Konstantinović B Meseldžija M Samardžić N

University of Novi Sad Faculty of Agriculture Department for Environmental

and Plant Protection Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8 21000 Novi Sad

Since confirmation of the first resistant weed species

Senecio vulgaris L to triazine herbicides until

nowadays resistance has been found in 388 biotypes

of weed species to 18 herbicide groups of different

action mechanism in 209 weed species of which 123

were dicotyledonous and 86 grass species (Ryan

1970 Heap 2012)

HERBICIDES RESISTANCE

Since 1982 herbicide technology has been

significantly improved by introduction of the first

ALS inhibiting herbicide hlorsulfuron for control of

broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al 1994)

Hlorsulfuron as well as the other sulfonylurea

herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates

which is related to their highly specific inhibition of

ALS enzyme

Since confirmation of the first resistant weed species

Senecio vulgaris L to triazine herbicides until

nowadays resistance has been found in 388 biotypes

of weed species to 18 herbicide groups of different

action mechanism in 209 weed species of which 123

were dicotyledonous and 86 grass species (Ryan

1970 Heap 2012)

HERBICIDES RESISTANCE

Since 1982 herbicide technology has been

significantly improved by introduction of the first

ALS inhibiting herbicide hlorsulfuron for control of

broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al 1994)

Hlorsulfuron as well as the other sulfonylurea

herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates

which is related to their highly specific inhibition of

ALS enzyme

Since 1982 herbicide technology has been

significantly improved by introduction of the first

ALS inhibiting herbicide hlorsulfuron for control of

broad-leaved weeds in wheat (Saari et al 1994)

Hlorsulfuron as well as the other sulfonylurea

herbicides (SU) proved to be efficient in lower rates

which is related to their highly specific inhibition of

ALS enzyme

In susceptible plants these herbicides cause damages

such as necrosis of the apical meristems that cease

plant growth in cases of soil application while during

foliar use they lead to the occurrence of purple color

along the central leaf (Lovell et al 1996b)

Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)

IMIDAZOLINONI

SULFONILUREE

TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI

PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI

SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI

IMAZAMOKS

IMAZETAPIR

AMIDOSULFURON

FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA

METSULFURON-METIL

NIKOSULFURON

PRIMISULFURON-METIL

PROSULFURON

RIMSULFURON

TIFENSULFURON-METIL

TRIASULFURON

TRIBENURON-METIL

TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL

FLORASULAM

Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the

herbicides belonging to this group of action

mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS

inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only

several isolated population but it is more frequently

widely distributed and common so that it represents

threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides

Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants

Weed seeds was collected in the period August-

October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of

use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy

vegetation and on which low efficiency to the

monitored weed species was observed

Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Preko 50 herbicida iz grupe ALS inhibitora (HRAC- Grupa B)

IMIDAZOLINONI

SULFONILUREE

TRIAZOLOPIRIMIDINI

PIRIMIDINIL-TIOBENZOATI

SULFONILAMINOTRIAZOLINONI

IMAZAMOKS

IMAZETAPIR

AMIDOSULFURON

FORAMSULFURON JODOSULFURON-METILNA

METSULFURON-METIL

NIKOSULFURON

PRIMISULFURON-METIL

PROSULFURON

RIMSULFURON

TIFENSULFURON-METIL

TRIASULFURON

TRIBENURON-METIL

TRIFLUSULFURON-METIL

FLORASULAM

Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the

herbicides belonging to this group of action

mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS

inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only

several isolated population but it is more frequently

widely distributed and common so that it represents

threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides

Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants

Weed seeds was collected in the period August-

October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of

use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy

vegetation and on which low efficiency to the

monitored weed species was observed

Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Currently 126 weed species are resistant to the

herbicides belonging to this group of action

mechanism (Heap 2012) Resistance to ALS

inhibitors in some weed species is not limited to only

several isolated population but it is more frequently

widely distributed and common so that it represents

threat to further use of ALS inhibiting herbicides

Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants

Weed seeds was collected in the period August-

October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of

use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy

vegetation and on which low efficiency to the

monitored weed species was observed

Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Possible metabolitic reactions of herbicides in plants

Weed seeds was collected in the period August-

October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of

use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy

vegetation and on which low efficiency to the

monitored weed species was observed

Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Weed seeds was collected in the period August-

October 2004-2011 from plots with the long history of

use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in control of weedy

vegetation and on which low efficiency to the

monitored weed species was observed

Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Seed were collected from different localities in the region of Vojvodina (North Serbia) Kikinda Becej Kačarevo Vrbas (Sava Kovačević and Carnex) For susceptible referent population were taken seeds from ruderal sites that had never been treated by herbicides In whole plant studies plants were grown in controlled conditions of climatic chamber

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Lokalitet Godina Usev Preparat Količina

Krivaja 1998 soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04lha+15lha

1999 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

2000 Pšenica Monosan S 15 lha

2001 pšenica Grodyl+Granstar 75WG 20gha+20gha

2002 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Goltix70 SC 2x30gha+ 15lha

