Microwave link design

Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Stream: communication Project of microwave link design Prepared by : name of members Id no1. Misganaw zelalem .678/032. Melsachew amare .1137/033. Mekdes kefaylew .132/024. Mekdes Hailu . .624/035. Mohammed Endrise 606/036. Mohammed Hassen688/037. Melaku shomorow ..632/038. Lemlem Kidanie .586/039. Mesifen guagua .. 659/0310. Mamo yallew ..205/03 Submitted to: En. Jolan

Table of content page no1 Acknowledgment 2 Introduction ...........................Chapter 1.. 7 1.1 Objective . 8 1.2 Foreword . 9 1.3 Scope and Limitation . 10 1.4 Significant Of the Project .. 11 1.5 Review Related Literature 12Chapter 2. 13Term and Definitions. 14Chapter 3. 21 3.1 Site Description .. 22 3.2 Importance of line of sight .. 29Chapter 4 30 4.1 Path Profile 31Chapter 5. 37 5.1 link Calculation .. 38 List Abbreviation page no 5.1.1: Fade margin (FM) 15 5.1.2: Gain of Transmitter (GTX) . 39 5.1.3: Free Space Lose (FSL) 39 5.1.4: Gain of receiver (GRX) .. 39 5.1.5 Transmission Loss (TLT) .. 40 5.1.6 Receiver loss (TLR) 40 5.1.7 Receiver Signal Level (RSL) 40 5.1.8 Gain of Repeater (GRP) .. 44Chapter 6 46 Conclusion and Recommendation .. 47Chapter 7.. 48 Reference . 49

List of figuresFig no description page no1. Fresnel in relation to distance 16 2. Picture of line of sight .173. Parabolic antenna 184. Micro link water reflection .195. Map of wollo ,kombolcha 236. Picture of kombolcha town .237. Weranso picture 248. Wernso town near to afar 259. Map of semera ..2710. Photo of semera ./..2811. Line of sight from kombolcha to afar 32

Acknowledgment we would like to express our grateful gratitude to our advisor Engr. Jolan B. SY for his guidance throughout this work. His valuable suggestions and his encouragement have been a big help for us.we would like to say also thanks for all of our class mate students ,they help by tactical process and giving information about microwave link design ,Finally, we have great thanks for all of our group members who are participate on this microwave link design project.

