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3SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

9 0 7 1 7

© Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa, 2011. Pūmau te mana.Kia kaua rawa he wāhi o tēnei tuhinga e tāruatia ki te kore te whakaaetanga a te Mana Tohu Mātauranga o Aotearoa.

Koiora, Kaupae 3, 201190717 Te whakaahua i ngā tukanga me

ngā ia o te kunenga mai1

2.00 i te ahiahi Rātū 15 Whiringa-ā-rangi 2011 Whiwhinga: Toru

Tirohia mehemea e ōrite ana te Tau Ākonga ā-Motu kei tō pepa whakauru ki te tau kei runga ake nei.

Me whakautu e koe te KATOA o ngā pātai kei roto i te pukapuka nei.

Ki te hiahia koe ki ētahi atu wāhi hei tuhituhi whakautu, whakamahia te wāhi wātea kei muri i te pukapuka nei.

Tirohia mehemea kei roto nei ngā whārangi 2 – 21 e raupapa tika ana, ā, kāore hoki he whārangi wātea.

HOATU TE PUKAPUKA NEI KI TE KAIWHAKAHAERE HEI TE MUTUNGA O TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU.

MĀ TE KAIMĀKA ANAKE Paearu Paetae

Paetae Paetae Kaiaka Paetae KairangiTe whakaahua i ngā tukanga me ngā ia o te kunenga mai.

Te whakaahua i ngā tukanga me te whakamārama i ngā ia o te kunenga mai.

Te whakaahua i ngā tukanga me te matapaki i ngā ia o te kunenga mai.

Whakakaotanga o te tairanga mahinga

1kukuwhatanga

9 0 7 1 7 M

See back cover for an English translation of this cover

Kia 45 meneti hei whakautu i ngā pātai o tēnei pukapuka.

PĀTAI TUATAHI

Kei te whānau pōrete o Aotearoa (Strigopidae) e rua ōna puninga pōrete, ko te Nestor me te Strigops. Kei roto i te puninga Nestor ko te kea, te kākā, te kākā o te Moutere o Norfolk me te kākā o Wharekauri, ā, kei roto i te puninga Strigops ko te kākāpō noho i te papa me te kore rere.

I tihoi atu te Nestor me te Strigops i te tipuna kākā / kākāpō taketake i ngā tau 60 – 80 miriona ki mua. Mai i tērā wā kua tihoi haere tonu anō te Nestor, e ai ki raro nei.

http://wapedia.mobi/en/File:Nestoridae_phylogeography.svg#3

(a) Whakaahuatia te tauira o te panoni kunenga e whakaatuhia ana i te hoahoa, ā, ka whakamārama ka pēhea te pupū ake o tēnei momo tauira.

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He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu. Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.

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Biology 90717, 2011

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

You are advised to spend 45 minutes answering the questions in this booklet.

QUESTION ONE

The New Zealand parrot family (Strigopidae) consists of two genera of parrots, Nestor and Strigops. The genus Nestor consists of the kea, kākā, Norfolk Island kākā and Chatham Island kākā, whilst the genus Strigops contains the flightless ground-dwelling kākāpō.

Nestor and Strigops diverged from the proto-kākā / kākāpō ancestor 60 – 80 million years ago. Since then Nestor has gone through further divergence, as shown below.

http://wapedia.mobi/en/File:Nestoridae_phylogeography.svg#3

(a) Describe the pattern of evolutionary change shown in the diagram, and explain how this type of pattern can arise.

For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be reproduced here.

(b) Matapakia ngā take o te tihoitanga o te Nestor, ā, he aha ēnei momo tukanga kunenga i kore ai e kitea i roto i te Strigops.

I roto i tō whakautu me whai whakaaro ki:

• ngā tūāhua i noho hei pūtake pea o te tihoitanga rauropi o te Nestor

• ngā tukanga i puta ake ai ngā whakamomo o te Nestor

• ngā take he tino iti ai ngā taunakitanga o te whakamomo i roto i te Strigops (te kākāpō).

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ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

(b) Discuss the reasons for divergence of Nestor, and why the same evolutionary processes have not been evident in Strigops.

In your answer consider:

• the events likely to have caused ecological divergence of Nestor

• the processes that have led to speciation in Nestor

• reasons why there has been little evidence of speciation in Strigops (the kākāpō).

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PĀTAI TUARUA

Ko te Hebe odora, te Leucogenes leontopodium me te Celmisia haastii he tipu mauwha e pāpaku ana te tipu me te whai rau kiriuka, e tino tōtika ana hoki mō ngā wāhi noho hōrakerake i ngā maunga. Ahakoa ēnei ōritenga, kāore ēnei tipu e toru e whai pānga ana.

