinstalledattheupstreamendofeachstructurethatwoulddirecttherivertoflowaroundthestructuretoreducetheriskoferosion.Thedownstreamstructure(Structure3)createdusingimportedrockwouldhavemoderatelyslopingsidesandfunctionsimilarlytootherexistinggravelbarfeaturesintheriver.
Vegetatedbrushbankstructures(asdescribedinSection2.1.3.3)wouldbeinstalledbetweenStructures1and2andatthebanktie‐inpointstocreatestabletransitionstotheexistingbankattheupstreamanddownstreamedgesofthelargebankstructures.
DesigninformationforlargebankstructuresisprovidedinTable2.Figure5displaysphotographsofsimilarlargebankstructuresatpreviousrestorationsitesalongtheKootenaiRiver.
Table2.Designdetailsforlargebankstructures
Structure1(upstream)
Structure 2(middle)
Structure3(downstream
BankLength(feet) 180 390 350
ProjectionintoRiver(feet) 100 180 200
Projectionangle(degrees) 25 25 17
Elevation(NAVD88feet) 1756to1765 1756to1764 1757to1758
Distancefromnextstructuredownstream(feet)
900 1,800 N/A
Numberoftimberpiles 52 134 0
Riprap(cubicyards) 1,900 4,800 0
Gravel(cubicyards) 1,400 8,900 0
Cobble(cubicyards) 0 0 6,400
Area(squarefeet) 4,100 20,300 28,200
Volume(cubicyards) 3,300 13,700 6,400
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Figure5.ExamplesoflargebankstructuresintheKootenaiRiver
2.1.2 PoolExcavation
PoolswouldbeexcavatedattwolocationsinhopesofprovidingstagingandholdinghabitatforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonandtoencouragesturgeontomigratefurtherupstreamtosuitablespawninghabitat.Locationsforpoolexcavationwereidentifiedprimarilybasedontheirexpectedmorphologicsustainabilityandtheiraccessibilitybyland‐basedexcavationequipment.Gravelandsandexcavatedfromthepoolswouldbeusedtoconstructislandsasdescribedbelow.
Eachpoolwouldbeapproximatelyfourtofiveacresand,oncecompleted,wouldbe10to15feetdeeperthantheexistingriverbed(Table3).Tocreatebothpools,approximately120,000cubicyardsofmaterialwouldberemoved.Figure6displaysphotographsofpoolexcavationactivitiesconductedin2015duringconstructionoftheBonnersFerryIslandsProject.
Table3Designdetailsforexcavatedpools
Pool1(Upstream) Pool2(Downstream)
Maximumwidth(feet) 180 300
Length(feet) 1,200 1,000
SideSlopes 5:1 5:1
Area(acres) 4 5
Volume(cubicyards) 51,000 69,000
2.1.3 IslandConstructionandEnhancement
Sixexistingislandswouldbeenhancedusinggravelandsandfromexcavatedpoolsandbankgrading.Thenewislandareaswouldthenbeplantedwithnativeriparianvegetationandalsoreceivefloodplainroughnesstreatments.
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Figure6.PoolexcavationactionsintheKootenaiRiver
IslandelevationswouldbesimilartoexistingislandswithintheKootenayLakebackwaterinfluence,upstreamfromtheprojectarea,thatdisplaydesiredvegetationcommunities.Thefloodplainroughnesstreatmentswouldcreateprotectedmicrositesbothforplantedspeciesaswellasnativeseedlingsthatareexpectedtocolonizethenewlyconstructedfloodplainsurfaces.Floodplainroughnesswouldbecreatedusingfurrowsandridgesuptoonefoothighandpartiallyburiedpiecesofwoodandbrush.Theburiedpiecesofwoodwouldbesixtotwelveinchesindiameterandeighttotwelvefeetlongandsmallerbrushuptosixinchesindiameterandeighttotwelvefeetinlength.
2.1.4 BankStabilization
Highbanksandbankswithsteepangleswouldbegradedandloweredtoimprovebankstability,increasethewidthofriparianbuffers,establishfloodplainconnection,andtosetelevationsandslopessuitableforestablishingtreesandshrubs.Existingcarbodiesandothernon‐naturaldebrisusedhistoricallyforerosioncontrolwouldberemoved.Finishedgradeswouldincludefloodplainroughnesstreatmentsasdescribedabove.Approximately18,400cubicyardsofmaterialwouldbeexcavatedinthisprocessinPhase1,and39,800cubicyardsinPhase2.
Vegetatedbrushbankstructureswouldbeinstalledinthere‐gradedbankstoestablishvegetationandprovidestability.Thesestructuresconsistoflayeredbrushandsmalllogsbuiltonasmallriprapfoundationwithlivevegetativecuttingswithinthebrushlayersatelevationsthatareincontactwiththewatertableduringthegrowingseason(Figure7).Approximately2,400linealfeetofthesestructureswouldbeinstalledinPhase1and2,100linealfeetinPhase2.
Figure7Vegetatedbrushbankstructuresunderconstructionatthe2015BonnersFerryIslandsproject
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SideChannelLarge‐WoodStructures
Approximately15large‐woodstructureswouldbeinstalledinthesidechannelstoprovidehydrauliccomplexitybetweentheislandsandtocreateaseriesofsmallscourpoolsinthesidechannels.Thestructureswouldbeinstalledingroupsofthreestructuresasshownbythesmall‘X’s’inFigure3.Eachstructurewouldoccupyapproximately400squarefeet(20ft.by20ft.)andwouldbeconstructedfromtimberpilesandlargewoodydebris.Thetimberpileswouldbedrivenintothebedbelowscourdepthtoprovidestability.Largewoodydebriswouldbeboltedtothetimberpilesinavarietyofconfigurationstoresembleanaturalaggregateofrackedlogs.Gravelwouldbeexcavatedfromthelocationoftheexpectedscourpoolandusedtobackfilltheinteriorofthestructure.Overtimethesestructuresmaycollectadditionaldebrisandpromotedepositioninthesidechannels,thuscontributingtofloodplaindevelopment.
2.1.5 AccessandStaging
AccessonthenorthsideoftheKootenaiRiverareaswouldbefromtheDistrict2RoadviaBallParkRoadandaprivateunimprovedroadacrossprivatelandthatisusedasapasture.Atemporarystagingareawouldbeestablishedinthepasture.Temporaryhaulroadswouldbeconstructedtoaccesstheriverbankandstructurelocations(Figures8and9).
Figure8.Stagingareasandtemporaryhaulroads
AccesstothesouthbankwouldbefromCowCreekRoadviaWaterhouseLane.FromWaterhouseLane,accesswouldbeviaaprivateunimprovedroad.Atemporarystagingareawouldbeestablishedandtemporaryhaulroadswouldbeconstructedtoaccesstheriverbank,islandsandpoolexcavationareas(Figures8and9).
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Figure9Examplesoftemporaryriveraccessroadconstruction
2.2 NoActionAlternativeUndertheNoActionAlternative,BPAwouldnotfundtheKootenaiRiverLowerMeanderProjectandtheTribewouldnotmakethefishhabitatimprovementstotheKootenaiRiverasproposed.Inaddition,BPAwouldnotusetheprojecttohelpmeetitsfishandwildlifemitigationobligationsundertheNorthwestPowerAct,orfurthersupporthabitatimprovementeffortsidentifiedintheLibbyDamBiologicalOpinion.
2.3 ComparisonofAlternativesThefollowingtwotablescomparetheProposedActionandtheNoActionalternative.Table4comparesthealternativesbythepurposesofthisproject.Table5displaysasummaryoftheeffectsofimplementingeachalternative,withdetailedinformationavailableinChapter3.
Table4ComparisonofAlternativesbyBPApurposes
Purposes ProposedAction NoActionAlternative
SupporteffortstomitigateforeffectsofthedevelopmentandoperationoftheFCRPSonfishandwildlifeinthemainstemColumbiaRiveranditstributariesundertheNorthwestPowerAct.
WouldhelpsupportmitigationeffortscalledforintheNorthwestPowerActbyenhancingfishandwildlifehabitatintheKootenaiRiveraboveBonnersFerry.
WouldnotsupportBPA’seffortstoenhancefishandwildlifehabitatintheKootenaiRiveraboveBonnersFerry.
Seektofurtheraddressobligationsunderthe2006LibbyDamBiOpasclarifiedin2008,whichdirectstheBPAandUSACEto“supporttheKootenaiTribeofIdaho’sgood‐faitheffortstoimplementtheKootenaiRiverRestorationProjectMasterPlan.”
WouldfurtheraddressBPA’sobligationsunderthe2006LibbyDamBiOp.
WouldnotcontributetoBPA’seffortstomeetobligationsspecifiedunderthe2006LibbyDamBiOp.
ImplementBPA’sFishandWildlifeImplementationPlanEISandRODpolicydirection,whichcallforprotectingweakstocks,liketheKootenaiwhitesturgeon,whilesustainingoverallpopulationsoffishfortheireconomicandculturalvalue.
Wouldcontributetoestablishingself‐sustainingpopulationsofKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonandothernativespeciesintheKootenaiRiverwhichareofculturalvalueandmayprovide
WouldnotfurtheractionstohelpprotectKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonorothernativefishforeconomicandculturalvalues.
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Purposes ProposedAction NoActionAlternative
economicbenefits,whileatthesametimeprotectingESA‐listedfish.
Minimizeharmtonaturalorhumanresources,includingspecieslistedundertheESA.
Proposedmitigationmeasureswouldminimizeharmtonaturalandhumanresources.Approvalsby,andreporting,toregulatoryagencieswouldminimizetheriskofadverseeffectstoESA‐listedspecies.(SeeTable5forasummaryofeffects.)
Withnoconstructionofnewfacilities,therewouldnopotentialtoeffectnaturalandhumanresourcesorshort‐termeffectstonativeESA‐listedspecies;therewouldalsobenoadditionalpotentialforlong‐termKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonrecoverybenefits.(SeeTable5forasummaryofeffects.)
Table5ComparisonofAlternativesbyResourceImpact1
ResourceAffected EffectsofProposedAction1 EffectsofNoAction
GeologyandSoils Changedtopographyofriverbanksandnearlytriplethesizeofislandsinriver.Short‐termerosion/soillossandsedimentationfromexcavationandtemporaryroadbuilding.Long‐termerosionprotectionfromstabilizedbanksandislandsandimprovedriparianvegetationconditions.Theoveralleffecttogeologyandsoilswouldbelow.
Noneweffectstogeologyandsoils.Riverbankandislandtopographywouldremainunchanged.Ratesandpatternsoferosionwouldlikelycontinuesimilartopresentconditions.
Wetlands Lessthanoneacreofwetlandswouldbepermanentlyimpacted.Therestorationactivitieswouldestablish24acresofnewwetlandsonthenewlycreatedislandsandalongtheriparianareawheretheriverwouldbehydraulicallyconnectedtotheareasofnewplantings.Theeffectswouldbebeneficialandmoderate.
Noneweffectstowetlandsorfloodplains.
WaterResources Nolong‐orshort‐termchangestowaterquantity.Short‐termeffectstowaterqualityareexpectedfromturbidityduringconstructionbutstabilizationofbanksandimprovedriparianvegetationconditionsareexpectedtoreduceerosion/turbidityandimprovedwaterqualityinthelongterm.Riverwouldbechangedhydrologicallybyisland,channelandpoolconstruction,thoughthesefeaturesareexpectedtochangesomewhatwithriverconditionsovertime.Theeffectstowaterresourceswouldbelow.
Theprojectwouldcausea0.15footincreaseinbasefloodelevationswithintheprojectareaandnoincreaseatBonnersFerry,butwouldnotrequireachangeinoperationsatLibbyDamtopreventflooding.
Noneweffectstowaterresourcesintheprojectarea.Waterqualityandhydrologicconditionswouldremainunchanged.
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ResourceAffected EffectsofProposedAction1 EffectsofNoAction
Fish Long‐termimprovementinfishhabitat.Shorttermadverseeffectsfrompile‐drivingnoise,turbidity,excavation,rockplacement,andaccidentalhazardousmaterialspillsduringconstructionactivities.Intheshort‐termfishareexpectedtomoveoutoftheconstructionareawhenwoodenpilesaredriven.Long–termincreasesinfishpopulationsfromimprovedhabitatsareexpected.Therewouldthusbealowtomoderateshort‐termandtemporaryeffecttofishpopulationsintheprojectarea.
Noneweffectstofishintheprojectarea.Noshort‐termdisplacementeffects.Nobenefittofishorincreasedpopulationpotentialfromnotimprovingriverbanks,pools,channels,islands,andriparianhabitats.
Recreation Short‐termadverseeffectonfishingopportunitiesduringconstructionactivities.Long‐termbeneficialeffectonfishingopportunitiesfromincreasedfishpopulationsinareaswherehabitathasbeenimprovedforfish.Someeffectsonboatersusingsidechannelswithlargewoodstructuresasthesemaycreateanobstacleneedingavoidance,butwouldalsocreatefishhabitatwithincreasedfishingopportunities.Effectswouldbelow.
Noeffectstoboatingrecreationsinceconstructionactivitieswouldnotoccur.Noadditionofboatingobstacles(largewoodstructures),butnoimprovementinfishingopportunitiesfromincreasedfishpopulations.
CulturalResources
Noknownculturalresourceswereidentifiedintheareasimpacted.
Ifunanticipatedsitesarediscoveredduringconstruction,sitescouldbeaffected;however,stopwork,notification,andmitigationrequirementswouldlessenpotentialeffects.
Noeffectstoculturalresources.
VisualResources Visualchangeswouldincludeanapproximatethree‐foldincreaseinislandsizeswithmorevegetativecoverthanarevisibleatpresentonbothislandsandriverbanks.Largewoodstructuresnotlikelydiscernablefrompublicroadways,butclearlyevidenttoboaters.Effectswouldbelow.
Nochangestolanduseorvisualcharacteroftheriveroritsislandsandbanks.
Noise Piledrivingwouldbetheprimaryeffect,thoughdistancetoBonnersFerryisnearlyonemileaway,largelyattenuatingtheimpact.Approximately30‐daynoiselevelchangewouldbenoticeable,butlikelynotmuchgreaterthanroutinebackgroundnoiseintown.Effectswouldbelow.
NochangestoambientnoiselevelsinprojectareaorinBonnersFerry.
AirQuality,andGreenhouseGasses
Airpollutantsandgreenhousegasesfromvehicleemissionsanddustfromconstructionactivitieswouldbegeneratedduringtheconstructionperiod.Effectswouldbeshort‐term,temporary,andlowbecauseofapplicationofmitigationmeasures.
Noneweffectstoairqualityortheexistingconditionsrelativetogreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.
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ResourceAffected EffectsofProposedAction1 EffectsofNoAction
PublicHealthandSafety
Minorincreaseintraffic,potentialforaccidents,anddemandsonlocalemergencyservicesduringconstructionactivities.Introductionoflong‐termboatinghazardsintotheKootenaiRiverthoughthesetypesofriverhazardsareroutineforboatersandmitigationwouldbeimplementedtominimizetheeffectstoboaters.Effectswouldbelow.
Noeffectonpublichealthandsafety.
TransportationandUtilities
Temporaryincreaseintraffic,includinglargeconstructionvehicles,onlocalroadsduringconstruction;thoughnoroutingthroughresidentialareas.Noanticipatedalterationoftrafficpatterns.Effectswouldbelowtomoderate.
Noneweffectstotransportationorutilitiesneartheprojectsite.
Socioeconomics Onlyafewtemporaryjobsprovidedbyconstructionactivity,withnolong‐termemploymentopportunitiesprovided.Noimpactonhousing.Moderateshorttomid‐termbeneficialeconomicimpactfromconstructionspendingandneedforsupplyandhauloflocalgravel,logs,etc.andthemultipliereffectsthroughthelocaleconomy.Noeffecttoenvironmentaljusticepopulations.
Nosocioeconomiceffects.
1TheeffectsdisplayedinthistablepresumetheapplicationoftheMitigationMeasureslistedinTable6.
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2.4 MitigationMeasures
Table6liststhemitigationmeasuresthatwouldlessenoravoidpotentialimpactofimplementingtheKootenaiLowerMeanderProject.
Table6MitigationMeasures
EnvironmentalResource MitigationMeasure
GeologyandSoils
Prepareandimplementaplanforerosionandsedimentationcontrolandastormwaterpollutionpreventionplanforconstructionactivitiestominimizeerosionandsoilloss(e.g.,usesiltfences,strawbales,interceptortrenchesorotherperimetersedimentmanagementdevices;maintainasnecessarythroughoutconstruction).