Introduction A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio wave in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth. They are crucial to many forms of communication and impact a broad range of industries. Broadcasters use microwave links to send programs from the studio to the transmitter location, which might be miles away. Microwave links carry cellular telephone calls between cell sites. Wireless Internet service providers use microwave links to provide their clients with high-speed Internet access without the need for cable connections. Telephone companies transmit calls between switching centers over microwave links, although fairly recently they have been largely supplanted by fiber-optic cables. Companies and government agencies use them to provide communications networks between nearby facilities within an organization, such as a company with several buildings within a city. One of the reasons microwave links are so adaptable is that they are broadband. That means they can move large amounts of information at high speeds. Another important quality of microwave links is that they require no equipment or facilities between the two terminal points, so installing a microwave link is often faster and less costly than a cable connection. Finally, they can be used almost anywhere, as long as the distance to be spanned is within the operating range of the equipment and there is clear path (that is, no solid obstacles) between the locations. Microwaves are also able to penetrate rain, fog, and snow, which means bad weather doesnt disrupt transmission. A simple one-way microwave link includes four major elements: a transmitter, a receiver, transmission lines, and antennas. These basic components exist in every radio communications system, including cellular telephones, two-way radios, wireless networks, and commercial broadcasting. But the technology used in microwave links differs markedly from that used at the lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) in the radio spectrum. Techniques and components that work well at low frequencies are not useable at the higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) used in microwave links. For example, ordinary wires and cables function poorly as conductors of microwave signals. On the other hand, microwave frequencies allow engineers to take advantage of certain principles that are impractical to apply at lower frequencies. One example is the use of a parabolic or dish antenna to focus a microwave radio beam. Such antennas can be designed to operate at much lower frequencies, but they would be too large to be economical for most purposes. In a microwave link the transmitter produces a microwave signal that carries the information to be communicated. That informationthe inputcan be anything capable of being sent by electronic means, such as a telephone call, television or radio programs, text, moving or still images, web pages, or a combination of those media. The transmitter has two fundamental jobs: generating microwave energy at the required frequency and power level, and modulating it with the input signal so that it conveys meaningful information. Modulation is accomplished by varying some characteristic of the energy response to the transmitters input. Flashing a light to transmit a message in Morse code is an example of modulation. The differing lengths of the flashes (the dots and dashes), and the intervals of darkness between them, convey the informationin this case a text message. The second integral part of a microwave link is a transmission line. This line carries the signal from the transmitter to the antenna and, at the receiving end of the link, from the antenna to the receiver. In electrical engineering, a transmission line is anything that conducts current from one point to another. Lamp cord, power lines, telephone wires and speaker cable are common transmission lines. But at microwave frequencies, those media excessively weaken the signal. In their place, engineers use coaxial cables and, especially, hollow pipes called waveguides. The third part of the microwave system is the antennas. On the transmitting end, the antenna emits the microwave signal from the transmission line into free space. Free space is the electrical engineers term for the emptiness or void between the transmitting and receiving antennas. It is not the same thing as the atmosphere, because air is not necessary for any type of radio transmission (which is why radio works in the vacuum of outer space). At the receiver site, an antenna pointed toward the transmitting station collects the signal energy and feeds it into the transmission line for processing by the receiver. Antennas used in microwave links are highly directional, which means they tightly focus the transmitted energy, and receive energy mainly from one specific direction. This contrasts with antennas used in many other communications systems, such as broadcasting. By directing the transmitters energy where it's neededtoward the receiverand by concentrating the received signal, this characteristic of microwave antennas allows communication over long distances using small amounts of power. Between the links antennas lies another vital element of the microwave linkthe path taken by the signal through the earths atmosphere. A clear path is critical to the microwave links success. Since microwaves travel in essentially straight lines, man-made obstacles (including possible future construction) that might block the signal must either be overcome by tall antenna structures or avoided altogether. Natural obstacles also exist. Flat terrain can create undesirable reflections, precipitation can absorb or scatter some of the microwave energy, and the emergence of foliage in the spring can weaken a marginally strong signal, which had been adequate when

Chapter 1 1.1 Objective 1.2 Foreword1.3 Scope and Limitation1.4 Significant of the Project1.5 Review of Related Literature

1.1 Objective The main objective of this project is to connect two country by using microwave link To be able to design a reliable point-to- point microwave cellular the communication system. To be able to know the general principle in microwave communications To able to make the ideal reliability 99.9999% To able to up to come with a project that will help the student grasp the idea of microwave design more comprehensively to able to provide the student a material that will serve as their guide in making their own microwave design

1.2 Foreword This design is focuses on the microwave link design for kombolcha to afar on the system of designed for cellular communication.And this site contain four sites within the three hops , site A is located at kombolcha institute of technology , site B is located around weranso near to road , site c is located at mile (west south of afar), and also site -D is located at semera, afar and each of hops will cover different amount of are , hop - 1 cover 50 mile , hope 2 cover 30 mile and hop 3 also cover 20 miles For this designing of microwave link we use 6 GHz operating frequency for each hops. The interference must be reduced to an allowable level in order to avoid problems with distortion and oscillation so a coupling loop canceller was used. And we used 60dBw output power. The suggested procedure and considerations are presented with the fundamental components of micro wave path design: determining whether a proposed path is "line of sight", evaluating path clearance with regard to refractive effects, evaluating path clearance with regard to Fresnel Zones, considering path reflections, deriving a power budget and the fade margin as well as the path reliability.

1.3 Scope and limitation This part deals with the scope and limitation of the design this categorize the reach and restriction of the microwave system which might be useful to the readers of the paper and on the people of kombolcha. The scope of the project:- The system is consisting of one transmitter, one receiver, one transmitter or receiver and one repeater. The deigned microwave link system is Operate at a frequency of 6 GHz for all hops-A, hop-B and for hop-C. The limitation of the project:- The system is consist only 3 hops Each hopes have different distance coverage , hop 1 cover 50 mile , ho 2 covers 30 mile and also hop 3 covers 20 mile . The project of this microwave link covers 100 mile between kombolcha and afar. The system operating by 6GHz operating frequency The designed system is only to be used for TV communication purpose.