Hebe odora http://wozawanderer.blogspot.com/2010/02/mt-richardson-beech-forest.html

Leucogenes leontopodiumwww.slacktopnurseries.co.uk/expression/index.php/plants/C19/

Celmisia haastiiwww.flickr.com/photos/stationalpinejosephfourier/2091557272/

(a) Whakamāramahia te ia kunenga e whakaatuhia ana e ēnei momo tipu rerekē e toru.

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MĀ TE KAIMĀKA

ANAKE

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka nei.

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ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

QUESTION TWO

Hebe odora, Leucogenes leontopodium and Celmisia haastii are three low-growing, shrubby plants with small leathery leaves, ideally suited to their exposed mountain habitats. Despite these similari-ties, they are not related.

Hebe odora http://wozawanderer.blogspot.com/2010/02/mt-richardson-beech-forest.html

Leucogenes leontopodiumwww.slacktopnurseries.co.uk/expression/index.php/plants/C19/

Celmisia haastiiwww.flickr.com/photos/stationalpinejo-sephfourier/2091557272/

(a) Explain the pattern of evolution shown by these three different plant species.

For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be

reproduced here.

For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be

reproduced here.

For copyright reasons, this resource cannot be

reproduced here.

(b) Ko te Hebe te mea nui katoa o te puninga mauwha o Aotearoa. Tata ki te 100 ngā momo Hebe ka kitea i Aotearoa.

Ko te puninga matua o te rōpū tipu Hebe i kukune mai pea i ngā tau 5 miriona ki mua, i muri i te taenga mai o te tipuna taketake o te momo. Kātahi ka kukune mai te Hebe ki ngā momo 100 i roto i te kotahi miriona tau kua huri.

E whā ngā momo rerekē e whakaatuhia ana i raro.

Momo Nōhanga Hanganga Tau Pūira (n)

Hebe speciosahttp://loveplantlife.com/2010/10/28/resplendent-natives/dsc04860/

Ngā pari moana hōrakerake i te taha uru o ngā moutere e rua.

E 5–10 henemita te roa o ngā rau; tae atu ki te 2 m te teitei o tēnei mauwha kōpuku.

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Hebe hectoriihttp://www.eecrg.uib.no/projects/AGS_BotanyExp/NewZealand/Photos/NZ%20gallery/pages/Hebe%20hectorii.htm

Tāwhao mākū me te wī kei te rohe whai otaota o ngā maunga o Te Waipounamu.

He tipu “Whipcord”; he tipu matika, mārō ka tipu ki te 0.75 m te teitei.

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Hebe gracillimawww.hebesoc.org/hebes/hebes_g/hebe_gracillima/hebe_gracillima.htm

Ngā wāhi reporepo, monoku hoki o Te Waipounamu.

1–2 henemita te roa o ngā rau; tae atu ki te 2 m te teitei o tēnei mauwha.

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Hebe venustulawww.plantdatabase.co.uk/Hebe_venustula

Nō ngā rohe whai otaota o ngā maunga, kei Te Ika-a-Māui te nuinga.

1–2 henemita te roa o ngā rau; tae atu ki te 1.5 m te teitei o tēnei mauwha matika.

60

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Koiora 90717, 2011

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka

nei.

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka

nei.

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka

nei.

He tapu tēnei rauemi. E kore taea te tuku atu.

Aata tirohia ki ngā kupu kei raro iho i te pouaka

nei.

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(b) The Hebe is New Zealand’s largest genus of shrubs. There are about 100 species of Hebe found in New Zealand.

The main genera of the Hebe complex probably evolved five million years ago, after the arrival of a single ancestral founding species. Hebe then evolved into about 100 species during the last million years.

Four diverse examples are shown below.

Species Habitat Structure Chromosome No (n)

Hebe speciosahttp://loveplantlife.com/2010/10/28/resplendent-natives/dsc04860/

Exposed sea cliffs on the western side of both islands.

Leaves 5–10 cm long; rounded shrub up to 2 m tall.

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Hebe hectoriihttp://www.eecrg.uib.no/projects/AGS_BotanyExp/NewZealand/Photos/NZ%20gallery/pages/Hebe%20hec-torii.htm

Wet sub-alpine scrub and tussock of the South Island.

Whipcord plant; erect, rigid plant that grows up to 0.75 m tall.

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Hebe gracillimawww.hebesoc.org/hebes/hebes_g/hebe_gracillima/hebe_gracillima.htm

Damp swampy places in the South Island.

Leaves 1–2 cm long; shrub up to 2 m tall.

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Hebe venustulawww.plantdatabase.co.uk/Hebe_venustula

Sub-alpine, mostly North Island.

Leaves 1–2 cm long; erect bushy shrub up to 1.5 m tall.

60

For copyright reasons, this

resource cannot be reproduced here.

For copyright reasons, this

resource cannot be reproduced here.

For copyright reasons, this

resource cannot be reproduced here.

For copyright reasons, this

resource cannot be reproduced here.