Locatestagingareasinpreviouslydisturbedorgraveledareastominimizesoilandvegetationdisturbance,wherepracticable.
Designandbuildaccessroadsthatminimizedrainagefromtheroadsurfacedirectlyintosurfacewaters,anddirectsediment‐ladenwatersintovegetatedareaswherepossible.
Inspectandmaintainaccessroadsandotherfacilitiesduringconstructiontoensureproperfunctionandnominalerosionlevels.
Reseeddisturbedareas,monitorseedgermination,andimplementcontingencymeasuresasnecessaryuntilareasdisturbedfromconstructionactivityarestabilized.
Existingunimprovedroads,temporaryhaulroadsandthestagingareawouldbegraded,surfacedwithgravelandtreatedfordustcontrol(waterapplication)asneededtosupporthaultrafficduringconstruction.
Wetlands
Identifyclearinglimitsonallconstructiondrawingsandflagas“no‐work”areasbeforeconstruction.
Revegetatedisturbedareas(includingwetlands)withappropriatenativespeciesusingseedmixesthatmeettherequirementsoffederal,state,andcountynoxiousweedcontrolregulationsandguidelines.
Implementmitigationmeasurestocontrolpotentialnoxiousweedinfestationsbefore,during,andafterconstruction.
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EnvironmentalResource MitigationMeasure
Implementbestmanagementpracticesduringconstructiontominimizeadverseeffectsonwetlands(e.g.,limitwetlanddisturbanceareas;flagorstakewetlandboundaries;refuelmachineryandstorefuelsawayfromwetlands;developandimplementerosionandsedimentationcontrolplan).
Installsiltfencesandstrawwattlesatculvertlocationsandwetlandareastopreventeffectsfromstormwaterrunoffandconstruction‐relateddisturbance.
WaterResources
Depositandstabilizeallexcavatedmaterialnotre‐usedinanuplandareaoutsideoffloodplains.
FollowtheIdahoDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality’sCatalogofStormwaterBestManagementPracticesforIdahoCitiesandCounties(IDEQ,2005)tocreateastormwaterpollutionpreventionplanforconstructionactivities.Useandmaintainthisplanthroughoutconstructiontominimizeerosionandsoilloss(e.g.,usesiltfences,strawbales,interceptortrenchesorotherperimetersedimentmanagementdevices).
Implementmeasurestopreventstockpileerosionduringrainevents(e.g.,surroundpileswithcompostberms,coverpileswithimperviousmaterials,oruseotherequallyeffectivemethods).
Minimizestagingareastothesizenecessarytoconductthework,andlocatethestagingareasinpreviouslydisturbedareasatleast150feetfromtheriverorwetlands.
Createandusea spillprevention,controlandcountermeasuresplantominimizethepotentialforspillsofhazardousmaterial,whichincludesprovisionsforstorageofhazardousmaterials,andrefuelingofconstructionequipmentoutsideofriparianzones,aspillcontainmentandrecoveryplan,andnotificationandactivationprotocols.
Storespillcontainmentkitsateachworksiteandtraintheconstructioncrewsinproperuse.
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EnvironmentalResource MitigationMeasure
Washallequipmentbeforemovingittotheprojectsite,tominimizetheintroductionofforeignmaterialsandfluidstotheprojectsite.
Useonlyhydraulicfluidscertifiedasnon‐toxictoaquaticorganismsinequipmentusedtoworkinthewater.
Inspectallequipmenttoensureitisfreeofoil,hydraulicfluid,anddieselfuelleaks.Repairdetectedleaksinthevehiclestagingareabeforethevehicleresumesoperation.Documentinspectionsinarecordthatisavailableforreviewonrequest.
Locatevehiclestaging,cleaning,maintenance,refueling,fuelstorageareas,andsanitaryfacilities,suchaschemicaltoilets,atleast150feetfromtheKootenaiRiverorwetlands.
Cleanallequipmentoperatedinstreambeforebeginningoperationsbelowthebankfullelevationtoremoveallexternaloil,greaseanddirt.Everyday,inspectallpowerequipmentoperatingwithin150feetofthewaterforfluidleaks.
Applytruckdiaperstoanystationarypowerequipment(e.g.,generators)operatedwithin150feetofanystream,waterbodyorwetlandtopreventleaks.
Floatingsiltcurtainsand temporarybermswouldbeusedwherewaterdepthallowsforturbiditymanagement.Practicaleffortswouldbemadetoinstallfloatingsiltcurtainsinlowervelocityareasatthedownstreamendoftheworkareassuchthatconstructionrelatedturbiditycansettleoutinlowervelocitybackwaterareas.Floatingsiltcurtainswouldbeanchoredwith12‐inchdiametertemporarysteelpiles.
Fish
ConductworkbelowtheOrdinaryHighWaterMark(OHWM)fromAugustthroughNovember
OperatemachineryforbelowOHWMconstructionfromthetopofthestreambankalongadjacentuplandareas,totheextentpossible.
Protectexistingriparianandwetlandvegetation
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EnvironmentalResource MitigationMeasure
totheextentpossible.
RecreationInstallsignageattheTwinRiversCanyonResortboatlaunchtoinformboatersofrestorationactivitiesandindicatetheirlocation.
CulturalResources
InstallpermanentsignsattheTwinRiversboatramprequestingthatboatersandtubersstayclearoftherestorationareainordertoprotecttherestorationwork.Signswouldalsocontainaneducationalelementtodescribethedifferentprojectlocations,thetypesofstructures,andthebenefitstheyprovideforfish.
Markknownculturalresourcesitesasavoidanceareasonconstructiondrawingsandflagasno‐workareasinthefieldpriortoconstruction.
Protectanyunanticipatedculturalresourcesdiscoveredduringconstructionasfollows:
Stop allwork;coverandprotectthe‘find’inplace.
Notify ProjectManagerandBPAculturalresourcesspecialistimmediately.
Implement mitigationorothermeasuresasinstructedbyBPAculturalresourcespecialist.
VisualResources
Retainexistingvegetation,whenpossible,tovisuallyscreendisturbancecreatedbyconstructionactivities.
Reseedandplantdisturbedareaswithappropriatenativespecies.Controlweedsfollowingconstruction.
NoiseLimitconstructionnoisetonormaldaytimeworkinghours.
PublicHealthandSafety NoMitigationnotrequired
AirQualityandGreenhouseGasses
Confinevehiclefuelingandmaintenancetoapprovedlocations.
Usewatertruckstocontroldustduringconstruction,asneeded.
Ensurethatallvehicleenginesaremaintainedingoodoperatingconditiontominimizeexhaustemissions.
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EnvironmentalResource MitigationMeasure
Implementvehicleidlingrestrictions.
Encouragetheuseofthepropersizeofequipmentforeachjob.
Usealternativefuelsforstationaryequipmentattheconstructionsites,suchaspropane,oruseelectricalpower,wherepracticable.
Reduceelectricityuseintheconstructionofficebyusingcompactfluorescentbulbsandturningoffcomputersandotherelectronicequipmenteverynight.
Recycleorsalvagenonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris,wherepracticable.
Keepconstructionactivitiesandequipmentclearofresidentialdriveways,tothegreatestextentpossible.
TransportationandUtilities
Employtrafficcontrolflaggersandpostsignsalongroadswarningofconstructionactivityandmergingtrafficfortemporaryinterruptionsoftraffic,whereneeded.
CoordinatewithBurlingtonNorthernSantaFe
todeterminewhethertheywouldrequireaflaggerbepresentduringconstructiontimestoavoidtrainconflictsordelaysattheunmarkedcrossingoftheBurlingtonNorthernSantaFerailline.
Limitconstructionnoisetodaytimeworkinghours(seeNoise,Section3.8).
Usewatertruckstocontroldustduringconstruction,asneeded(seeAirQuality,Section3.9).
Socioeconomics N/A
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3 AffectedEnvironmentandEnvironmentalConsequencesThischapterevaluatesthepotentialeffectsoftheProposedAction,aswellastheNoActionalternative,onhumanandnaturalresources,todeterminewhethereitherhavethepotentialtocausesignificantenvironmentaleffects.Foreachresource,theexistingenvironmentthatcouldbeaffectedbythealternativesandthepotentialenvironmentalconsequencesofthealternativesaredescribed.ManyoftheeffectswouldbeminimizedbytheapplicationofthemitigationmeasureslistedinSection2.4andthediscussionsherepresumetheapplicationofthoseconditions.Discussionofthecumulativeeffects(incrementaleffectsoftheProposedActionwhenaddedtootherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactions)isattheendofthischapter.
3.1 SoilsandGeology3.1.1 AffectedEnvironment
RegionalGeology
TheproposedprojectareaiswithintheBoundaryCountysoilsurveyarea,whichiswithintheNorthernRockyMountainsgeographicprovince.Between100,000and11,000yearsago,theCordilleranicesheet(alargemassofice,alsoknownasacontinentalglacier)coveredmostofthevalleyareasintheregion,leavingonlythehighermountainpeaksexposed.Theseglacialepisodescreatedmuchofthesurfacematerialsandtopographythatexiststoday.Alpineglacierserodedthecraggy,jaggedpeaksandfilledinmountainvalleyswithmoraine(soilandrockdepositedbyglaciers)andoutwash(sandandgravelleftbymeltingwater)deposits.TheicesheetextendedasfarsouthasCoeurd’AleneLake,75milestothesouth.Theglaciersleftthickdepositsofglacialtill(unsortedglacialsediment)andsilt,transportedlargeboulderstothearea,andscouredsomeareas,leavingbedrockexposedatthesurface(USDANRCS,2013).
SeismicFaults
TherearenoknownseismicfaultsinBoundaryCounty.TheBoundaryCountyComprehensivePlanstatesthatthecountyisinSeismicZone2,asdelineatedintheUniformBuildingCode.SeismicZone2indicatesthatamoderatedamageriskcouldbeexperiencedinthisareashouldanearthquakeoccur(BoundaryCounty,2008).
LocalSurfaceSoils
SoilsintheKootenaiRiverfloodplainarecomprisedofsilty,alluvial(materialdepositedbyflowingwater)depositsleftbehindfromfloodwatersthatspreadoverthefloodplainanddepositedsilt,clay,andveryfinesands(USDANRCS,2013).Moreashy,siltyloamsoilsoccuronthegentlyslopingareasborderingtheshoreline,floodplain,andthesteepescarpments.(ToxicitysamplingofriversedimentsisdiscussedinSection3.3,WaterQuality.)
3.1.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
WithintheareaoftheProposedAction,largeamountsofsoilwouldbemovedandtopographywouldbechanged(loweringpoolelevationsintheriverbed,raisingislandelevations,andgradingofcurrentlyerodingriverbanks).Theworkwouldcausesedimentationanderosionintheshorttermduringconstruction,butthebankgradingandbankstabilizationstructuresandplantingofnativevegetationwouldhelpstabilizesoilmovementinthelongterm.
Thetwopoolstobeexcavatedwouldrequirerelocationof51,000and69,000cubicyardsofgravelandsandfromthemainchanneloftheriver.Thisexcavatedmaterialwouldbedepositedonexistingadjacentgravelbarsandislandstoenhancesixislandsandraisetheirelevationssotheyareableto
LowerMeanderProject26 DraftEnvironmentalAssessment
supportriparianvegetation.Thenewlycreatedislandsurfaceswouldbestabilizedthroughgradingandcreationoffloodplainroughnesstominimizeerosionandthroughextensiveplantingofnativeriparianvegetation.
Gradingtostabilizeerodingbankswouldresultinsometemporarysoillossduringconstructionbuterosionandsedimentcontrolmeasureswouldbeusedtocontrolandmanagethoseeffects.Overthelongterm,theProposedActionwouldhavebeneficialeffectsonsoils,asbankstabilization,largebankstructures,andmorevegetativelyrobustriparianareaswouldreducetheamountofsoilsexposedtorivercurrents.
About1.25milesoftemporaryaccessroads,wouldbebuilttoallowheavymachinerytoaccessprojectlocationsalongtheriverforexcavation,gravelandsandrelocation,rockandlogplacement,etc.Thesetemporaryroadswouldcompactanddisplacesoilswhileinusebutwouldberemovedandthelandrestoredfollowingconstruction.
Constructioncouldresultinerosioncausedbystormwaterrunofforwindblowndustduringdryconditions.Theseeffectswouldbeminimizedbyimplementingbestmanagementpractices(seeSection2.4).
Althoughimplementationofconstructionbestmanagementpracticesandmitigationmeasureswouldreducethepotentialforshort‐termincreasederosion,someincreasedlevelsoftemporaryerosionandsoillosswouldbeexpectedduringandimmediatelyafterconstruction.Forthelongterm,however,stabilizedandrevegetatedbanksandislandswouldreducethepotentialforerosivelossofsoilresources.TheoverallimpactoftheProposedActiononsoilsandgeologywouldbelow.
3.1.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,therewouldbenoshort‐termsoillossesortopographychangesbecauseconstructionactivitieswouldnotoccur.Theongoingerosionalprocessesoccurringintheriverandonitsbanksandislandswouldcontinue.
3.2 Wetlands3.2.1 AffectedEnvironment
Ingeneral,wetlandfunctionsareseparatedintothreeprimarycategories:waterquality,hydrology,andhabitat(Novitzki,1996).Palustrinewetlandsnexttoriversystemshavethepotentialtoimprovewaterqualitybyfilteringandstoringsediments,processingpollutants,andstoringandcyclingnutrients.Hydrologicfunctionsoftenincludegroundwaterrecharge,floodmoderationandfloodwaterstorage.Wetlandscansupporthighlevelsofprimaryproductivityandprovideuniquehabitatforfishandwildlife(Hruby,2004).Theirabilityandopportunitytoperformanyofthesefunctionsdependslargelyontheirpositioninthelandscape,sizeandcomplexity,adjacentlanduse,andlevelofdisturbance.
Palustrineemergentwetlandsarecharacterizedbyerect,rooted,andnon‐woodyvegetation.Ascrub‐shrubwetlandisdominatedbywoodyvegetationlessthan20feettall(Hruby,2004).
AwetlanddelineationfortheprojectareawasconductedonJuly19,20,and21,2016andfollowedthemethodsforroutinedelineationsinareasgreaterthanfiveacresinsizefromtheCorpsofEngineersWetlandDelineationManual(EnvironmentalLaboratory1987).DatacollectionandwetlandboundarydelineationsfollowedmethodsdescribedinRegionalSupplementtotheCorpsofEngineersWetlandDelineationManual:WesternMountains,Valleys,andCoastRegion(U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers2010).WetlanddelineationdatacollectionoccurredonalllocationswithintheLowerMeanderProjectarea(includingthepotentialaccessroutes)andalllocationswerevisitedtoidentifyareaswithwetlandcharacteristics.
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Wetlanddelineationsamplingdatawerecollectedtocapturevariationsinvegetationcommunities,landscapepositionandtopography.Datacollectionpointswerelocatedtobepaireduplandandwetlandplots,exceptwheresamplepointsonlydocumenteduplandconditions.
TheOHWMwasidentifiedforwatersoftheU.S.usingguidancefromTitle33oftheCodeofFederalRegulations,Part328“DefinitionofWatersoftheUnitedStates”andtheRegulatoryGuidanceLetternumber05‐05fromtheArmyCorpsofEngineers(2005).
OnthenorthsideoftheKootenaiRiverthereisarelicsidechannel.Thisareawasdelineatedaspalustrineunconsolidatedbottomwetlands.WhilenotpartoftheareatobedisturbedbytheProposedAction,theareawasdelineatedbecauseofitsproximitytotheprojectarea.ThesidechannelisnotconnectedtotheKootenaiRiverbutdoesreceiveoverbankflowsduringhighwaterevents.Palustrineunconsolidatedbottomwetlandsnormallyhaveshallowwaterthroughoutthemostoftheyearandaresurroundedbypalustrineemergentwetlands.Theboundarybetweenthetwowetlandclassesismarkedbyatransitionfromareaswheresurfacewaterexistsyearroundandisdeepenoughtosuppressvegetationgrowthtoareaswithestablishedemergentvegetationcommunities.