4.1 significant of the project

The project will help the students to design microwave link. This design will help students to understand what learned in theoretical. It used as a reference for students who will take the subject in the future. Other who wants the general principle and concept of micro waive communication and design. This design will be of great help to student to practical everything they have learned theoretically . This design intends to introduce the basic of microwave system design to the student who are required to take up this subject as well as to those who are interested in the field of microwave communication

5.1 Review of related literature This part focus to briefly discuss the concepts of microwave communication system,the design considerations and the components behind a fully functional system that would work under the condition of being a microwave communications system design. From researches about microwave systems, it specifies that there are so many factors to consider in desinging an effective and efficient microwave system. Microwave communications path design poses many challenges.In addition to static gain and loss considerations, terrain and propagation dynamics can play a large role in determining whether a proposed path will have the required signal levels, clearances and reliability. The free-space path is the line-of-sight path directly between the transmit and receive antennas. The transmit and receive antennas in a microwave system should have a line-of-sight to be able to transmit the intended signal and data.Determining whether a path is line-of-sight can be partially accomplished with the aid of topographical map.This type of map will show the various elevations along the length of the path between proposed end points.Plotting this elevations at intervals will produce a path profile showing terrain relative to the antenna elevation.

Chapter 2 Terms and definitions

2.1 Terms and definition Antenna bandwidth:-The frequency range within which the antenna performance meet specifications.Antenna Gain:-The measure of directivity properties and efficiency of the antenna.It defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in the peak intensity direction to the intensity that would be obitained if the power accepted by the antenna where gradiated isotropically.Antenna gain is measured in dBi, i.e-decibels relative to isotropic antenna.Branching losses:-Comes from the hardware used to deliver the transmitter or receiver output to/from the antenna.Fading:-The variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal due to atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the propagation path.Fading Margin(FM):-Number of decibels of attenuation which may be added to a specified radio-frequency propagation path before the signal-to-noise ratio of a specified channel false below a specified minimum in order to avoid fading.First fresnel zone:-Circular portion of a wave front transverses to the line between an emitter and a more distant point, where the resultant disturbance is being observed, whose center is the intersection of the front with the direct ray, and whose radius is such that the shortest path from the emitter through the periphery to the receiving point is one-half wavelength longer than the direct ray.Flat fade margin:-In an analog microwave radio system, the flat fade margin is equal to the system total gains minus the system total losses.In digital microwave radio wave system, the flat or thermal fade margin(TFM) is calculated from the system total gains minus system total losses.Free Space Loss(FSL):-The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing, difracting, obstructing, refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were sufficiently removed so as to have no effect on propagation.Free-space loss is primarly caused by beam divergence, that is signal energy spreading over larger areas at increased distances from the source.Fresnel zone:-Circulare proportions of wave front transverse to all line between an emitter and a point where the diterbance is being observed ; the nth zone includs all paths whose lengths are between n-1 and n half lenghs longer than the line - of sight path .Also known as half - period zones .

Interfrance fade margin(IFM):-is the depth of fade to the point at which RF interference degrads the BER to 0.001.The actual IFM value used in a path calculation depends on the nated of frequency coordination being used. Line of sight:- An unobstructed view from transmitter to receiver.

Figure 2 : picture of Line of sight

Link budget:-The accounting of all the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable,waveguid,fiber,etc.) to the receiver in a telecommunication system.It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted signal due to propagation , as well as the antenna gain , feede line and miscellaneous losses. Randomelly varying channel gains such as fading are taken into account by adding some margin depending on anticipated severity of its effects .Micowave :- These are the ultra high ,super high and extermely high frequencies directly above the lower frequency ranges .Micowave link design:-A methodical , systematic and sometimes lenghy process that includes : Loss or attenuation calculations Fading and fade margins calculations Frequnecy planning and interference calculations Quality and availability calculations

Parabolic antenna:-can be used as atransmit and receive antenna with both signal and dual polarized feeds available .Frequencies from 1.72 to 23.6 GHz can be accommodated just by changing out the feed assembly . Various mounting hared ware and accessories availabley . Dual frequency and specialty feeds also available

Figure 3: parabolic antenna

Propagation losses:-the losses due to earths atmosphere and terrain . Receided signal level(RSL):- receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually measured in negative dBm ) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from a remote transmiter.Resistive sensitivity:-Receiver senstivity is the weakest RF signal level (usually measured in negative dBm ) that a radio needs receive in order to demodulate and decode a packet of data with out errors .Receiver Sensitivity Threshold:-is the signal level at which the radio runs continuous errors at specified bit rate .Transmite Power:-the transmite power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a transmiter .It is measured in dBm ,watts or milli watts and does not include the signal loss of the coaxial cable or the gain of the antenna.