Whakatauritea, ka whakatauaro i ngā tukanga o te whai pūira rearua (polyploidy) me te tūhāhātanga ā-matawhenua me ngā pānga o ēnei mea e rua ki te kunenga mai o te momo Hebe i Aotearoa.

I tō whakautu me:

• whakaahua i te tukanga o te tūhekenga urutau

• whakamārama i te puakanga mai o te whai pūira rearua me te tūhāhātanga ā-matawhenua

• matapaki i te pānga o aua tukanga e rua ki te whakaputanga uri me te rerenga ira i roto i te puninga Hebe.

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ANAKE

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ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

Compare and contrast the processes of polyploidy and geographical isolation and how they are both likely to have impacted on the evolution of Hebe species in New Zealand.

In your answer:

• describe the process of adaptive radiation

• explain how both polyploidy and geographical isolation could occur

• discuss the impact of both processes on reproduction and gene flow within the Hebe genus.

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PĀTAI TUATORU

Ka kitea ngā aihe pehipehi ki ngā wai e tata ana ki Aotearoa noa iho. Kua whakaūhia e ngā mātai pītauira te noho o ngā taupori ā-rohe e whā.

Taratahi ana te whakawhānau uri o ngā taupori o Te-Ika-a-Māui me Te Waipounamu, e inea mai ana e ngā rerekētanga pītauira. He tino iti te rahinga rerenga ira i waenga i ngā taupori e toru o Te Waipounamu. E ai ki ngā taunakitanga ko te taupori o te tai tonga he taupori whakaū mai i te taupori o Te Tai Poutini o Te Waipounamu. Ki te tirohanga, e taratahi ana ngā taupori nā te pāmamao o tētahi i tētahi atu, me te puta mai o te mararatanga i waenga i ngā taupori noho tata anake.

Ngā kitenga i ia km2

< 0.2 ngā aihe 0.2 – 0.4 ngā aihe > 0.4 ngā aihe

Te tuaritanga me te mararatanga o ngā aihe pehipehi ināianei

Te Taupori ki Te Ika-a-Māui o te aihe Māui. Ko te whakatau tata e 100 te rahi

Te taupori ki Te Tai Poutini. Ko te whakatau tata e 5400 te rahi.

Te taupori ki te tai rāwhiti o Te Waipounamu.Ko te whakatau tata e 1790 te rahi.

Te Taupori ki Murihiku.Ko te whakatau tata e 100 te rahi

Dawson et al 2004, Slooten et al 2004, 2005

Matapakia ngā tukanga kunenga mai e kitea ana i waenga i ngā taupori e toru o Te Waipounamu o te aihe pehipehi.

I roto i tō whakautu me whai whakaaro ki:

• ngā pēhanga whiriwhri kei ia taupori e whai wāhi ana anō ki te tūhāhātanga

• te momo taunakitanga e kī ana he taupori whakaū te taupori o te tai tonga mai i te taupori o Te Tai Poutini

• te hiranga o te whakakitenga e whakaatu ana he tino iti, kāore rānei he rerenga ira i waenga i ngā taupori e toru.

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QUESTION THREE

Hector’s dolphins are found only in New Zealand waters. DNA studies have verified the existence of four regional populations.

The North Island and South Island populations are reproductively isolated, as measured by DNA differences. Levels of gene flow between the three regional South Island populations are very low. Evidence suggests that the south coast population is a founder from the west coast South Island population. It appears the populations are isolated by distance, and dispersal happens only between immediately adjacent populations.

Sightings per km2 surveyed < 0.2 dolphins 0.2 – 0.4 dolphins > 0.4 dolphins

Current distribution and abundance of Hector’s dolphin

North Island population, also called Maui’s dolphin. Estimated size 100.

South Island west coast population. Estimated size 5400.

South Island east coast population. Estimated size 1790.South Island south

coast population. Estimated size 100.

Dawson et al 2004, Slooten et al 2004, 2005

Discuss the evolutionary processes that appear to be happening between the three South Island populations of Hector’s dolphin.

In your answer consider:

• the selection pressures acting on the individual populations that contribute to their isolation

• the type of evidence that would suggest the south coast population is a founder from the west coast population

• the significance of the finding that there appears to be little or no gene flow between the three populations.

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MĀ TE KAIMĀKA

ANAKETAU PĀTAI

He wāhi anō mēnā ka hiahiatia.Tuhia te (ngā) tau pātai mēnā e hāngai ana.

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QUESTION NUMBER

Extra space if required.Write the question number(s) if applicable.

90

71

7M

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2011. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

Level 3 Biology, 201190717 Describe processes and patterns of evolution

2.00 pm Tuesday 15 November 2011 Credits: Three

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 21 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY Achievement Criteria

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDescribe processes and patterns of evolution.

Describe processes and explain patterns of evolution.

Describe processes and discuss patterns of evolution.

Overall level of performance

English translation of the wording on the front cover