WithintheLowerMeanderProject,thereareapproximately11acresofpalustrinescrubshrubwetlandsandabout9.5acresofpalustrineemergentwetlands(Table7).Thereisalsoapproximately7acresofwetlandsclassifiedasamixofscrub/shrubandemergentwetlands.Thevegetationfoundintheemergentwetlandintheprojectareaisdominatedbyeitherwaterknotweedorsedges.Thevegetationfoundwithinthepalustrinescrubshrubwetlandsincludessandbarwillow,yellowwillow,andred‐osierdogwood.
Table7SummaryofwetlandsmappedintheLowerMeanderProjectarea
Wetland Class Existing Area (acres)
Palustrine emergent 9.53
Palustrine emergent/scrub shrub 7.29
Palustrine scrub shrub 10.85
Palustrine unconsolidated bottom 3.13
Total wetland area 30.80
3.2.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
Theplacementofexcavatedmaterialaroundexistingvegetationonthemid‐channelislandswouldoverlapwiththeedgesofsomeofthedelineatedpalustrinescrubwetlandsresultinginapermanentlossof0.4acresofwetland.Streambankregradingisexpectedtoalsoresultinapermanentlossofapproximately0.2acrespalustrineemergentwetlands.Temporaryeffectsassociatedwithconstructedaccessrouteswouldresultinalossof0.25acresofwetlands,whichwouldberestoredonceconstructioniscompleted.
Inaddition,asaresultoftheProposedActiontherewouldbeanetgainofapproximately24acresoverallofwetlandarearesultingfromthecreationofnewfloodplainandislandsurfacesthatarehydrologicallyconnectedtotheKootenaiRiver.Theareaofpalustrinescrubshrubwetlandwouldbeincreasedontheconstructedislandsasaresultofnaturalrecruitmentandplanting.Theregradedstreambankswouldalsobeplantedandresultinnewpalustrinescrubshrubwetlands.Becauseofthenetincreaseinoverallwetlandarea,theeffectsonwetlandswouldbebeneficial.Theeffectswouldbemoderateoverall.
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3.2.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,theexistingwetlandswouldremainunaffectedandtherewouldbenowetlandcreation.
3.3 WaterResources3.3.1 AffectedEnvironment
HydrologicCharacteristics
TheKootenaiRiver(spelled“Kootenay”inCanada)originatesinsoutheasternBritishColumbia(BC).Fromtheheadwaters,itflowssouthintoLakeKoocanusa,whichstraddlestheborderbetweenBritishColumbiaandMontana.LakeKoocanusaisameldingofthewordsKootenai,Canada,andtheUSA.LibbyDam,operatedbytheUSACE,holdstheriverbacktoformtheLakeKoocanusaReservoir.Downstreamofthedam,nearLibby,Montana,theriverturnsandflowswestwardtowardIdaho.NearBonnersFerry,Idaho,theriverturnsnorth,andflowsagainintoBCwhereitentersKootenayLake.FromtheoutletonthewestarmofthelakenearNelson,BC,theriverflowswestward,throughseveralhydropowerfacilities,toitsconfluencewiththeupperColumbiaRivernearCastlegar,BC.
TheKootenaiRiversubbasinencompassesapproximately18,000squaremiles(sevenpercent)oftheColumbiaRiverbasin.Itisthethirdlargestsub‐basinbyarea,andthesecondlargestbyvolumeofwater(KTOI2009).
Historically,theamountofwaterintheKootenaiRiverhasvariedgreatlythroughtheyear.AswithmanyriversintheColumbiaRiverbasin,theKootenaiisfedbymeltingsnow,andtheannualpeakflowsoccurredinthespring.Oncethesnowhadmeltedathigherelevations,hotdrysummerswouldresultindramaticdecreasesinflowsthroughlatesummerintothefall,whenwinterrainswouldresume.FollowingtheconstructionofLibbyDamin1972,peakspringtimeflowshavebeenreducedby50percent,andwinterflowshaveincreasedby300percent(USFWS2006,2008)(Figure10).
Figure10.PeakFlowsintheKootenaiRiver,1932‐2012
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FlowsintheKootenaiRiverthroughBonnersFerryarealsoaffectedbyabackwatereffect(reducedwatersurfaceslopewhichcauseslittleornocurrentintheriver)causedbyKootenayLake.KootenayLakeis70milesdownstreamofBonnersFerryandisregulatedbyCorraLinnDam.WhenhighflowsraisethelevelofKootenayLakeduringthespringrunoff,abackwatereffectoccursintheportionoftheKootenaiRiverbetweenKootenayLakeandBonnersFerry.Inmostyears,theupstreamextentofthebackwaterreachesrivermile153nearBonnersFerry.Thisbackwatereffectchangestheslopeofthewatersurface,andconsequently,thevelocityofthewaterpassingthroughtheproposedprojectarea.Whentheamountofwaterintheriverisgreatest,thevelocityofthewaterslowsthroughtheproposedprojectareaandthewatersurfaceelevationincreases.Whentheflowsarelower,andthelakeleveldrops,thevelocityofthewaterthroughtheproposedprojectareaincreases,andwatersurfaceelevationdecreases.
Floodplains
Afloodplainisanareanearariverorastreamthatfloodswhenthewaterlevelreachesfloodstage.The100‐yearfloodplainisusedandisdefinedasanyareadeterminedbytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)tohaveaonepercentchanceoffloodedduringagivenyear.
FEMAusesfloodinsuranceratemaps(FIRM)toidentifytheareaswiththepotentialtoflood.FortheproposedprojectthemostrecentFIRMmapshowingfloodplainsinthisareawasissuedAugust2,1982andshowstheprojectareaiswithinthe100‐yearfloodplain(FEMA,1982b).
Theareajustdownstreamoftheprojectarea,wheretheKootenaiRiverpassesthroughBonnersFerry,isprotectedfromfloodingbylevees.Intheareasprotectedbylevees,abasefloodelevation,ratherthanafloodplainarea,isusedtodeterminefloodrisk.Likethe100‐yearfloodplain,thebasefloodelevationistheheightthathasaonepercentchanceorgreateroffloodinginagivenyear.ThebasefloodelevationwithintheCityofBonnersFerryis1,768feetatthedownstreamend,and1,769feetattheupstreamend.TheUSACEoperatesLibbyDamandmanagesflowsintheKootenaiRiver,tominimizethepotentialforflooding.
3.3.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
Theinstallationofthethreelargebankstructuresalongthenorthbankwouldprovideerosionprotectionbydeflectingriverflow.Theselargewoodandriprapstructureswouldalsoprovideareaswithslowerflowsandrecirculationeddies.Theuseofriverbottommaterialfrompoolexcavationtocreatenewislandswouldcreatenewareasofshallowwateralongtheshoresoftheseislandsthatwouldslowwatervelocitiesinareaswhereadeeperchannelandfasterwaterexistcurrently.
Poolsustainabilityattheprojectsitewouldbeinfluencedbyrivergeometry(meanderradiusandwidth‐depthratio),transitorybackwaterconditions,andtheflowpartitioningbetweenthemainstemandsidechannels.Thepotentialforpoolfillingwasminimizedtothedegreepossibleinprojectdesign,buttheexcavatedpoolswouldlikelyfilloverthenextfewyears.Poolscreatedbythethreelargebankstructurescouldforminthesameareabutthesizeandlocationofthosenewpoolsareuncertain.
Theside‐channellargewoodstructureswouldcreatehydrauliccomplexityinthesidechannelsbetweentheislands.Thestructureswouldpromotedevelopmentofbedformdiversitybyestablishingaseriesofsmallscourpools.Overtime,thesestructuresmaycollectadditionaldebrisandpromotedepositioninthesidechannels,thuscontributingtofloodplaindevelopment.
ConstructionactivitiesinandadjacenttotheKootenaiRiverwouldgeneratetemporaryandlocalizedincreasedturbidity.However,previoussamplestakenintheKootenaiRiverareashowthattheriverbottommaterialiscomprisedpredominantlyofgravelandsand(95‐97percent)withverylittlesiltorfinematerial(3‐5percent)(RiverDesignGroup,2012).Becauseofthesmallamountoffinematerialinthesediment,turbidityintheriverduringconstructionwoulddissipatequickly.Figure11showsthe
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addedsedimenttotheKootenaiRiverduringislandconstructionattheBonnersFerryIslandlocation.Thesedimentplumestayedinanarrowbandalongonesideoftheriveranddissipatedwithin0.6milesdownstreamofthesourceofthesediment.
Stormwaterrunofffromtemporarily‐disturbedconstructionandstagingareascouldalsocontributesedimentladenwatertotheriverandincreaseturbidity.Erosionandsedimentcontrolmeasureswouldbeusedduringallconstructionactivitiestopreventdischargesfromconstructionsitestotherivertothemaximumextentpracticable.
Figure11.Sedimentplumeduring2015IslandConstruction
TheuseofhazardousmaterialsorsubstancesduringconstructionoftheProposedActionhasthepotentialtoresultinthecontaminationofsurfacewaterorgroundwater.Constructionequipmentcontainspetroleumproducts,suchasgasoline,dieselfuel,motoroil,andhydraulicfluid,andotherhazardousfluids,suchasanti‐freeze.Equipmentleakagemayleadtothereleaseofsmallquantitiesofthesesubstancesintotheenvironment.Theimplementationofaspillprevention,controlandcountermeasureplanandBMPswouldreducethepotentialforleaksorspillsofhazardousmaterialsfromequipmentduringconstruction.Releasesofhazardoussubstancestotheenvironmentmayalsooccurifexistingsitesofcontaminationareencounteredduringconstruction.Asdescribedabove,thesedimentanalysisconductedintheprojectareashowedlowlevelsofcontaminantsbuttheywerewithinallowablelevels(Bartonetal.2012).
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PlantingsassociatedwiththeProposedActionwould,whenmature,provideabeneficialeffectonwatertemperaturebycreatingadditionalshadealongtheriver.
Insummary,riverhydraulicswouldbechangedinlocalizedareasintheprojectarea.Constructionactivitieswouldresultintemporaryandlocalizedsedimenteffectsonsurfacewaterquality,thoughtheseeffectswouldbemitigatedbytheapplicationofbestmanagementpracticesandmitigationmeasures(seeSection2.4).Overthelong‐term,reducedstreambankerosionandturbiditywouldresultfromthecreationofnewriparianhabitatareasalongtheregradedriverbanksandnewenhancedislands.Thus,theeffectsoftheProposedActiononwaterresourceswouldbelow.
InaccordancewitharequestfromtheUSACE,ananalysiswasconductedoftheproject’spotentialtoincreasefloodingintheprojectareaaswellasareasdownstreamwithinBonnersFerrythatisregulatedbyUSACE.TheanalysisincludedthecumulativeeffectsofallthecompletedandproposedKRHRPprojectsintheBraidedReach.Modelingresultsoftheeffectsofa;theKRHRPprojectsshowlessthan0.15feetofincreasetowatersurfaceelevationsatBonnersFerry(ZoneAE)forthe100‐yearfloodeventand0.2feetforthe10‐yearfloodevent.TheseincreasesweredeterminedtobetheresultoftheBonnersFerryIslandsProjectthatwascompletedin2016.WhentheBonnersFerryareaswasanalyzedtodeterminetheeffectsoftheLowerMeanderProject,noadditionalincreaseinwaterseeninthewatersurfaceelevationforeitherthe100‐yearor10‐yearfloodevents.ModelingofpotentialchangesofwatersurfaceelevationchangeswithintheLowerMeanderprojectareashowedanincreaseoflessthan0.1feetforboththe10‐yearand100‐yearfloodevents.Basedontheseresults,theProposedActionwouldnotnotablyincreasetheBonnersFerryfloodelevationstoadegreethatwouldrequirechangesintheUSACE’swatermanagementactivitiesatLibbyDamforfloodregulationoperations(RiverDesignGroup,Inc.,2017).
Figure12.ExcerptfromFEMAFIRMPanel160270575BshowingtheregulatoryfloodplainintheLowerMeanderProjectareawithinBoundaryCounty.
3.3.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,therewouldbenochangesinriverhydrology,noconstruction‐relatedturbidity,andnochangeinbasefloodelevationsinBonnersFerry.Ongoingshorelineerosionwouldcontinuetocontributetosomesedimentationintheriver.
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3.4 FishandFishHabitat
3.4.1 AffectedEnvironment
Fish
Numerousnativefishspeciesincluding,bulltrout,westslopecutthroattrout,ColumbiaRiverredbandtrout,kokanee,burbot,andKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonexistintheKootenaiRiver,inorneartheproposedprojectarea.Noanadromousfish(fishthatlivepartoftheirlifeintheocean,thenreturntotherivertospawn,e.g.salmonandsteelhead)populationsoccupytheKootenaiRiver.Table8showsalistoffishspeciesintheKootenaiRiver.
Table8.Nativeandnon‐nativefishspeciesintheKootenaiRiverlikelytoinhabittheprojectarea
Commonname ESAstatus IdahoStatestatus
Whitesturgeon Endangered Endangered
Burbot None Endangered
Bulltrout Threatened Threatened
Westslopecutthroattrout None Gamefish
RedbandRainbowtrout None Gamefish
Kokaneesalmon None Gamefish
Mountainwhitefish None Gamefish
Redsideshiner None Unprotectedwildlife
Peamouthchub None Unprotectedwildlife
Northernpikeminnow None Unprotectedwildlife
Largescalesucker None Unprotectedwildlife
Slimysculpin None Unprotectedwildlife
Longnosesucker None Unprotectedwildlife
Torrentsculpin None Unprotectedwildlife
Rainbowtrout None Gamefish
BrownTrout None Gamefish
Brooktrout None Gamefish
Bluegill None Gamefish
Pumpkinseed None Gamefish
SmallmouthBass None Gamefish
LargemouthBass None Gamefish
NorthernPike None Gamefish
Yellowperch None Gamefish
Blackbullhead None Gamefish
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TwofishspecieslistedundertheESAmayexistintheprojectarea:theKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon(endangered),andtheColumbiaRiverbulltrout(threatened)(USFWS2013).
JuvenileandadultKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonliveyear‐roundintheKootenaiRiverdownstreamofBonnersFerry(USFWS,2006,2008).JuvenilesturgeoncanbefoundallyearlongupstreamofBonnersFerry,butadultsturgeonarefoundinfrequentlypastBonnersFerry.Aboutone‐thirdofKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeoninspawningconditionarebelievedtomigrateupstreamtotheBonnersFerryareaannually(MaythroughJuly),butfewremaintheretospawn(USFWS2013).
TheKootenaiRiverisoneof22designatedbulltroutrecoveryunitsintheColumbiaRiverBasin,andhasbeendesignatedascriticalhabitat.FieldstudiesshowthatadultbulltroutexistintheIdahoportionofthemainstemKootenaiRiverinverylowdensities.Bulltrouthavetwolifehistorystrategies:migratoryorresident.Migratoryformsmovebetweenlakesormainstemriverstosmalltributariestospawn.Residentformsremaininthesmalltributariesallyearlong.MigratoryformsofbulltroutintheKootenaiRiverusethemainstemKootenaiRiverasamigratorycorridortoaccessthesmalltributaries,locatedupstreaminMontana,inJuneandJuly.AfterspawninginsmalltributariesinSeptemberandOctober,theymovedownstreamintodeeppoolsinthemainstemKootenaiRiverorKootenayLakeinlateOctoberandNovember.
FishHabitat
Humanactivitysincetheearly1900shascausedsignificantlossesinriparianandwetlandareasalongthelowerKootenaiRiver,negativelyaffectingfishhabitatintheKootenaiRiver(USEPA,2004).Someofthemostseriouseffectstofishhabitathavecomefromthefollowingactivities:
Waterimpoundmentanddiversion Riverdiking Floodcontrolandchannelization Damconstructionandoperation Wetlanddrainingandassociatedreductionofnativespeciesdependentonwetlands(including
beavers) Livestockgrazing Urbanandsuburbandevelopment Landclearingforagriculture Roadbuilding Recreation
Theseactivitiescausedriparianandriverinehabitatlossanddegradationthatimpairedkeyecologicalfunctions,includingsedimentfiltering,streambankbuilding,waterstorageandaquiferrecharge,dissipationofstreamenergy,primaryproductivity,andnutrientretention.ThedegradationofthesekeyecologicalfunctionshascausedthelossofaquatichabitatsthatareimportantforthesurvivalofthenativefishfoundintheKootenaiRiver(USEPA2004).