2.1 Pre-condition of choosing the siteThis microwave link design is cover from kombolcha to afar which is given from our insturtore Eng.jolan, and this all of datas and requirment status are guide by his consideration. For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire line transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment costs decrease. Before you move forward, make sure you understand all of the design considerations that will affect your deployment. First, it is better to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency, band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas.

Frequency optionsThe objective of frequency planning is to assign frequencies to a network using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner such that the quality and availability of the radio link path is minimally affected by interference.The following aspects are the basic considerations involved in the assignment of radio frequencies Determining a frequency band that is suitable for the specific link (path length, site location, terrain topography and atmospheric effects). Prevention of mutual interference such as interference among radio frequency channels in the actual path, interference to and from other radio paths, interference to and from satellite communication systems. Correct selection of a frequency band allows the required transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the available radio frequency spectrum.

Microwave System in the 2GHZ to 6GHZ frequencies can transmit over longer distance, which makes them more suitable for rural areas. High frequency systems are a better fit for suburban and urban environments.The most important goal of frequency planning is to allocate available channel to the different links in the network without exceeding the quality and availability objectives of the individual links because of radio interference.Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually but, for large networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software transmission design tool.

Terrain and Weather Due to line of sight is a microwave requirement, terrain such as mountains, hills, trees and buildings can block a microwave signal and the distance of a microwave path. You will use a large antenna (low frequency) when the path is longer. Large antenna requires large towers and has higher wind factors. As a result, you also must consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement the design on existing or planned towers and structures.

Figure 4 : figure for microwave link water reflectio

wavelengths in the lower frequencies are longer which is important because the wave length determines how the atmosphere affects transmission . The atmosphere may refract longer waves . Refraction can reduce the length of the path , or microwave hop .Micowave systems in the 2GHz to 6GHz frequencies can transmit over longer distances , which make them more suitable for rural areas . High - frequency systems are a better fit for suburban and urban environments .

Chapter 3 Site Description

Site Description Site A Site A is one of place which are placed at kombolcha , kombolcha is a city and woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region with an elevation between 1842 and 1915 meters above sea level. Some guide books describe Kombolcha as the twin city of Dessie which lies some 13km to the Northwest.

Figure 5 : Map of wollo , kombolcha Kembolcha Institute of Technology is one of the young institutes which are contributing to the socio-economic and industrial development of Ethiopia with in this short period of 8 years. It provides higher education in basic fields for sustainable development and fair economic growth. It is educating undergraduate students in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Technology, Information System, Electrical Engineering, Civil and Urban Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Textile and Leather Engineering and also another related computer science departments.

Figure 6: picture of kombolcha towen

site -BSite B is placed which is the transmitting and the receiving antenna presenting at the city of weranso towen, .weranso is a towen in Ethiopia which are placed near to afar by the south west of afar,Ethiopia

Figure 7 : weranso picture And it cover a small size of geogeraphical area and it is also desert place .

Figure 8: weranso towen , near to afar.

Site CSite C is placed at east weast of mile near to road. Mile is one of hotest and dry city from ethiopia and which is advanced place for commertial activites.And mile is one of ethioian city which is near to afar and mountaineous geographical place

Site D Site D is aplace which is palced at capital city of afar, semera . Samerais a new town on theAwashAssebhighway in north-eastEthiopia, planned to replaceAsaitaas the capital of theAfar Region. Located in theAdministrative Zone 1, Semera has a latitude and longitude of114732N41031ECoordinates:114732N41031E. One of the completed buildings isSemera Health College, which began holding classes in 2007

. Figuure 9 : map of semera,afar

The 2006Lonely Planetguide to Ethiopia had this description of Semera:With its quirky mix of barracks, modern apartment blocks and soulless administrative buildings, it looks like a microscopic version ofBrasiliaemerging incongruously in the middle of the desert except that it's a completely botched attempt at creating a new town.The 2009 Lonely Planet guide omitted the final phrase following the dash.The 2002 edition ofEthiopia: the Bradt travel guidedescribed Semera as consisting of "one active filling station (complete with fridge) and a cluster of modern offices and tall apartment blocks in various states of construction all in mad isolation from any existing settlement .