2003 soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

2004 kukuruz Tarot 25WG 006 kgha

Kikinda 1999 kukuruz Ring 80WG 25 gha

2000 - - -

2001 soja Pivot100E+Deltazon48SL 04 lha +15 lha

Bečej 1998 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1999 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 40 gha

2000 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

2001 Soja Pivot 100E+ Dynam75WG 06 lha+ 008kgha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell + Ring 80WG 05 lha + 25 gha

2003 Pšenica Granstar 75WG 16 gha

Kačarevo 1995 Soja Pivot 100E 10 lha

1996 Pšenica - -

1997 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

1998 Suncokret Prometrin 500 20 lha

1999 Pšenica - -

2000 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

2001 Soja Dynam 75 WG + Pivot100E 005kgha +10 lha

2002 Kukuruz Motivell 05 lha

2003 Kukuruz Motivell 10 lha

Carnex (Vrbas)

Carnex (Vrbas)

2001 Kukuruz Tarot25WG+Banvel480S 60 gha+08 lha

2002 Soja Pivot 100E+Deltazon 48SL 04 lha+ 2 lha

2003 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton 50 gha + 1 lha

2004 Soja Dynam 75WG+ Pivot 100E 50 gha + 04 lha

2005 Kukuruz Tarot 25WG 50 gha

Sava Kovačević

(Vrbas)

2001 Šećerna repa Safari50WG+Betanal Progres-AM 2x30gha + 15 lha

2002 Kukuruz Tarot25WG + Maton+ AtrazinSC50 50gha+ 1 lha + 1 lha

2003 Ječam - -

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Imazethapyr was applied before sowing of seeds with

a range of rates 004 008 01 015 and 02 kg

aiha while nicosulfuron was applied with a range

of rates 40 50 80 120 160 and 240 kg aiha

Thirty days after onset of the experiment (and pre-

emergence treatment) percentage of survived plants

and foliage fresh weight were calculated in relation to

the control for all of the studied weed species

Based upon coefficients of ED50 concerning those

susceptible populations resistance index (RI) that

enables relatively simple description of resistance

level was calculated (Moss 1995)

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Herbicide rates for biochemical studies were chosen

in a manner convenient for getting plant reactions

from lsquorsquo without damagersquorsquo to lsquorsquo the complete

destructionrsquorsquo Sulfometuron-methyl was applied with

a range of rates 0 1 5 10 25 50 100 and 500 gha

and imazethapyr with a range of rates of 0 8 40 100

200 400 800 and 2000 gha Extraction and

biochemical studies of ALS enzyme activity in vivo

were performed according to the method of Lovell et

al (1996a)

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Whole plant bioassays were performed with a range

of nicosulfuron and imazethapyr rates

The measured parameters were fresh foliage weight

and number of survived plants treated with a range of

herbicide rates (Tables 1 and 2)

Values of ED50 and RI presented in tables 1 and 2

were calculated upon dose-response curve that

represents plant reaction to the applied range of

herbicide rates

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 292 190 153 129

Kikinda 121 124 295 059

Bečej 089 077 1805 143

Kačarevo 075 099 010 153

Carnex 049 069 018 045

Sava

Kovačević

033 055 013 052

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Resistance indecies (IR)

Locality Measured parameters

Epicotyl Hypocotyl Stem height Foliage fresh

weight

Krivaja 180 161 200 227

Kikinda 100 080 090 053

Bečej 100 100 100 099

Kačarevo 160 100 163 100

Carnex 150 100 125 100

Sava Kovačević 070 100 150 100

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Biotype RI values

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(relative mass)

Sulfometuron-

methyl

(survived

plants)

imazethapyr

(relative

mass)

imazethapyr

(survived

plants)

1 Kikinda 895 278 746 2138

2 Carnex 636 278 8768 169

3 Krivaja 2528 261 3866 735

4 Kačarevo 1780 081 2035 1958

Susceptible

standard

- - - -

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

nicosulfuron rates (g aiha)

001 01 1rela

tive a

ctiv

ity o

f AL e

nzym

e (

in regard

to c

ont

rol)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Kikinda

Carnex

Krivaja

Kacarevo

Susceptible standard

Col 10 vs Col 11

Col 15 vs Col 16

Col 20 vs Col 21

Col 25 vs Col 26

Col 30 vs Col 31

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron

Obtained results during studies on resistance occurrence in

weed species Amaranthus retroflexus L in field and laboratory

conditions show that there occurred changes in susceptibility

of biotypes from localities Bečej Krivaja Kikinda Kačarevo

Sava Kovačević and Carnex to ALS enzyme inhibiting

herbicides that survived treatments by herbicides belonging to

the group of sufonilureas and imidazolinones in field

conditions

Based upon biological assays differences in IR values

obtained by measurements of different morphometric

parameters were established

Results of the study of ALS enzyme activity suggest that

biotypes from localities Krivaja and Kačarevo became resistant

to herbicide nicosulfuron