Intheprojectarea,landusepracticesincludinggrazing,bankarmoring,gravelmining,dikeconstructionandvegetationclearinghavealteredriverbank,floodplainandvegetationconditions.Inaddition,theprojectareaisaffectedbythealteredmagnitudeandtimingofflowsreleasedfromLibbyDamlocatedupstream,andbyatransientbackwaterconditioncreatedbyKootenayLakelocateddownstreaminCanada.Multiplevegetatedislandshavedevelopedintheprojectarea,thoughvegetationdevelopmentonthemhasbeenslowduetointensebrowsepressurefromwildlife,thealteredflowconditions,andlowsupplyofsedimentandwoodydebris.
Aquatichabitatlimitingfactorsinthisreachincludealackofcover,complexity,andpools.BasedonmonitoringdatafromtheIdahoDepartmentofFishandGameandUniversityofIdahograduatestudies,
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thissectionoftheKootenaiRiverisusedprimarilyasamigratorycorridorfornativefish(Zelch2003).Nativefishhavealsobeendocumentedinthenearbyenhancedoff‐channelandside‐channelhabitatcreatedbytheKootenaiTribe’sNorthSideChannelsproject.InfrequentKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonusehasbeendocumentedinthisreachbutnospawninglocationshavebeenidentified(USFWS2013).JuvenileKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonappeartobemovingthroughthisreach.
3.4.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
AlthoughtheProposedAction’sactivitiesareintendedtoimprovefishhabitatconditionsoverthelongterm,short‐termadverseeffectstofishandfishhabitatmayoccurbecauseofconstructionactivities.TheProposedActioncouldtemporarilyaffectfishbyincreasingturbidity,generatingnoisefrompiledrivingandgeneralconstructionactivities,andbydisturbanceandinjuryfromrockplacement.
In‐waterworkwouldoccurbetweenlateAugustandearlyNovember,pertheworkwindowidentifiedbyIDFGandUSFWS,andtheperiodoflowestseasonalflowsintheKootenaiRiver.TheworkwindowfortheprojectwasestablishedsothatconstructionwouldoccurwellafterthespawningperiodforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,andtoensurethatadultKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonwouldnotbeintheareaduringprojectimplementation.Evenatsuchlowflows,becauseofthesizeoftheworkareaandthedepthandvelocityofthewater,worksiteisolationanddewateringwouldnotbepractical.Consequently,dewateringisnotproposed,andpoolexcavation,bankgrading,andbankstructureinstallationwouldoccurinwetconditions.Inaddition,siltcurtainsarenotfeasiblebecauseofthewaterdepthandvelocity–anymaterialusedtocaptureorslowwatersufficientlytoallowturbiditytosettleoutwouldbequicklyover‐topped.However,becausetheriverbottommaterialispredominantlygravelandsandwithverylittlesiltorfinematerialtoremainsuspendedinthewatercolumn,turbidityintheriverduringconstructionwoulddissipatequickly.
Floatingsiltcurtainsandtemporarybermswouldbeusedatthedownstreambankstabilizationareaandislandcreationareabecausewatervelocityintheseareasisexpectedtobelowenoughtoallowconstruction‐relatedturbiditytosettleout.Floatingsiltcurtainswouldbetemporarilyanchoredwithone‐inchdiametersteelpiles.Temporaryhaulroadswouldbeusedasbermstodirectflowaroundtheworkareasandreduceflowvelocityintheworkareas.Floatingsiltcurtainswouldnotbeusedintheupstreamareasbecausewaterdepthandvelocitythereisexpectedtobetoogreattoallowconstruction‐relatedturbiditytosettleout.
Becauseoftheamountofin‐waterworknecessarytoimplementtheProposedAction,othereffectstofishhabitatcouldoccur,suchasaccidentalhazardousmaterialspillsorfluidleaksfromconstructionequipment.TheuseofBMPswouldreducethelikelihoodofanyexposuretoaquaticorganismsshouldaspilloccur(seeSection2.4.).
ImplementationoftheProposedActionwouldrequiredrivingtimberpilesintotheriverbedtocreatetwoofthethreeproposedpool‐formingstructuresalongthenorthbankandfifteenside‐channellarge‐woodstructuresinthesidechannels.Thetwoupstreampool‐formingstructureswouldrequireapproximately52piles(Structure1)and134piles(Structure2)foratotalof186piles.Eachpilewouldbe30to50feetlong,and12to18inchesindiameter.Thefifteenside‐channelstructureswouldrequire150piles(10pileseach).Drivingeachpileintotheriverbedwouldrequireabout380impacthammerstrikesallowingforabouteightto10pilestobeinstalledperday.Atthisrate,installationofpilesintotheriverbedwouldtakeabout30to40workdays.
Thelevelofimpacttofishfromthispile‐drivingisbasedonthesoundexposurelevel,whichisdeterminedbytheloudnessanddurationofthenoise,andthedistancefishwouldbefromthenoise.Fisharealsoaffectedbytheaccumulatedsoundexposurelevel.Theaccumulatedsoundexposurelevelthatafishwouldexperienceiscalculatedbyusingthenumberofhammerstrikesduringaone‐dayworkperiod(assumingtherewouldbeabreakofatleast12hoursbetweenworkperiods)minusthe
LowerMeanderProjectDraftEnvironmentalAssessment 35
amountofsoundenergyabsorbedbythewater.Theaccumulatedsoundexposurelevel,perworkperiod/day,determinesthelevelofeffecttofishfromtheexposuretoprolongednoise(USFWS2013).
Duringinstallationofthelargebankstructures,thesoundpressurelevelswouldlikelyexceedthephysicalinjurythresholdforbulltroutandKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon.AccumulatedsoundexposurelevelswouldalsoreachthethresholdforadversephysicaleffectstobothbulltroutandKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,extending420feetfromthepilebeingdriven.BulltroutandKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonupto705feetawayfrompiledrivingactivitieswouldlikelybebehaviorallyaffected(moveawayfromthenoise)bynoisegeneratedbydrivingpiles(USFWS2013).
Althoughitispossiblethatbulltroutwouldbeintheprojectareaduringconstruction,theyareinlowabundance,andthehabitatareaavailableinthelowerKootenaiisquitelargecomparedtotheareathatwouldbetemporarilyaffectedbyelevatednoiselevelsduringconstruction.Additionally,theprojectareaiscurrentlycharacterizedasdegradedhabitat,whichmakesitunlikelythatbulltroutwouldbepresentatall.Inaddition,becausebulltrouttypicallymigrateatnight(HowellandBuchannan,1992),itisunlikelythattheywouldbepassingthroughtheprojectareaswhenpiledrivingisoccurring.Therefore,theeffectsonbulltroutfromnoisegeneratedbypiledrivingwouldbelow.
Sturgeonarenotexpectedtoremaininthevicinityofpiledrivingforanytimelongenoughtobemorethantemporarilyaffectedbypiledrivingnoise.Thehabitatispoortobeginwith,sofewareexpectedtobepresent,andthosemovingthroughwouldbeexpectedtoremainforonlybriefperiodsoftime‐notlongenoughfortheaccumulatedsoundexposurelevelstocauseharm.Therefore,theeffectsonKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonfromnoisegeneratedbypiledrivingwouldbelow.
Otherfishspecieswouldlikelybepresentintheprojectareaduringconstruction(Table9)andwouldalsobeaffectedbytheshort‐termandtemporaryconstructionactivities.Thelargesteffecttofishwouldbetheirshorttermdisplacementfromoccupiedhabitatsfromthenoisegeneratedbypiledriving.Thoughadjacenthabitatsareavailableforthemtodisplaceinto,thosehabitatsarelikelyalreadyoccupiedbyotherfish.Thissetsupacompetitivescenariothatputsindividual,likelysmallerorweaker,fishathigherriskfromincreasedexposuretopredationorsomeadverseenvironmentalfactorsuchastemperature,flow,preyscarcity,etc.fortheperiodoftimetheyaredisplacedandexposed.However,thenumbersoffishimpactedwouldlikelybelow,asfishhabitatinthisareaislimitedandofpoorqualityandfishpopulationsherearethusanticipatedtobelow.Therewouldthusbealowtomoderateshort‐termandtemporaryeffecttofishintheprojectarea.
Asaresultoftheproject,however,fishhabitatwouldbeimprovedandexpanded.TheProposedActionwouldcreatehabitatconditionsconsistentwithwhatonceexistednaturallyintheKootenaiRiversystembuthassincebeenlostduetohuman‐causedchangestothebasin.Theseimprovementswouldprovidehighercarryingcapacitythanbeforeformultiplespeciesandalllifestages,andthelong‐termoutcomeswouldbebeneficial.
3.4.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,therewouldbenodisturbancetofishduetoconstructionactivitiesandpoorhabitatconditionsforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon,burbot,bulltrout,andothernativefishspecieswouldremainandpossiblyworsen.
3.5 Recreation3.5.1 AffectedEnvironment
TheKootenaiRiverisawide,slow‐movingriverinthereachesaboveandbelowtheprojectareaandthusholdslittleattractionforkayakersandrafterswhopreferthefasterwaterfoundupstreamoftheprojectarea.Itsuseisprimarilybyrecreationalboatersandanglersastheriversupportscutthroat
LowerMeanderProject36 DraftEnvironmentalAssessment
andrainbowtroutaswellasmountainwhitefishandotherspecies.FishhabitatqualityhasbeenimprovingduetotheTribe’shabitatrestorationeffortsandsoitsattractionforfishandanglersisincreasing.In2009,theestimateoftroutpermilehadincreasedfrom50fishpermiletoalmost300fishpermile(RyanHardy,perscom,2016).
Theriverisrelativelyinaccessiblefromshoresincemostshorelineisinprivateownership.Thereissomeevidenceoflimitedprivateshorelineusebuttherearenopublicaccesssitestotheriverwithintheprojectarea.ThenearestboatrampsarelocatedfourmilesupstreamattheTwinRiversResortandtwomilesdownstreamattheSearchandRescueBoatRamp.BoatslaunchedatthislocationwouldtravelthroughtheprojectareaandtakeoutattheBoundarySearchandDiveRescueboatramplocatedonthesouthbankoftheKootenaiRiver,offRiversideDrivedownstreamofBonnersFerry.Approximately200boatslaunchfromTwinRiverseachyear(RexHoisington,personalcommunication,Dec2016).SomeoftheseboatsmotorupstreamintotheKootenaiRiverCanyon;theremainderfloatdownstreamtoBonnersFerry.
3.5.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
BecausetheKootenaiRiverisregularlyusedforrecreationalboating,theimplementationoftheproposedprojecthasthepotentialtoaffectrecreation,bothduringconstructionandfromthelong‐termpresenceoflargewoodstructuresonthebankorinthesidechannels.
Theinstallationoflargebankandinstreamwoodstructuresalongthebanksandwithinthechannelscouldposeadangertoboaters,kayakers,andtubers.Theselogstructureswouldextendintothecurrentoftheriverandcouldcreatethepotentialforsnaggingordamagingpassingboatsorthatpeoplefloatingoninnertubescouldbebeinginjuredorentrainedbytheswirlingcurrentscreatedbythestructures.
ConstructionoflargebankandlargewoodstructuresintheprojectareawouldoccurbetweenlateAugustandearlyNovemberin2017and2018.Duringconstruction,someequipmentwouldbeinorneartheriverthuscreatingthepotentialforaboatinghazard.Thispotentialislikelytobelowbecauseofthelongsightlinesthatwouldallowboaterstoseetheconstructionactivitiesbeforereachingthearea.AlsotheTribewouldpostsignsattheTwinRiversResortboatlaunchnotifyingboatersoftheconstructionactivityandtoremainaware.
Becauseofhighflowsandcoldwater,themajorityoftheboatingthroughtheprojectareaoccursbetweenJulyandSeptemberwhenflowsrangefrom20,000cfsinJulytolessthan10,000cfsinSeptember.Atthelowestflows,thelargebankstructureswouldextendapproximately200feetoutintothemainchanneloftheriver,leaving200‐300feetofchannelwidthforboaterstonavigate.Intheside‐channelsestablishedbetweenthenewlyconstructedislands,fifteenlargewoodstructureswouldbecomestationaryobjectsthatrecreationalboaterswouldneedtoavoid.Atlowflows,therewouldbeapproximately100feetofchanneltonavigatearoundthestructures,thoughthemajorityofboatersareexpectedtoremaininthemainchannelandnotenterthesidechannelsatall.Inaddition,thestructureswouldmimictheappearance,function,andeffectsonflowofsimilarnaturalfeaturesoccurringalongmajorwaterwaysliketheKootenaiRiver.Flowsareexpectedtobedeflectedawayfromthestructuresandtowardtheunobstructedareasoftheriver,andexperiencedriverfloatersroutinelyusesuchflowstoavoidriverobstacles.Oncecompleted,therecreationeffectswouldbelowbecausethestructureswouldbevisibletoboatersapproachingfromupstreamandtherewouldbeampletimeandspacewithwhichtonavigatethroughthearea.
Temporaryconstruction,transportation,andstagingactivitiesalongthebanksandislandsareexpectedtohavenoeffectonrecreationastheseareasarenotaccessibletothepublicandarenotusedrecreationally.
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Long‐termimprovementinfishingopportunitiesareanticipatedasfishpopulationsrespondtoimprovedhabitatconditions.AsrecentlyasSeptember2016,aSpokane,Washingtonnewspaper(Landers2016)citedtheseongoinghabitatimprovementsintheKootenaiRiverasboostingfishpopulationsandincreasingfishingopportunities.
3.5.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,norestorationactionswouldbeimplementedandtherewouldbenoeffect(positiveornegative)onrecreationactivitiesontheKootenaiRiver.
3.6 CulturalResourcesCulturalresourcesarethingsandplacesthatshowevidenceofhumanoccupationoractivityrelatedtohistory,architecture,archaeology,engineering,andculture.Historicproperties,asdefinedby36CFR800(theimplementingregulationsoftheNationalHistoricPreservationAct[NHPA],54USC306108)areasubsetofculturalresources.Thissubsetconsistsofanydistrict,site,building,structure,artifact,ruin,object,workofart,ornaturalfeatureimportantinhumanhistorythatmeetsdefinedeligibilitycriteriafortheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces(NRHP).
TheNHPArequiresthatfederalagenciesinventoryandevaluateculturalresourcesforeligibilityforlistingintheNRHP,andevaluateandconsidereffectsoftheiractionsontheseresources.FederalagenciesevaluateculturalresourcesforeligibilityintheNRHPusingspecificcriteria,includinganexaminationoftheculturalresource’sage,integrity(oflocation,design,setting,materials,workmanship,feelingandassociation),andsignificanceinAmericanculture,amongotherthings.AculturalresourcemustmeetatleastonecriteriontobeeligibleforlistingintheNRHP.HistoricpropertiesincludeprehistoricresourcesthatpredateEuropeancontactandsettlement.
3.6.1 AffectedEnvironment
EthnographicOverview
TheprojectareaiswithinthetraditionalterritoryoftheKtunaxa(Kootenai)Nation,andspecifically,theLowerKootenaipeople.TheKootenaiTribeofIdahoispartoftheKtunaxaNation.TheLowerKootenaipeopletraditionallyoccupiedtheKootenaiRivervalleys,andthesurroundingareas,fromwhatarenowLibbyandJennings,Montana,toKootenayLakeinBritishColumbia.
AfewLowerKootenaiwouldaccompanytheUpperKootenaionsnowshoes(beforetheyhadhorses),toareaseastoftheRockyMountainsontheiryearlybison‐huntingexpeditions(Brunton,1998).OneofthestopsalongtheKootenaiRiverwheregroupswouldfindresourceswasatthemouthoftheMoyieRiver,nowthesiteoftheKootenaiTribe’sTwinRiversCanyonResortandTwinRiversSturgeonandBurbotHatchery(onaportionoftheKootenaiTribe’sreservation).
SomeoftheKootenai,especiallytheLowerKootenai,wouldjoinlargetribalgatheringsatKettleFalls,fortheJulyandAugustrunsofChinook,coho,andsockeyesalmon(KennedyandBouchard,1998).BirdhuntingwasessentialtotheLowerKootenaiandsought‐afterspeciesincludedcranes,ducks,gulls,sprucegrouse(knownasfoolhens),andgeese.