Figure 10 : photo of semera ,afar city

HistoryRadio Ethiopia reported that the inaugural meeting of the Afar Regional Council was held in Semera on 20 July 1995. Six days later, the Council decided to make Semera its capital city andAmharicits temporary working language. The three top officials would be PresidentAlimirah Hanfadhe, Vice-presidentOsman Ainetand SecretaryMohammed Seid; the Regional president at the time,Habib Alimirah, was not present . Eighth meeting of the Afar Regional Council was held in Semera 45 March 2009, and items scheduled to be discussed included a bill to eliminatefemale genital mutilationin the Region

Importance of line of sight Accurate radio transmission depends on a clear path between radio antennas known as the line of sight. If any obstructions, including buildings, trees, or terrain, interrupt the visual path between antennas, the obstructions will also interfere with the radio signal transmission, resulting in multi-path fade or increased signal attenuation.Multi-path fade is the result of radio signals reaching the receiver via two or more paths. In industrial settings, a received signal may include the line of sight signal in addition to signals reflected off buildings, equipment, trees, or outdoor terrain. Signal attenuation is the decrease in signal strength as a result of travels through the medium, in this case the air.Despite a clear line of sight, obstructions in the Fresnel zone, a three-dimensional ellipsoid formed with the two antennas as the foci, will still interfere with the radio signal and cause multi-path fade. Raise the antennas high enough to clear any obstructions. Ideally there should be no obstructions anywhere in the Fresnel zone, even if line-of-sight is preserved.If a radio network site is spread over a large area with multiple obstructions or a variety of terrain, conduct a site survey to determine optimum antenna locations, antenna mounting heights, and recommended gains for reliable performance.

Chapter 4 Path profile

4.1 Path profile

Figure 11: line of sight from kombolcha to afar

From site A to site B 1distances05101520253035404550

2elevations80415976515853144643354233452942266121652169

3Growth of tree2020202020202020202020

4Total80615996517853344663356235652962268121852189

5Earth bulge0112.5200262.5300312.5300262.5200112.50

6Fresnel zone062.4483.2595.38101.36104.07101.9695.3883.2562.440

7Minimized total 656144963678383431632062206514621181685689

From site B to site C and From site C to site D1Distances50556065707580859095100

2Elevation21692030191419062057212924171998199418431702

3Growth of tree2020202020202020202020

4Total21892050193419292077214924372018201418631722

5Earth bulge0112.5200262.5300312.5300262.5200112.50

6Fresnel zone 062.4483.2595.38101.96104.07101.695.3883.2562.440

7minimized689550434429577649937518514363222

From site B to site C1Distances 051015202530

2Elevation2169203019141906205721292417

3Growth of tree20202020202020

4Total2189205019341929207721492437

5Earth bulge062.510012.510062.50

6Fresnel zone 060.087680.617660.080

7minimized689550434429577649937

From site C to site D distance05101520

Elevation 24171998199418431702

Growth of tree2020202020

Total 24372018201418631722

Earth bug037.55037.50

Fresnel zone 05765.82570

Minm 897478474363222

Chapter 5 Link design calculation

Link design calculation Hop 1 From site A to site B is cover the area between kombolcha to weranso , it is up to 50 mile .

1distances05101520253035404550

2elevations80415976515853144643354233452942266121652169

3Growth of tree2020202020202020202020

4Total80615996517853344663356235652962268121852189

5Earth bulge0112.5200262.5300312.5300262.5200112.50

6Fresnel zone062.4483.2595.38101.36104.07101.9695.3883.2562.440

7Minimized total 656144963678383431632062206514621181685689

FSL = 96.6 + 20logF + 20logD where F is frequency(GHz) D is distance (Mile) = 96.6 + 20log6 + 20log50 =146.14 dBGTX = Grx = 7.5 + 20logB + 20logF where B is antenna type in feet (assume B=5) =7.5 + 20log5 + 20log 6 = 37.04 dBTLT = (3dB/10 ft) * 200 ft = 6 dBRLT = (3dB/100ft) * 200ft = 6dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL= Po + GRX + GTX - TLT - TLR - FSL , assume output power 60dB = -24.06 dB where RSL is received signal levelFM = RSL-RPT where FM is fade margin and RPT is -91 dB = - 24.06 -( 91) =66.94dBR=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.The reliability of FM is 99.999%