TheKootenaiTribeofIdahoreliedheavilyonthelocalfisheryincludingsturgeon(whichtheircanoesweremodeledafter)andburbotaswellasothernativefish.Inthesummerandfall,theycollectedberries,fallroots,seeds,andvariousplants,andhuntedfordeer,elk,caribou,andmoose.Theyalsohuntedortrappedbeaver,muskrat,mountaingoats,bear,lynx,wolf,andotheranimalsfortheirhidesand,occasionally,forfood.
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HistoricalOverview
DavidThompson,aBritish‐Canadiansurveyorandfurtrader,wasthefirstnon‐Indiantoexplorethearea.In1807,ThompsontravelleduptheKootenaiRiverfromKootenayLakeinsoutheasternBritishColumbia.HestoredcanoesnearBonnersFerryandtraveledonhorsebackuptheMoyieRivervalley,totheareathatisnowCranbrookandFt.Steele,B.C.(TyrellJ.B.,1916).
Followingtheearlyexplorationoftheregionbyfurtraders,thediscoveryofgoldcausedthefirstsustainedrushofEuro‐AmericansettlerstonorthernIdaho.Thisinspiredtheconstructionofatransportationsystemsufficienttocarrypeopleandgoods.Aftertheinitialrushofprospectorsbroughtdevelopmentofmorestablecommunities,interestturnedtorockmines.This,inturn,requiredaregionaltransportationsystemtobringthemassiveequipmentthatthemillsandsmeltersrequired(Ostrogorskyetal,1991).
In1882,workerscompletedthetranscontinentalNorthernPacificRailroad.ItspannednorthernIdaho,northoftheClarkForkRiver,aroundthenorthsideofLakePendOreille,alongthenorthsideofthePendOreilleRiver.There,itcrossedjustaboveAlbeniFalls,andthenwentsouthwestfromNewporttoSpokane,Washington.
In1893,JamesJ.HillcompletedhisGreatNorthernRailroad,whichranfromDuluth,Minnesota,toSeattle,Washington,bywayoftheKootenaiRiverandBonnersFerry.TherailwayrouteinnorthIdahocrossedtheKootenaiRiveratBonnersFerry,ransouthtocrossLakePendOreilleatSandpoint,andcontinuedacrosstheRathdrumPrairietoSpokane.TheSpokaneInternationallinefollowedin1905,crossingtheKootenaiRiveratBonnersFerry,andconnectingSpokanewiththeCanadianPacificRailway(BonnerCountyHistoryBookCommittee,1991).
Railroadsopenedtheareatolarge‐scalelogging,mining,andagriculturaldevelopment.Thisgaverisetosmallcommunitiesandlumbermillsalongtheirroutes.SmalltownsincludingAddie,MeadowCreek,Snyder,andMoyieSpringsinIdaho,dependedontherailroadforsuppliesandcommunication.
3.6.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
BasedonthereviewofarchaeologicalsiterecordsandculturalresourcesurveyreportsonfileattheIdahoStateHistoricPreservationOfficeandnineteenth‐centurymapscreatedbytheGeneralLandOffice,twopreviouslyrecordedarchaeologicalsiteswithintheprojectareawereidentified.
ApedestrianandsubsurfacesurveywasconductedonNovember16,2016andfinishedNovember19,2016.RonAbraham,KootenaiTribeofIdahoTribalCouncilman,observedthefieldwork.Duringthepedestriansurvey,twonewarchaeologicalsiteswereidentified.OneofthesiteswaspreviouslydeterminedeligibleforlistingintheNRHP;however,thesiteremainsarelocatedoutsideoftheconstructionfootprintthusdirectimpactstoitwouldnotoccur.ThesecondsitewaspreviouslyidentifiedanddeterminednoteligibleforlistingintheNRHP(Dampf,Perrin,&Tarman,2014).Thus,thepotentialfortheproposedactiontoeffectculturalresourcesislow.
Thoughthepotentialforadditionalundiscoveredsitestobefoundduringconstructionislow,aprotocolformanaginganinadvertentdiscoverywouldbedevelopedandfollowedthatwouldpreventorlessenpotentialeffectstositesifdiscoveredduringconstructionactivities.
3.6.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,becausenorestorationactionswouldbeimplemented,therewouldbenopotentialforeffectsonculturalresources.
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3.7 VisualResources3.7.1 AffectedEnvironment
Thevisualcharacteroftheprojectareaisdominatedbythenaturalfeaturesoftheriverandthehuman‐alteredfeaturesofagriculturalareasandprivatehomesites.
Theriver’sfeaturesincludethebroad,nearlyquartermile‐wideKootenairiversurface,willow‐shruborwoodedriparianislandsandriverbanks,andexposedgravelandsandbars.Theagriculturalandhomesitefeaturesalongtheriverincludeplowedorcultivatedhayfields,farmhouses,outbuildings,barns,andfarmroadsandequipment.
TheprojectareaisvisibletoonlyasmallsectionoftheelevatedresidentialnortheasternsectionofBonnersFerryeastofUSHighway95/2andsouthofCowCreekRoad;andtotheriver‐levelresidencesimmediatelyeastoftheKootenaiRiverInn.TheprojectareaisnotvisiblefromtheKootenaiRiverInn.
TheprojectareawouldbeclearlyvisiblefromtheCowCreekRoadinplacesasitiselevated30to50feetabovetheriver.Thisroadfollowstheriverupstreamandisbetween0.35and0.65milesfromtheprojectareaatvariousspots,thustheprojectareawouldbemiddlegroundtobackgroundviewing.Noneoftheprojectareaisinforegroundornearmiddle‐groundviewingdistance.
3.7.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
BuildingtheProposedActionwouldcauseseveralchangestothevisuallandscape.Thenewandenhancedislands(anearlythree‐foldincreaseinsize),bankgradingandstabilization,andlargewoodstructureswouldbevisiblefromCowCreekRoadandthebluffsouthofthemaindowntownarea,andbyrecreationalboaters.Whilevisible,theywouldlikelynotbethatnoticeabletomostviewersduetotheirdistanceaway(generallyoverone‐halfmile).Noneofthelargebankstructureswouldbeclearlydiscernabletoanyoneotherthanboatersontheriverorthetwoprivateresidencesnearthesouthbankoftheriver.
ConstructionactivitiesfromAugusttoNovemberin2017and2018mightbevisible,butnotclearlydiscernablebecauseofdistance.Constructioneffectsonvisualresourcesfromlocationsthepublicmightbepresentwouldbetemporaryandlow.
Duringandafterconstructioniscompleted,thehabitatstructuresandenhanced/newislandswouldbevisibletoboatersandthefewresidentsadjacenttotheprojectsite.Overtime,asnewvegetationestablishesandmatures,thesitewouldresemblenaturalfeaturesthatoccuralonglargerivers,andwouldbeconsistentwiththeexistinglandscape.Consequently,thelong‐termeffectsonthevisualresourceswouldbelow.
3.7.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,norestorationactionswouldoccurintheKootenaiLowerMeanderprojectarea.TheviewsoftheKootenaiRiverbothfromlandandwaterwouldstillchangeovertimeastheshorelineandexistingislandserode,cutbanksshift,andastheriverredepositsmaterials.
3.8 Noise3.8.1 AffectedEnvironment
Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,noiseisanysoundthatisloud,disruptive,unexpected,orotherwiseundesirable.EnvironmentalnoiseiscommonlyquantifiedintermsofA‐weighteddecibels(dBA);anoverallfrequency‐weightedsoundlevelthatapproximatesthefrequencyresponseofthehumanear.Table9containsexamplesofcommonactivitiesandtheirassociatednoiselevelsindBA.
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Table9.Commonactivitiesandassociatednoiselevels
Source/Location SoundLevelThresholdofHearing 0dBALibrary 35dBAChicagoSuburbs–nighttime minimum40dBASmallTown/QuietSuburb 47‐53dBAPrivateBusinessOffice 50dBALightTrafficat100ftAway 50dBAAverageResidence 50dBALargeRetailStore 60dBAAccountingOffice 60dBABoston‐InsideHouseonMajorAvenue 68dBAAverageTrafficonStreetCorner 75dBAInsideSportsCar(50mph) 80dBALosAngeles‐¾milefromJetLanding 86dBAInsideNewYorkSubwayTrain 95dBALoudAutomobileHorn(at1m) 115dBA
Source:EPA1974
Theabilitytoperceiveanewnoisesourceintrudingintobackgroundconditionsdependsonthenatureoftheintrudingsound,andthebackgroundsound.Forsituationswherethenatureofthenewsoundissimilartothebackgroundsound(e.g.,newtrafficnoiseaddedtobackgroundtrafficnoise),anoiseof3dBAisjustnoticeable,achangeof5dBAisclearlynoticeable,andachangeof10dBAisperceivedasdoublingthesoundlevel(orhalving,ifthesoundisreduced).Forsituationswherethenatureofthenewintrudingsoundisdifferentfrombackgroundsound(e.g.,constructionnoiseinanotherwisequietsetting),thenewsound(includingsporadic“clanks”fromconstructionequipment)canbeeasilyperceived,evenifitonlyraisestheoverallnoiselevelbylessthan1dBA.
Therearenearbyresidentsandthoserecreatinginorneartheprojectareathatwouldbesusceptibletonoiseeffects.ExistingnoisesourcesincludetrafficalongUSHighway95/2andCowCreekRoad,traintrafficontheBurlingtonNorthernSantaFerailwaylineimmediatelysouthoftheprojectarea,theUnionPacificrailwaywestoftheprojectarea,andsawmilloperationssouthoftheprojectarea.
BackgroundnoiselevelsinsmalltownssuchasBonnersFerryaretypicallyaround45dBAduringthedayand35dBAatnight(EPA,1974).Thetraingeneratesintermittent,loudsoundsasitpasses.Noisegeneratedbyanindividualtraindependsonthetraintype,length,speed,andwhetherthetrainusesitswarningwhistle.Trainssoundtheirwarningwhistleatthe“at‐grade”vehiclecrossings,liketheoneonOakStreetinBonnersFerry,towarnmotoristsoftheon‐comingtrain.Atadistanceof100feet,atrain‐warningwhistlecangeneratemaximumnoiselevelsofabout100to105dBA.Trainenginestypicallygeneratemaximumnoiselevelsofapproximately80to85dBA,whiletraincarsgeneratenoiselevelsofabout70to75dBA.
3.8.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
Theprimaryeffectfromconstructionactivitiesforthisprojectwouldcomefromthenoiseofpiledriving.Animpactpile‐drivinghammerisalargepiston‐likedevicethatisusuallyattachedtoacrane.Mostimpactpiledriverhammershaveaverticalsupportthatholdsthepileinplace,andaheavyweight,orram,movesupanddown,strikingananvilthattransmitstheblowoftheramtothepile.Thenoisefromanimpactpile‐drivinghammercomesfromtheimpactofthetoolagainstmaterial.Theselevelscanvarydependingonthetypeandconditionofthematerial.Noiselevelsat50feetfromimpact
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pile‐drivinghammercanrangefrom80to110dBA.ThenearestresidencetotheprojectareaisonthesouthbankoftheKootenaiRiverandmorethan1,000feetawayfromwherepiledrivingwouldoccur.
Thetwoupstreamlargebankstructureswouldrequireapproximately186piles,30to50feetlong,and12to18inchesindiameter.Thefifteenside‐channelstructureswouldrequire150piles(10pileseach).Drivingeachpileintotheriverbedwouldrequireabout380impacthammerstrikes.Workerswouldlikelyinstalleightto10pilesperday,andwouldthusbedrivingpilesintotheriverbedforapproximately34to42daysMondaythroughSaturday,7:30AMto6PM.
Assumingmaximumconstruction‐generatednoiselevelof110dBAat50feetandanaverageexteriororinteriorstructuralattenuationof15dBA,inhabitantsofresidenceswithinapproximately2,000feetoftheconstructionareasandmaterialyardscouldexperienceincreasesinambientnoiselevelsofgreaterthan10dBA.Ifconstructionactivitiesweretooccurduringthemorenoise‐sensitiveperiodsoftheday(i.e.,eveningandnighttimehours),resultantincreasesinambientnoiselevelscouldresultinsleepdisruptiontooccupantsoftheseresidentialdwellings.Becausetheprojectwouldrestrictconstructiontodaytimehours,effectsfromconstruction‐generatednoisewouldbemoderatebutshorttermfornearbyresidences.
ForallothergeneralconstructionactivitiesintheLowerMeanderProjectareas,noisegeneratedduringconstructionwouldlikelybeonlyslightlyhigherthanexistingbackgroundlevels.Becauseofthelownoiselevelsandtheshortdurationoftheconstructionperiod,noiseeffectsduringconstructionwouldbelow.
3.8.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,norestorationactionswouldbeimplementedintheKootenaiRiverLowerMeanderProjectareaandtherewouldbenoeffectsfromconstruction‐relatednoise.
3.9 AirQualityandGreenhouseGasses3.9.1 AffectedEnvironment
Existing,localizedsourcesofairpollutantsinthestudyareaincludevehiclesonstateandlocalhighways,dieseltrainlocomotives,agriculturalactivities,andindustriallanduses,suchastimbermills.BoundaryCountyis“inattainment”withtheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsundertheCleanAirAct.Being“inattainment”meansthattheconcentrationsofairpollutantsintheareaarehistoricallybelowthelimitsdescribedintheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardswhichcontaincriteriathattheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)usestodetermineairqualitybasedonwhatkindofcontaminants,andhowmuchofthem,areinanairsampleforagiventimeperiod(IDEQ,2016).
3.9.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
AirpollutantemissionswouldbegeneratedduringtheconstructionoftheProposedAction.Ifthepollutantsoccurinsignificantamounts,theycouldposeapublichealthhazard,especiallyforpeoplewithrespiratoryailments.Theemissionscouldreducevisibilityonroads,highways,andinscenicareastothedetrimentofpublicsafetyorenjoyment.Inaddition,vehicleemissionsandcombustionoffossilfuelsduringprojectoperations,aswellasduringconstruction,couldemitgreenhousegases.
Thepollutantsthatcouldincreasebecauseofprojectconstructionarecarbonmonoxide,ozone,andparticulatematter(dust).Dustcouldbecreatedduringconstructionbyvehiclestravellingonunpavedsurfacesandfromground‐disturbingactivities.Thereisnoresidentialareacloseenoughtotheconstructionsitestobeaffectedbyconstructionactivitydust–thenearestisoveramileaway.However,dusteffectswouldbelowbecausetheywouldonlyoccurduringconstruction(AugustthroughNovemberof2017and/or2018),wouldbetemporary,andwouldoccurinlocalizedareas.Consequently,airqualityeffectsduringconstructionwouldbelow.
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Emissionsfromconstructionvehicleswouldcontributegreenhousegasestotheatmospherethroughgasolineanddieselcombustionmotors.
Greenhousegas(GHG)emissionswereestimatedbasedontheapproximatenumberofvehiclestobeusedduringprojectconstruction,andtheapproximatedistancethosevehicleswouldtravelduringtheconstructionperiod.FortheProposedAction,workerswouldhaveanestimated30vehicleroundtripsperdayatthesiteduringtwo,threemonthconstructionperiods(2017and2018).Theestimatedgreenhousegasemissionsforthesetwoconstructionperiodswouldbe383metrictonsofcarbondioxide(CO2).Whileallemissionsofgreenhousegasescontributetoglobalgreenhousegasconcentrationsandclimatechange,thetotalCO2emissionsfromtheproposedprojectwouldbelowcomparedtoemissionsfromothercontributors.
3.9.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,norestorationactionswouldbeimplementedintheKootenaiLowerMeanderprojectareaandtherewouldbenoeffectonairqualityandnoemissionsofGHGs.
3.10 PublicHealthandSafety3.10.1 AffectedEnvironment
TheProposedActionislocatedinaruralsettingonprivatepropertiesonwhichtheownersconductresidential,ranchingandotheractivitiesthatarenottypicallyregardedaslikelysourcesoftoxicorhazardoussubstances.Publichealthandsafetyriskspresentatandnearthesitesaretypicalofthoseforruralareaswithlimiteddevelopment,includingeventssuchastrafficaccidents,weather‐relatedtravelhazards,wildfires,floodsandmedicalemergencies.Numerousfederal,stateandlocalgovernmentjurisdictionsprovidelawenforcement,fireprotection,emergencymedicalandrelatedpublichealthandsafetyservicesintheBonnersFerryarea.
3.10.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
Workaroundwaterisinherentlydangerous,andriskofdrowningwouldincreasebecauseworkermobilitywouldberestrictedwhileequipmentisoperating.Riskofinjurytoworkerscomesfromtheuseofheavyequipment,workingnearhigh‐voltagelines,workinginwater,andbeingexposedtohazardousmaterialssuchasfuelsduringtemporaryroadconstructionandearthwork,andplacementofstructures.Constructionactivity,however,wouldbeconductedsubjecttostandardBPAcontractrequirementsforworkersafety;accesstotheconstructionsitesandtravelonlocalroadswouldbemanagedtominimizesafetyrisksfornon‐projecthumanactivityintheprojectarea,andconstructionactivitieswouldmeettheguidelinesforuse,handling,storage,anddisposalofhazardoussubstances.
Futureneedsforlawenforcement,fireprotection,emergencymedical,andrelatedpublichealthandsafetyserviceswouldremainwithinthecapacityoftheexistingserviceproviders.Therewouldbenoimpactfromtheseactivitiesonthecontinueddeliveryofthoseservices.
Largewoodstructuresintroducealong‐termpotentialboatinghazardatmultiplelocationswithintheriverintheprojectarea.Projectdesignsforthesefeatureswouldprovideadequatetimeandspaceforboaterstoavoidthestructures.Also,theTribehasinstalledsignageattheTribally‐ownedTwinRiversCanyonResortboatlaunchtoinformboatersoftherestorationactivitiesalongtheriverandindicatingtheirlocation.
Becauseprojectactivitieswouldbeconductedincompliancewithapplicablelaws,regulations,andguidelines;andtherewouldbenoeffectsonpublichealthandsafetyservices,theeffectoftheProposedActiononpublichealthandsafetywouldbelow.
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3.10.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,norestorationactionswouldbeimplementedintheKootenaiLowerMeanderprojectarea,andtherewouldbenoeffectonpublichealthandsafety.
3.11 TransportationandUtilities3.11.1 AffectedEnvironment
PublicandPrivateRoadsaffected
Theprojectareaisaccessibleonlybyprivatefarmroads.ThenearestpublicroadsaretheCowCreekRoadandWaterfrontLanetothesouthandtheDistrict2Road(CountyRoad60)andBallParkRoadtothenorthandwest.PrivatefarmroadsthatconnecttothesepublicroadswouldbeimprovedandusedforconstructionaccessasdiscussedinSections2.1.5and2.1.6.Figure8displaystheexistingandproposedtemporaryaccessroads.Figure13displaysthetransportationinfrastructureinandneartheprojectarea.
Figure13Mainpublicaccessroadsintotheprojectarea
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RailroadsandPublicUtilities
TheBurlingtonNorthernSantaFeraillineparallelstheKootenaiRiveralongitsouthernbank,andapproximately42trainsusethisraillineperday.TheUnionPacificraillinecrossesDistrict2Roadonthenorthsideoftheriverandisusedbyapproximatelyeighttrainsperday.
Therearenomajorutilitycorridorswithinoradjacenttotheprojectarea,thoughthereisalocaldistributionpowerlinethatcrossestheriverimmediatelydownstreamoftheprojectarea,andburiedlocalpowerlinesupslopeof,butnotwithin,thebankstabilizationsworkareasinphase2(seeFigure4).
3.11.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
TheProposedActionwouldtemporarilyincreasetrafficfromvehiclescarryingconstructionmaterialstoandfromtheprojectareasites.Largeconstructionequipmenttravelingtotheprojectareasmayalsoperiodicallyblocktraffic,causingshort‐termdelaysforothervehicles.
ConstructionvehicleswouldberequiredtocrosstheunmarkedlevelcrossingoftheBurlingtonNorthernSantaFeraillineonWaterfrontLane.Becausethiscrossingisunmarked,aBurlingtonNorthernSantaFeflaggermayneedtobepresentduringallconstructiontimestoavoidtrainconflictsordelays.TrafficwillalsocrosstheUnionPacificrailwayonthenorthsideoftheriveratDistrict2Road.Thisisapublicmarkedcrossingsowouldnotrequireaflagger.
BoththeDistrict2RoadandtheCowCreekRoadarereadilyaccessiblefromHwy2.ConstructiontraffictravelingalongthesouthbankoftheKootenaiRiveronCowCreekRoadwouldpassthroughseveralsmallresidentialareas.Whileconstructionwouldtemporarilyincreasetraffic,theeffectwouldbeminorcomparedwithexistingroadwayuse,andisnotexpectedtosubstantiallyaltertrafficoperationsonthelocalroads.Althoughlargeconstructionvehiclesandtruckscontainingmaterialscouldcausetrafficdelays,thosedelayswouldbebriefandinfrequent.Therefore,transportationeffectsduringconstructionatbothlocationswouldbelowtomoderate.
3.11.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,restorationactivitiesintheKootenaiLowerMeanderProjectareawouldnotoccur;therefore,therewouldbenoeffectontransportation.
3.12 Socioeconomics3.12.1 AffectedEnvironment
BoundaryCounty,Idaho,isthestudyareaforsocioeconomics.
PopulationandHousing
BoundaryCounty'sscenery,recreationalopportunities,qualityoflifeandexpandingjobmarketdrewmanynewresidentsinthe1980sand1990s.Theeconomicdownturnin2001slowedeconomicandpopulationgrowthofthecountywithgrowthresumingin2005aspopulationandemploymentexpandedacrossthestate.Thecounty’slowerhousingcostsandrurallifestyledrewsomepeoplefromneighboringBonnerCounty.From2005to2015,thecounty’spopulationgrew10percentfrom10,303to11,318whileIdaho'spopulationgrew16percentandtheU.S.populationgrew9percent.(IdahoDept.ofLabor2016)
About90percentofthecountyisforestedsomostofthepeopleliveintheKootenaiRiverValley.BonnersFerryhadapopulationof2,549andMoyieSpringshadapopulationof717in2015.(IdahoDept.ofLabor2016)
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Table10DemographicCharacteristics,2012
BonnersFerry BoundaryCounty StateofIdaho
TotalPopulation 2,543 10,972 1,567,582
MinorityPopulation 146(5.7%) 574(5.2%) 171,095(10.9%)
Low‐IncomePopulation 23.9(+/‐7.9) 16.1(+/‐3.8) 15.0%(+/‐0.3)
EmploymentandIncome
Agriculture,forestryandrelatedenterpriseshavehistoricallybeentheeconomicmainstaysinBoundaryCountybutotherindustriessuchastransportation,wholesaling,retailing,servicebusinesses,andgovernmentalserviceareincreasingintheircontributiontothecounty’seconomy.Healthcare,manufacturingandretailplayanincreasinglyimportantrole(IdahoDept.ofLabor2016).
Agriculture'simportanceincreasedinthe1980swhenAnheuser‐BuschbegangrowinghopsatElkMountainFarms,andseveralornamentaltreenurseriesandChristmastreefarmsopened.WiththechangeinownershipfromAnheuser‐BuschtotheBelgium‐basedIn‐Bevcompany—formingAnheuser‐BuschInBev,ElkMountainFarmscutbackproductionandremainsinflux.(IdahoDept.ofLabor2016)
In1986,theKootenaiTribeopenedtheKootenaiRiverInn,contributingtothecounty'stourismsectorpotential.Inthe1990s,theTribeaddedacasinoandmostrecentlyexpandedthehotel.ThecountyalsobenefitsfromeconomicactivityatitstwoportsofentryontheCanadianborder—PorthillandEastport.Importsincreased24percentatthetwoportsthroughthedepthsoftherecessionandexportsincreased37percentfrom2009to2011.BonnersFerry,namedbytouristsasIdaho’s“friendliestcity,”hasmademajorimprovementstoitsdowntowntoattractmorevisitors(IdahoDept.ofLabor2016).
BoundaryCountyhasbeensuccessfulindiversifyingandexpandingitseconomywiththenumberofprivate‐sectoremployersinBoundaryCountyincreasingby13.4percent(374to424)sincetheyear2000.Theindustriescreatingthemostnewbusinesseswerehealthcare,professional,andbusinessservices(IdahoDept.ofLabor2016).
About4,288peopleage16andoverhadjobsinsomecapacityinBoundaryCountyin2012(USCensus,2012).Theunemploymentrateinthestudyareain2012was5.6percent.In2012,per‐capitapersonalincomeinthestudyareawas$18,298(USCensus,2012).BoundaryCountygovernmentandBoundaryCommunityHospitalarethelargestemployers;andIdahoForestGroupandWelcoarethelargestprivateemployers(IdahoDepartmentofLabor,2017).
EnvironmentalJustice
ExecutiveOrder12898directsfederalagenciestoidentifyandaddress“disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsofitsprograms,policies,andactivitiesonminoritypopulationsandlow‐incomepopulations”(collectively,environmentaljusticepopulations)(59FederalRegister7629[February11,1994]).ThisexecutiveorderdirectsagenciestoanalyzetheeffectsofpotentialactionsonminorityandlowincomecommunitiesthroughtheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActreviewprocess(CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality,1997).
Todeterminepotentialeffects,federalagenciesidentifygeographicareaswhereethnicandracialminoritiesexceed50percentofthepopulation,inadditiontogeographicareaswherethepercentageoftheethnicandracialminoritypopulationis“meaningfullygreater”thanthepercentageinthesurroundingarea.Low‐incomepopulationsarepopulationsthatareatorbelowthepovertyline,asestablishedbytheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.
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InBonnersFerry,4.7percentofthepopulationisconsideredaminority.InBoundaryCounty,3.6percentofthepopulationisconsideredaminoritypopulation.InthestateofIdaho,5.4percentofthepopulationisconsideredaminoritypopulation(USCensus,2012).
TheU.S.CensusBureauusesasetofdollarvaluethresholdsthatvarybyfamilysizeandcompositiontodeterminethepovertylevel.Between2008and2012inBonnersFerry,23.9percentofpeoplehadincomesbelowthepovertylevelBoundaryCountyascomparedto16.1percentofthepopulationofBoundaryCountyand13.6percentofthestatewidepopulation(USCensus,2014).
3.12.2 EnvironmentalConsequences–ProposedAction
PopulationandHousing
BecausestagingandconstructionfortheproposedactionwouldoccurbetweenJulyandNovemberin2017and2018,thedurationofworkwouldlikelynotbelongenoughtoinduceanypermanentchangestopopulationinthestudyarea.Constructionwouldrequireapproximately20workers,withtheworkforcecomingfrombothinsideandoutsideBoundaryCounty.WorkersfromoutsideBoundaryCountywouldlikelyresidetemporarilywithintheprojectvicinityandhaveanindiscernibleeffectontheoverallpopulationofthestudyarea.Theworkersfromoutoftheareawouldrequiretemporarylodginginthelocalarea.Constructionworkerswouldlikelyoccupyrecreationalvehicleparksandhotelsormotels.Thereisexpectedtobesufficienttemporarylodgingtoaccommodatethissmallincreaseindemandovertheconstructionperiod.Therefore,thepotentialforeffectsonpopulationandhousingfromconstructionwouldbelow.
EmploymentandIncome
Asdiscussedabove,thetemporaryincreaseinjobsduringconstructionwouldrepresentaverysmallproportionofthecurrentworkforceinthestudyarea.Therefore,thetemporaryeffectonthelabormarketinthestudyareawouldbelow.Forthosepeoplewhogetconstructionjobs,especiallyiftheyarecurrentlyunemployed,theindividualeffectwouldbepositive.ConstructionoftheProposedActionisexpectedtocostapproximately$7million.Thiscostwouldincludeexpendituresonmaterialsandequipment,andlabor–someofwhichwouldbespentlocallyinthestudyarea.Theselocalexpenditureswouldhavemultipliereffectswithintheeconomy,asworkersandbusinessesreceivingincomewouldre‐spendsomeofthemoneylocally,theworkersandbusinessesthatreceivethatmoneywouldre‐spendsomelocally,andsoon.Thesedirectandindirectexpenditureswouldrepresentasmallproportionofthetotalannualincomeinthestudyarea,sotheeffectwouldbetemporaryandlow.
EnvironmentalJustice
Noresidentialorconcentratedhumanuseareasneartheprojectsitewouldbeaffectedbyconstructionnoise,dust,orairqualityreductions.Humanhealthandthelivingconditionsofanycommunitywouldbeunaffected,includingthosewhereenvironmentaljusticemightbeofconcern.
Asdescribedabove,constructionoftheProposedActionwouldhavealowbutpositivetemporaryimpactontheeconomyintheaffectedarea,withmultipliereffectslikelybenefittingmanytoasmalldegreeandadverselyaffectingnone.Thus,constructionoftheProposedActionwouldlikelyhavenoadverseordisproportionateeffectsonminorityorlowincomepopulations.
3.12.3 EnvironmentalConsequences–NoAction
UndertheNoActionalternative,restorationactionsintheKootenaiLowerMeanderProjectareawouldnotoccur;therefore,theeffectsrelatedtoconstructionwouldnothappen.Short‐termcontributionstothelocaleconomywouldnotoccur.Noothereffectsonsocioeconomicsorenvironmentaljusticehavebeenidentified.
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3.13 OtherEnvironmentalResources
3.13.1 Wildlife
Effectsonwildlifewouldbelow.VegetationremovalalongthenorthbanksoftheKootenaiRiveratSites1and2wouldmodifysomehabitat,butallofthiswouldbereplacedwithnative‐speciesplantings.Thisisexpectedtoincreasethevalueofthehabitatforthespeciescurrentlyusingtheseareas.Theindividuals,however,wouldlikelybetemporarilydisplacedduringconstructionactivities,,inthatprocess,butmayreturnorbereplacedbyotherindividualsofthesametypesofspeciesastheplantingsmatureovertime,andareabletosupportgreaternumbersofanimals.
Theproposedrestorationofin‐riverandriparianhabitatsalongtheKootenaiRiverwouldlikelybenefitnativewildlifespeciessuchasbeaver,muskrat,otter,mink,andvariousspeciesofbirds.TheprojectwouldhavenoeffectonESA‐listedwildlifespeciesbecausetheprojectareaisoutsidemanagementareasordesignatedcriticalhabitatforthreeESA‐listedwildlifespeciesknowntooccurinBoundaryCounty:grizzlybear,woodlandcaribou,andCanadalynx.StagingandconstructionwouldoccurbetweenJulyandNovember,whichisoutsideofthenestingperiodformigratorybirds.
3.13.2 Vegetation
Effectsonuplandvegetationwouldbelow.Scatteredlimitednumbersoftreesandshrubswithinstreambankgradingareaswouldberemovedduringconstruction;however,existingnativevegetationwillbepreservedtothegreatestextentpossible.Whereconstructionrequiresremovalofnativevegetation,effortswillbemadesalvageandtransplantappropriatespecieswherefeasible.Plantingnativevegetationonover21acresofimprovedislandsandapproximately8acresofstreambankswouldfullymitigatetheremovalofthisminoramountofexistingvegetation.
3.13.3 LandUse
Effectsonlandusewouldbelow.TheconstructionwouldoccurinthemainchanneloftheKootenaiRiverandcausenochangestolanduse.Somelandcurrentlyusedforagricultureandpasturewouldbeusedfortemporaryaccessandstagingareasbutthoselanduseswouldcontinueduringconstruction,andnopermanentchangeintheiruseisproposed.
3.14 CumulativeEffectsAnalysisCumulativeeffectsarethosethatcouldoccurwhenconsideredinadditiontootherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactionsregardlessofwhatagency(federalornon‐federal)orpersonundertakessuchotheractions.Currentactionsarethoseprojects,developments,andotheractionsthatareunderwaybecausetheyareeitherunderconstructionoroccurringonanongoingbasis.Reasonablyforeseeablefutureactionsgenerallyincludethoseactionsformallyproposedorintheplanningstages.Cumulativeeffectscanresultfromindividuallyminorbutcollectivelysignificantactionstakingplaceoveraperiodoftime.
PastactionsthathaveaffectednaturalandhumanresourcesalongtheKootenaiRiverinIdahoincludetheconstructionofLibbyDam,timberharvest,diking,agriculture,roaddevelopment,commercialandresidentialdevelopment,andmining.Since2011,theTribehasimplementedaquaticandriparianhabitatrestorationprojectsalongtheKootenaiRiverintendedtobenefitnativefishandwildlifespecies,focusinginparticularontherecoveryofKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonandburbot.TheTribehasalsoimplementeduplandrestorationactionsalongtheKootenaiRiver’shistoricalfloodplainandtributaries.