Hop 2 From site B (weranso town) to site c(mile town) . it covers 30 mile .1Distances 051015202530

2Elevation2169203019141906205721292417

3Growth of tree20202020202020

4Total2189205019341929207721492437

5Earth bulge062.510012.510062.50

6Fresnel zone 060.087680.617660.080

7minimized689550434429577649937

FSL = 96.6 + 20logF + 20logD where F is frequency(GHz) D is distance (Mile) = 96.6 + 20log6 + 20log30 =141.7 dBGTX = Grx = 7.5 + 20logB + 20logF where B is antenna type in feet (assume B=5) =7.5 + 20log5 + 20log 6 = 37.04 dBTLT = (3dB/100 ft) * 200 ft = 6 dB

RLT = (3dB/100ft) * 200ft = 6dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and receiver loss respectively.RSL= Po + GRX + GTX - TLT - TLR - FSL , assume output power 60dB = 60dB + 2(37.04)dB - 6dB - 6dB - 141.7 where RSL is received signal level = -19.62 dBFM = RSL-RPT where FM is fade margin and RPT is -91 dB = - 19.62 -( 91) =71.38dBR=(1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.The reliability of FM is 99.9999%

Hop 3From site- C (mile town) to site D(afar, semera) and it cover 20 mile

distance05101520

Elevation 24171998199418431702

Growth of tree2020202020

Total 24372018201418631722

Earth bug037.55037.50

Fresnel zone 05765.82570

Minm 897478474363222

FSL = 96.6 + 20logF + 20logD where F is frequency(GHz) D is distance (Mile) = 96.6 + 20log6 + 20log20 =138.18 dB

GTX = Grx = 7.5 + 20logB + 20logF where B is antenna type in feet (assume B=5) =7.5 + 20log5 + 20log 6 = 37.04 dBGRP =22.2+20logAft+20logF+20logcos/2 =22.2+20log600+20log6+20logcos110/2 =88.5dB where A is passive repeater of 30*20ft and is angle of passive repeater.

TLT = (3dB/100 ft) * 200 ft = 6 dB

RLT = (3dB/100ft) * 200ft = 6dB where TLT and RLT are transmission loss and re ceiver loss respectively.RSL= Po + GRX + GTX + GRP - TLT - TLR - FSL , assume output power 60dB = 60dB + 2(37.04)dB + 88.5 - 6dB - 6dB - 138.18 where RSL is received signal level =72.4 dBFM = RSL-RPT where FM is fade margin and RPT is -91 dB = 72.4- ( 91) =163.4dBR= (1-)*100% where R is reliability.=a*b*2.5*10^-6*FGHZ*D^3*10^-FM/10 where a=4,b=0.25.The reliability of FM is 99.9999%

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion and RecommendationMicrowave communication is palying the role of a key factor in the current time of wire less communication .Tthe performance and quality of seurvice of all the mobile communication service providers broadly depends on the quality and availabilty of there microwave link . It requares aseries of work to establish in microwave link between two long distace and short distance points .All the steps are perforemed by engineer as to establish in mkicrowave link.For establishing a microwave link by analyzing factors ,such as terrestrial factors that are site survying condition of terrian and presences of water body like big river ,presences of forests or big trees and also selection of modulation technique environmetal conditons and link budget considering required fade margin using appropriate antennas cables , wave guides and connectors. Our main objective is to design to understand and design terristrial microwave link system and also analyzes performance of design system as explained above. Further more ,our designing link system operating these frequency to get good performance.After all analysis completion of this design ,we were able to make terrestrial microwave link system design having a 99.9999% reliability. Due to the importance of microwave link design,we recommand this paper to students who are interested in microwave communications system design and to those who are required to take the subject microwave engineering and make their own link design

Chapter 7 Reference

Internet:-[1]www.antenna type and design.com[2] www.wikipedia.orgBooks:- [1] USA,antenna analysis and design 3rd edition, Constantine A.balanis

Chapter 7 Reference

Microwave link design of kombolcha to afar