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Indeterminingthepresentandreasonablyforeseeableactionswiththepotentialtocontributetocumulativeeffects,whencombinedwiththeeffectsofthealternatives,BPAconsideredotherplanningefforts,large‐scaleprojects,orrestorationactionsalongtheKootenaiRiverbelowLibbyDamthatwouldbelikelytoresultineffectsthatcouldinteractcumulativelywiththosefromtheproposedproject.
TimberharvestingactivitiescontributesedimenttotheriversandstreamsthatflowintotheKootenaiRiver.TheKootenaiRiverbelowLibbyDamflowsthroughtheThreeRiversRangerDistrictoftheKootenaiNationalForestinMontanaandtheBonnersFerryRangerDistrictoftheIdahoPanhandleNationalForestinIdaho.TherearenotimbersalesbeingconsideredineitheroftheserangerdistrictsthatwouldresultineffectstotheKootenaiRiver(USFS,2014a,2014b).Privatetimbersalescouldoccurthatcouldresultineffectstowetlands,vegetation,andwaterquality.
TheU.S.ForestService’sCollaborativeForestLandscapeRestorationProgram(CFLRP)providesfundingforcollaborative,science‐basedecosystemrestorationofpriorityforestlandscapes.Pastpracticeshavedegradedforesthealthandincreasedfirerisk.TheKootenaiValleyRestorationInitiativehasreceivedCFLRPfundingtoimplementrestorationactionsonU.S.ForestServicelandsthatfocuson:
Reforestation Pre‐commercialThinning PrescribedBurning InvasivePlantManagement CulvertUpgrades FishPassageCulvertReplacements RoadDecommissioning RoadMaintenance
3.14.1 SoilsandGeology
Thepast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactionsthatcouldcumulativelyaffectsoilsandgeologyarehabitatrestorationactionsandcontinuedhydroelectricdamoperationsaswellasland‐disturbingoperationssuchasroadconstruction,agriculture,commercialandresidentialdevelopment,andmining.
TheProposedActionmaycumulativelyaffecterosion‐preventingvegetationandwetlandsduringconstructionbecausetherewouldbeotheractionsimpactingvegetationandwetlandsduringthesamegeneraltimeframeasthisproject.TheProposedAction,whenconsideredwithpast,present,andfuturehabitatrestorationprojectsintheKootenaiBasinbelowLibbyDamwouldcontributetopreventingsoillossovertimebyreestablishinghealthynativevegetationalongtheriverandintheadjacentuplands.Environmentaldesignfeatures/mitigationmeasuresdescribedinSection2.4wouldensurethatnegativecumulativeeffectsfromtheprojectonsoilsandgeologywouldbelow.
3.14.2 Wetlands
BecausetheProposedActionwouldresultinanoverallincreaseinwetlandareaandimprovedwetlandfunctionsforthelongterm,theProposedActionwouldnotcontributetothecumulativeeffectsofthelossofwetlandsalongtheKootenaiRiverthathaveoccurredovertime.ImplementationofthemitigationmeasuresdescribedinSection2.4wouldensurethenegativeshort‐termcumulativeeffectsonwetlandswouldbelow.
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3.14.3 WaterResources
Thepast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactionsthatcouldcumulativelyaffectwaterresourcesarehabitatrestorationactionsandcontinuedhydroelectricdamoperationsaswellasland‐disturbingoperationssuchasroadconstruction,agriculture,commercialandresidentialdevelopment,andmining.
AsdiscussedinSection3.3.2,waterqualityeffectsfromtheProposedActionwouldbelowandofshortdurationduringconstruction,andwouldlikelyimprovewaterqualityfromthebankstabilization,riparianplantings,anderosioncontrolelementsoftheproject.Thus,whenaddedtopast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactions,thecumulativeeffectsoftheProposedActiononwaterresourceswouldbelow.
3.14.4 FishandFishHabitat
Thepast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactionsthathaveaffected,andarecontinuingtocumulativelyadverselyaffectfishandfishhabitatincludecontinuedhydroelectricdamoperationsaswellasland‐disturbingoperationssuchasroadconstruction,agriculture,commercialandresidentialdevelopment,andmining.Thesecumulativeactionshavedegradedhabitatforsturgeon,burbot,bulltrout,andotherspeciesandaretheprimarydriversforthiscurrentaction.ThecumulativeeffectofKootenaiRiverfishhabitatrestorationactionsintherecentpasthavebenefittedfishtosomedegree,butthecumulativeeffectsoftheadverseactionslistedabovecontinuetodepressfishpopulations.
TheProposedActionwouldhaveshort‐termadverseeffectsonfishandfishhabitat(asdiscussedinSection3.4)yetprovidelong‐termbenefitsfromtheincreasedhabitatquantity,diversity,andcomplexity.Thisactionwouldcontinuethetrendoftherecentpasttowardimprovedfishhabitatandincreasedfishpopulations,andthoughnotexpectedtoreversethecumulativeimpactofthehistoricaladverseactionsdiscussedabove,thecumulativeeffectonfishandfishhabitatwouldbelow.
3.14.5 Recreation
Pastandpresentactionssuchas,hydroelectricdamoperations,roadconstruction,agriculture,mining,andcommercialandresidentialdevelopment,havenothadasignificantcumulativeimpactonrecreationaluseofthisriverbeyondthelossoffishingopportunitiesresultingfromreducedfishhabitatandfishpopulations.
TheProposedActioncontributestothereversaloflostfishingopportunitiesbyimprovingfishhabitatandinthelongterm,increasingfishpopulations.Thoughtheprojectwouldcreatelong‐termobstacles(largewoodstructures)thatrecreationalriverusersmustnavigate,projectdesignsforthesefeatureswouldprovideadequateavoidancetimeandspaceforboaters.Thisprojectwouldcontributepositivelytothisriver’srecreationattractionthroughthepotentialfutureimprovementinfishingopportunities.Therefore,theProposedAction’soverallcumulativeeffecttorecreationwouldbelow.
3.14.6 CulturalResources
Culturalresourcesintheprojectareahavelikelybeencumulativelyaffectedbypast,present,andcurrentdevelopmentactivities.Mosteffectshavelikelyoccurredasaresultofinadvertentdisturbanceordestructionfromland‐disturbingoperationssuchasroadconstruction,agriculture,mining,andcommercialandresidentialdevelopment.
ImplementationofthemitigationmeasuresdescribedinSection2.4wouldreducethepotentialforconstructionactivitiestocontributeincrementallytothecumulativeeffectsonunknownculturalresources.Intheeventthatpreviouslyundiscoveredculturalresourcesareencountered,potentialeffectswoulddependonthelevelandamountofdisturbance,andtheeligibilityoftheresourceforlistingintheNRHP.
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3.14.7 VisualResources
Thecurrentvisualcharacteroftheprojectareaisthecumulativeresultofpastandpresentlandusesandhuman‐causedchangesintheKootenaiRiver.WhilethisprojectisintendedtochangetheKootenaiRivertoimprovefishhabitat,theelementsandscaleofthatchangearestillconsistentwiththeexistingcharacterofthislargemeanderingriver.Therefore,thecumulativeeffectonthevisualcharacterofthisareawouldbelow.
3.14.8 Noise
WhiletheProposedActionwouldcauseatemporaryincreaseinnoiselevels,therewouldbenolongtermorpermanentsourceofnewsoundintroducedintothisareabythisproject.Thesoundscapethatexistsnowwouldnotbechangedinthelongterm.Thisprojectwouldmakenocumulativepermanentcontributiontonoiselevelsinorneartheprojectarea.
3.14.9 AirQuality
Ongoingvehicularuse,agriculturalactivities,andcommercialandresidentialfacilitiesintheanalysisareaallcontributetoambientairpollutantemissions.Theseexistingsourcesofpollutantswouldcontinuetooccur.WhiletheProposedActionwouldcontributeasmallamounttopollutantlevelsduringconstruction,whencombinedwithpast,presentandreasonablyforeseeablefutureactionsintheaffectedarea,theseactionsarenotexpectedtoviolateNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsand,therefore,cumulativeeffectsonairqualitywouldbelow.Therewouldbenolongterm,orpermanentsourcesofpollutantemissionsfromthisproject.
AlllevelsofgreenhousegasemissionsplayaroleincontributingcumulativelytoglobalGHGconcentrationsandclimatechange.However,giventhelowemissionscausedbythetemporaryconstructionoftheProposedAction,itscumulativecontributiontoglobalgreenhousegasconcentrationsisconsideredlow.
3.14.10 PublicHealthandSafety
TheProposedActionmayintroduceaminoramountofroadwaytravelriskonpublicroadsandhighwaysasheavyequipmentismovedinandout,butitmakesnopermanentorlongtermchangeinanyroadwaytravel,utility,orcommunicationfeaturethatwouldaffectpublicsafetyorthedeliveryoflawenforcement,fireprotection,oremergencyresponsecapabilitiescurrentlyavailable.
Theinstallationofside‐channellargewoodstructures,however,mayconstituteaslightincreaseinrisktoboatersafetysincetheyarepermanentandmid‐streaminthesechannels.Thiswouldcontributecumulativelytowhateverexistingboatersafetyhazardsarepresentontheriver.Thisadditionalrisk,however,isconsideredtobelowandthusthecumulativeeffectofthisprojectonpublichealthandsafetyislow.
3.14.11 TransportationandUtilities
TheProposedActionwouldcauseminimaltemporaryincreasesintrafficduringconstruction,butitmakesnochangestotheexistingtransportationorutilityinfrastructure,normodifiesanyenvironmentalfeaturethatwouldputtheseexistinginfrastructuresatrisk.Thisprojectdoesnotrequireapowersource,anddoesnoteffectexistingtransportationandutilityinfrastructure.Thisprojectwouldhavenocumulativeeffectontransportationorutilityinfrastructureordemands.
3.14.12 Socioeconomics
TheProposedActionwouldprovideaverysmallandshorttermcontributiontothelocaleconomy,withverylittletemporaryandnolong–termeffectonpopulation,housing,employment,andincome.Increasedrecreationalanglingoverthelonger‐termcouldprovidesomeeconomicbenefits.Because
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thepositiveeffectsoftheProposedActionwouldbetemporaryandlow,itwouldhavealow,effectonpopulationandhousing,employmentandincome,andnoeffectonenvironmentaljusticepopulations.
4 EnvironmentalConsultation,Review,andPermitrequirements
4.1 NationalEnvironmentalPolicyActBPApreparedthisEApursuanttoregulationsimplementingNEPA(42U.S.C.4321etseq.),whichrequirefederalagenciestoassesstheeffectstheiractionsmayhaveontheenvironment.NEPArequirespreparationofanEISformajorfederalactionssignificantlyaffectingthequalityofthehumanenvironment.BPApreparedthisdraftEAtodetermineiftheProposedActionwouldcreatesignificantenvironmentaleffectsthatwouldwarrantpreparinganEnvironmentalImpactStatement,orifaFindingofNoSignificantImpactisjustified.
4.2 Wetlands,Floodplains,andWaterResourcesAspartoftheNEPAreview,U.S.DepartmentofEnergyNEPAregulationsrequiretheassessmentofeffectsonfloodplainsandwetlands,andtheevaluationofalternativesforprotectionoftheseresourcesinaccordancewithCompliancewithFloodplain/WetlandsEnvironmentalReviewRequirements(10CFR1022.12)andExecutiveOrders11988(FloodplainManagement)and11990(ProtectionofWetlands).AnevaluationofeffectsoftheprojectonfloodplainsandwetlandsisdiscussedinSection3.2,Wetlands,andSection3.3,WaterResources,ofthisEA.
SeveralsectionsoftheCleanWaterAct(33USC1251etseq.)andtheIdahoStreamChannelProtectionAct(Title42,Chapter38,IdahoCode)addresswetlandandwaterwaymanagement,regulation,andprotection.TheTribewouldsubmitaJointPermitApplicationtotheUSACEandIdahoDepartmentofWaterResourcesbeforeconstruction.Theapplicableregulationstotheprojectarediscussedbelow.
4.2.1 CleanWaterActSection401
AfederalpermittoconductanactivitythatcausesdischargesintonavigablewatersisissuedonlyaftertheStateofIdahocertifiesthatexistingwaterqualitystandardswouldnotbeviolatedifthepermitwereissued.DEQwouldreviewtheproject’sSection402andSection404permitapplicationsforcompliancewithIdahowaterqualitystandardsandgrantcertificationifthepermitscomplywiththesestandards.
4.2.2 CleanWaterActSection402
ThissectionauthorizesNationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystempermitsforthedischargeofpollutants,suchasstormwater.TheEPA,Region10,hasageneralpermitfordischargesfromconstructionactivities.TheTribeanditscontractorwouldfileNoticesofIntentforcoverageunderthisgeneralpermit,andwouldprepareastormwaterpollutionpreventionplantoaddressstabilizationpractices,structuralpractices,stormwatermanagement,andothercontrols.
4.2.3 CleanWaterActSection404
WhendredgedorfillmaterialdischargesintowatersoftheUnitedStates,includingwetlands,itrequiresauthorizationfromtheUSACEinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSection404oftheCleanWaterAct.TheTribewouldworkwiththeUSACEtogetaSection404permitforfillplacedinwetlandsandwatersoftheUnitedStates,andworkwithDEQtogetSection401waterqualitycertification(see
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Section4.2.1).Sections3.3,Wetlands,and3.4,WaterResources,ofthisEAdescribepotentialeffectsonwetlandsandotherwaters.
4.2.4 IdahoStreamChannelProtectionAct
TheIdahoStreamChannelProtectionActrequiresprotectionofstreamchannelsofthestateandtheirenvironmentagainstalterationtoprotectfishandwildlifehabitat,aquaticlife,recreation,aestheticbeautyandwaterquality.IdahoDepartmentofWaterResourcesissuesaStreamChannelAlterationpermitbeforeanyworkisdonewithinthebedsandbanksofacontinuouslyflowingstream.TheTribewillsubmitaJointPermitapplicationtotheUSACEandIdahoDepartmentofWaterResourcesbeforeconstruction.
4.3 FishandWildlife4.3.1 EndangeredSpeciesAct
TheESA(16USC1531etseq.)establishesanationalprogramfortheconservationofthreatenedandendangeredspeciesoffish,wildlife,andplants,andthepreservationoftheecosystemsonwhichtheydepend.TheUSFWSadministerstheESAforterrestrialspeciesandsomefreshwaterfishspecies,whileNationalMarineFisheriesServicehasjurisdictionoveranadromousfishandmarinespecies.Section7(a)oftheESArequiresfederalagenciestoensurethattheactionstheyauthorize,fund,andcarryoutdonotjeopardizethecontinuedexistenceofanyendangeredorthreatenedspeciesorresultinthedestructionoradversemodificationofcriticalhabitat.Section7(c)oftheESAandotherfederalregulationsrequirethatfederalagenciesprepareabiologicalassessmentaddressingthepotentialeffectsoftheiractionsonlistedorproposedendangeredspeciesandcriticalhabitats.
In2013,BPApreparedaprogrammaticbiologicalassessmentandsubmittedittoUSFWS(MeridianEnvironmental,Inc.,2013).ThisprogrammaticbiologicalassessmentevaluatedtheeffectstoKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeon(endangered)andColumbiaRiverbulltrout(threatened),andtheirdesignatedcriticalhabitatassociatedwiththeTribe’sproposaltoimplementtheir2013‐2015RestorationProgram.The2013‐2015RestorationProgramincludesprojectsidentifiedintheKootenaiTribe’sKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgram,whichidentifiedspecifichabitatprojectsintheKootenaiRiverthatwouldenhancehabitatforKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonasrequiredbytheLibbyDamBiOp.TherestorationactionsdescribedinthisEAareinthesameactionareaandimplementthesametypesofactionswiththesameobjectivesasthoseevaluatedinthebiologicalassessmentandevaluatedbytheUSFWSforthelargerrestorationprogram.CommunicationswithUSFWSledtoanagreementthattheLowerMeanderProjectevaluationunderESAsection7isadequatelycoveredinthe2013consultation.
TheUSFWSissuedabiologicalopiniononJuly30,2013withthedeterminationthatimplementingtheKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgramisnotlikelytojeopardizethecontinuedexistenceoftheKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonoritscriticalhabitat.ThebiologicalopinionprovidedanincidentaltakestatementtoauthorizethepotentialincidentaltakeofKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonthatmayoccurduringconstructionactivities,andstatedthatnoreasonableandprudentmeasuresnortermsandconditionswerenecessary,inadditiontothosemeasuresincorporatedintotheprogram'sdescription,tofurtherminimizesuchincidentaltakeofKootenaisturgeon.ThebiologicalopinionalsoconcurredwithBPA'sdeterminationof"mayaffect,notlikelytoadverselyaffect"bulltroutandbulltroutcriticalhabitat.
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InadditiontoKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonandbulltrout,BPAdeterminedthatfourterrestrialspeciesarelistedasthreatenedorendangeredunderthefederalESAinBoundaryCounty,Idaho.
Basedonthescope,timing,andlocationoftheproposedprojectsintheKootenaiRiver,BPAhasdeterminedthattheProposedActionwouldhavenoeffectonwoodlandcaribou(endangered),grizzlybear(threatened),Canadalynx(threatened),orNorthAmericanwolverine(proposedthreatened).
BecausetheKootenaiRiverHabitatRestorationProgramwasexpectedtobeimplementedoverseveralyearswithatimelinethatwassubjecttochange,theUSFWStreatedtheESAconsultationinasemi‐programmaticway.ThismeansthattheUSFWSdeterminationisbasedonanagreementthatBPAwillinformallyconsultwiththeUSFWSbeforetheimplementationofeachphaseofrestoration.Asaresult,BPAhasreviewedtheproposalfortheKootenaiRiverLowerMeanderProjectinrelationtotheinformationpresentedintheoriginalbiologicalassessment,consideringanynewinformationavailable,andmadeadeterminationthattheeffectsuponESA‐listedspeciesandcriticalhabitatarewithinthetypeandscopeofeffectsaddressedwithinthisopinion.OnFebruary22,2017BPArequestedconfirmationfromtheUSFWSthattheproject’seffectsonbulltroutanditsdesignatedcriticalhabitat,andKootenaiRiverwhitesturgeonanditsdesignatedcriticalhabitatareidenticaltothetypeandscopeofeffectsaddressedintheoriginalbiologicalassessmentandopinion.USFWSconfirmedthatthespecificproject’seffectsareconsistentwiththebiologicalassessmentandopinion.
4.3.2 FishandWildlifeConservationActandFishandWildlifeCoordinationAct
TheFishandWildlifeConservationActof1980(16USC2901etseq.)encouragesfederalagenciestoconserveandpromoteconservationofnon‐gamefishandwildlifeandtheirhabitats.TheFishandWildlifeCoordinationAct(16USC661etseq.)requiresfederalagencieswithprojectsaffectingwaterresourcestoconsultwithUSFWSandthestateagencyresponsibleforfishandwildliferesources.TheanalysisinSection3.5,FishandFishHabitat,ofthisEAindicatesthattheProposedActionwouldhavelowtomoderateshort‐termadverseeffectsonfishandfishhabitat,withimplementationofappropriatemitigation;withthegoalofprovidinglong‐termhabitatbenefits.BPAandtheTribehaveconsultedwithUSFWSregardingpotentialeffectsoftheprojectonESA‐listedfishandwildlifespeciesandwillimplementthemitigationmeasuresincludedinthebiologicalassessmentandanyothermeasuresthatUSFWSrequires.TheUSFWSandIDFGhavebeennotifiedoftheprojectandwillbesentcopiesoftheDraftandFinalEA.
4.3.3 MigratoryBirdTreatyActandFederalMemorandumofUnderstanding
TheMigratoryBirdTreatyActof1918,asamended,implementsvarioustreatiesandconventionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandothercountries,includingCanada,Japan,Mexico,andRussia,fortheprotectionofmigratorybirds(16USC703–712).Undertheact,taking,killing,orpossessingmigratorybirds,ortheireggsornests,isunlawful.Theactclassifiesmostspeciesofbirdsasmigratory,exceptforuplandandnonnativebirdssuchaspheasant,chukar,graypartridge,housesparrow,Europeanstarling,androckdove.
BPA(throughtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy)andUSFWShaveamemorandumofunderstandingtoaddressmigratorybirdconservationinaccordancewithExecutiveOrder13186(ResponsibilitiestoFederalAgenciestoProtectMigratoryBirds).ThisorderdirectseachfederalagencytakingactionsthatcouldnegativelyaffectmigratorybirdstoworkwiththeUSFWStodevelopanagreementtoconservethosebirds(DOEandUSFWS,2013).Thememorandumofunderstandingaddresseshowbothagencies
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canworkcooperativelytoaddressmigratorybirdconservation,andincludesspecificmeasurestoconsiderimplementingduringprojectplanningandimplementation.
TheanalysisinSection3.14.1Wildlife,ofthisenvironmentalassessmentindicatesthattheprojectwouldhaveloweffectsonbirds,includingmigratorybirds.Theprojectmayhaveshort‐termadverseeffectsonafewnestingbirdsbecauseafewtreeswouldberemoved.ButstagingandconstructionactivitieswouldbeconductedbetweenJulyandNovember(outsidethenestingperiodformigratorybirds),andriparianhabitatswouldbeexpandedandimproved,providingmorehabitatinthefuturethanisthereatpresent.
4.3.4 BaldEagleandGoldenEagleProtectionAct
TheBaldEagleandGoldenEagleProtectionAct(16USC.668–668d)addressestakingorpossessingofandcommerceinbaldandgoldeneagles,withlimitedexceptions.TheActonlycoversintentionalactsoractsin“wantondisregard”ofthesafetyofbaldorgoldeneagles.
Baldandgoldeneaglesmaytemporarilyusetheproposedprojectarea,butnonestingsitesorlongtermoccupancyhasbeenobserved.Becausetheprojectwouldnotinvolveknowingtakeorotheractsinwantondisregardofbaldorgoldeneagles,itsimplementationwouldnotviolatetheprovisionsoftheBaldEagleandGoldenEagleProtectionAct.
4.4 LandUsePlanConsistencyAsindicatedinSection3.14.3,constructionactivitieswouldoccurinthemainchanneloftheKootenaiRiverandresultinnochangestolanduse.Also,therewouldbenochangeinlandusefromtemporaryaccessroadconstructionandstagingofmaterials.
4.5 FarmlandProtectionPolicyActTheFarmlandProtectionPolicyAct(7USC4201etseq.)directsfederalagenciestoidentifyandquantifyadverseeffectsoffederalprogramsonfarmlands.ThisactminimizesthenumberofFederalprogramsthatcontributetotheunnecessaryandirreversibleconversionofagriculturallandtonon‐agriculturaluses.ThereisnoprimefarmlandinthesitesaffectedbythisprojectandtheProposedActionwouldnotpermanentlyconvertanyareaofagriculturallandtonon‐agriculturaluses
4.6 CulturalandHistoricResourcesLawsandregulationsgovernthemanagementofculturalresources.Aculturalresourceisanobject,structure,building,site,ordistrictthatprovidesirreplaceableevidenceofnaturalorhumanhistoryofnational,state,orlocalsignificance,suchasNationalLandmarks,archaeologicalsites,andpropertieslisted(oreligibleforlisting)intheNRHP.Culturalresourcerelatedlawsandregulationsinclude:
AntiquitiesActof1906(16U.S.C.431–433), HistoricSitesActof1935(16U.S.C.461–467), Section106oftheNHPA(16U.S.C.470etseq.),asamended, ArchaeologicalDataPreservationActof1974(16U.S.C.469a–c), ArchaeologicalResourcesProtectionActof1979(16U.S.C.470aa‐mm),asamended, NativeAmericanGravesProtectionandRepatriationAct(25U.S.C.3001etseq.), ExecutiveOrder13007IndianSacredSites,and AmericanIndianReligiousFreedomActof1978(42U.S.C.1996,1996a).
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Section106oftheNHPArequiresfederalagenciestoconsidertheeffectsoftheiractionsonhistoricproperties.TheNHPAprovidestheSection106processthatenablesagenciestoassesseffectsonhistoricpropertiesalongwithparticipationfrominterestedandaffectedpartiessuchastribes,andthenavoid,minimize,ormitigatetheseeffects.Historicpropertiesmaybeprehistoricorhistoricsites,includingobjectsandstructuresthatareincludedinoreligibleforinclusionintheNRHP.Historicpropertiesalsoincludeartifactsorremainswithinhistoricsitesandpropertiesoftraditionalandculturalimportancetotribes.
Tothisend,BPAhasprovidedinformationabouttheProposedActionto,andrequestedinformationfromnumerousagencies,onthelevelandtypeofproposedidentificationandevaluationeffortsoftheprehistoricresources.AgenciesconsultedincludetheIdahoStateHistoricPreservationOffice,theConfederatedSalishandKootenaiTribes,Coeurd’AleneTribeofIdaho,KalispelTribeofIndians,theSpokaneTribeofIndians,andtheKootenaiTribeofIdaho.
4.7 AirQualityTheCleanAirAct,asamended(42U.S.C.7401etseq.),requiresstatesandtheEPAtocarryoutawiderangeofregulatoryprogramsintendedtocomplywithNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards.InIdaho,boththeEPAandIdahoDepartmentofEnvironmentalQualityareresponsibleforairquality.BecausetheProposedActionwouldoccurinanareathatisinattainmentwiththeairqualitystandards,andbecausenostationarysourcesofairemissionswouldresult,constructionassociatedwiththeProposedActionareexemptedfromstateregulation.AirqualityeffectsfromconstructionwouldbelowandmitigatedasdiscussedinSection2.4.
4.8 ClimateChangeGasesthatabsorbinfraredradiationandpreventheatlosstospacearecalledgreenhousegases(GHGs).ModelspredictthatatmosphericconcentrationsofallGHGswillincreaseoverthenextcentury,buttheextentandrateofchangeisdifficulttopredict,especiallyonaglobalscale.AsaresponsetoconcernsoverthepredictedincreaseofglobalGHGlevels,variousfederalandstatemandatesaddresstheneedtoreduceGHGemissions,includingthefollowing.
TheCleanAirActisafederallawwithregulationstocontrolemissionsfromlargegenerationsourcessuchaspowerplants;limitedregulationofGHGemissionsoccursthroughtheNewSourceReviewpermittingprogram.
TheEPA’sFinalMandatoryReportingofGreenhouseGasesRule(40C.F.R.98)requiresreportingofGHGemissionsfromlargesources.Undertherule,suppliersoffossilfuelsorindustrialGHGs,manufacturersofvehiclesandengines,andfacilitiesthatemit25,000metrictonsormoreperyearofGHGsmustsubmitannualreportstotheEPA(CEQ,2010).
ExecutiveOrders13423(StrengtheningFederalEnvironmental,Energy,andTransportationManagement)and13514(FederalLeadershipinEnvironmental,EnergyandEconomicPerformance)requirefederalagenciestomeasure,manage,andreduceGHGemissionsbyagency‐definedtargetamountsanddates.
GHGemissionswouldbebelowEPA’smandatoryreportingthresholdof25,000metrictonsormoreperyearfortheproposedproject(383metrictonsofCO2equivalentsforthetwo‐monthconstructionperiods).TheeffectoftheProposedActiononGHGconcentrationswouldbelow,asdiscussedinSection3.9,AirQuality,ofthisEA.
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4.9 NoiseTheNoiseControlActof1972(42USC4901etseq.)setsforthabroadgoalofprotectingallpeoplefromnoisethatjeopardizestheirhealthorwelfare.TheActfurtherauthorizesfederalagenciestocarryouttheprogramswithintheircontroltofurtherthispolicy.Idahodoesnothavestatewideregulationslimitingnoiseemissionsfromcommercialfacilities.Similarly,neitherBoundaryCountynortheCityofBonnersFerryhasanoisecontrolordinancethatlimitsnoiseemissions.Thenoiseeffectsfromtheprojectwouldbetemporaryandmoderateforpeoplewithin2,000feetofconstruction,andlowtononeforthosefartherthan2,000feetfromprojectactions.AsdescribedinSection3.8,theprojectwouldhavetemporarylowtomoderatenoiseeffects,andmitigationwouldfurtherreducenoiseeffects.
4.10 HazardousMaterialsSeveralfederallawsrelatedtohazardousmaterialsandtoxicsubstancespotentiallyapplytotheproject,dependinguponthequantitiesandtypesofhazardousmaterialsbeingused.
4.10.1 TheSpillPrevention,Control,andCountermeasuresRule
TheSpillPreventionControlandCountermeasuresRule(40CFRPart112)includesrequirementstopreventdischargesofoilandoil‐relatedmaterialsfromreachingnavigablewatersandadjoiningshorelines.Itappliestofacilitieswithtotalabovegroundoilstoragecapacity(notactualgallonsonsite)ofgreaterthan1,320gallons,andfacilitieswithbelow‐groundstoragecapacityof42,000gallons.Thisprojectdoesnotproposeon‐sitestorageofoiloroil‐relatedmaterials.
4.10.2 ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct
TheComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct(42USC9601etseq.)providesfundingforhazardousmaterialstraining,emergencyplanning,preparedness,mitigationimplementation,response,andrecovery.Eligibleindividualsincludepublicofficials,emergencyserviceresponders,medicalpersonnel,andothertribalresponseandplanningpersonnel.Nohazardousmaterialssitesarelocatedwithintheprojectarea.
4.11 ExecutiveOrderonEnvironmentalJusticeInFebruary1994,thePresidentreleasedExecutiveOrder12898,FederalActionstoAddressEnvironmentalJusticeinMinorityandLow‐IncomePopulations.Thisorderdirectsfederalagenciestoidentifyandaddress,asappropriate,disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsofitsprograms,policies,andactivitiesonminorityandlowincomepopulations.TheProposedActionwouldnotcausedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminorityandlow‐incomepopulations.(seeSection3.12,Socioeconomics).
Therearenoresidentialorconcentratedhumanuseareasneartheprojectsitesuchthatoff‐siteconstructioneffectssuchasnoise,dust,orairqualityreductionsmightimpacthumanhealthortemporarilyimpactlivingconditionsofanycommunity,includingthosewhereenvironmentaljusticemightbeofconcern.Also,constructionactivitieswouldhavealowbutpositivetemporaryimpactontheeconomyintheaffectedareawithmonetarymultipliereffectslikelybenefittingmanyandadverselyaffectingnone.Thus,constructionoftheProposedActionwouldlikelyhavenoadverseordisproportionateeffectsonminorityorlowincomepopulations.
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5 Tribes,Agencies,andPersonsConsulted
Thoseconsultedorreceivingnoticeofdocumentavailabilityincludelocal,state,andfederalagencies,publicofficials,andtribesintheprojectvicinity.Specificindividualswerecontactedtogatherinformationanddataabouttheprojectareaandapplicablerequirements,aspartofconsultation,orforpermitapplications.
5.1 FederalAgencies U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers U.S.FishandWildlifeService,SpokaneOffice
5.2 StateAgencies IdahoDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality IdahoDepartmentofFishandGame StateofIdahoHouseandSenatemembersforDistrictsencompassingtheprojectarea IdahoStateHistoricPreservationOffice MontanaFishWildlifeandParks
5.3 Tribes KootenaiTribeofIdaho
5.4 LocalGovernments BoundaryCounty BonnersFerry,Idaho
5.5 Other BurlingtonNorthern–SantaFeRailroad
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6 References
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IdahoDepartmentofLabor.2016.WorkforceTrends.InformationprovidedbyBureauofEconomicAnalysis.September2016.https://labor.idaho.gov/publications/lmi/pubs/BoundaryProfile.pdf
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Zelch,K.2003.AggradingalluvialfansandtheirimpactonfishpassageintributariesoftheKootenaiRiver,IdahoandMontana.UnpublishedMastersthesis,UniversityofIdaho,Moscow,ID.
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7 WorksCitedBrunton,B.(1998).Kootenai.InPlateau.InJ.editedbyDewardE.Walker,HandbookofNorthAmerican
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Novitzki,R.,Smith,R.,&Fretwell,J.(1996).Restoration,creation,andrecoveryofwetlands:wetlandfunctions,values,andassessment.InNationalWaterSummaryofWetlandResources,USGSWaterSupplyPaper2425.FretwellJD,WilliamsJS,RedmanPJ,editor.
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RiverDesignGroup,Inc.(2017).PreliminaryFloodRiskAnalysisResultsforLowerMeanderProject.Whitefish,Montana.
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BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION
DOE/BP-4792 March 2017