Kohlenhydrate C (H2O) - · PDF fileonly replicate inside a cell. Prions are simple proteins...

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Folie334 Kohlenhydrate C n (H 2 O) m Die Kohlenhydrate sind wichtige Naturstoffe, die in der Natur hauptsächlich durch die Photosynthese und anschließende Reaktionen aufgebaut werden. Sie dienen in Form z. B. von Holz und Baumwolle als Rohstoffe und in Form von Stärke und Zucker als Nahrungsbestandteile. allgemein: x CO 2 + x H 2 O C x (H 2 O) x + x O 2 Glucose hν [Chlorophyll] Verbrennung + Energie 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 (H 2 O) 6 + 6 O 2 Glucose hν [Chlorophyll] Katalysator Definition: Polyhydroxyaldehyde oder Polyhydroxyketone bzw. Verbindungen, die dazu hydrolysiert werden können. Monosaccharide können nicht durch Hydrolyse in kleinere Bruchstücke gespalten werden Disaccharide ergeben bei der Hydrolyse zwei Monosaccharide Polysaccharide ergeben bei der Hydrolyse viele Monosaccharide Je nach Zahl der C-Atome unterscheidet man zwischen Triosen (C 3 ); Tetrosen (C 4 ); Pentosen (C 5 ); Hexosen (C 6 ) usw. Monosaccharide Aldosen (enthalten eine Aldehydfunktion) Ketosen (enthalten eine Ketofunktion)

Transcript of Kohlenhydrate C (H2O) - · PDF fileonly replicate inside a cell. Prions are simple proteins...

Page 1: Kohlenhydrate C (H2O) - · PDF fileonly replicate inside a cell. Prions are simple proteins that are much smaller than viruses. They are unique since they lack a genome. All other

Folie334Kohlenhydrate Cn(H2O)m

Die Kohlenhydrate sind wichtige Naturstoffe, die in der Natur hauptsächlich durch die Photosyntheseund anschließende Reaktionen aufgebaut werden. Sie dienen in Form z. B. von Holz und Baumwolle als Rohstoffe und in Form von Stärke und Zucker als Nahrungsbestandteile.

allgemein:

x CO2 + x H2O Cx(H2O)x + x O2 Glucose

hν[Chlorophyll]

Verbrennung+ Energie

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6(H2O)6 + 6 O2 Glucose

hν[Chlorophyll]Katalysator

Definition: Polyhydroxyaldehyde oder Polyhydroxyketone bzw. Verbindungen, die dazu hydrolysiert werden können.

Monosaccharide können nicht durch Hydrolyse in kleinere Bruchstücke gespalten werden

Disaccharide ergeben bei der Hydrolyse zwei Monosaccharide

Polysaccharide ergeben bei der Hydrolyse viele Monosaccharide

Je nach Zahl der C-Atome unterscheidet man zwischen

Triosen (C3); Tetrosen (C4); Pentosen (C5); Hexosen (C6) usw.

MonosaccharideAldosen (enthalten eine Aldehydfunktion)

Ketosen (enthalten eine Ketofunktion)

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Folie335

CHOOHHOHHOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOOHHOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOOHHHHOOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOHHOOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOOHHOHHHHOOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOOHHHHOOHH

CH2OH

CHOOHHHHOHHOOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOHHOHHOOHH

CH2OH

D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose

CHOOHHOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOOHHHHOOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOHHOOHH

CH2OHD-LyxoseD-XyloseD-ArabinoseD-Ribose

CHOOHHOHH

CH2OH

CHOHHOOHH

CH2OHD-Erythrose D-Threose

CHOOHH

CH2OHD-(+)-Glycerinaldehyde

12 2

1

12

12

3

4

3

4

12

Stereoisomere der Monosaccharide: Aldosen (D-Reihe)Gesamtzahl der Stereoisomeren: 2n (n = Zahl der Chiralitätszentren)

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Folie336Konformationen

CC OHHC HHOC OHHCHCH2OH

OHH

O

1

α-(D)-Glucopyranose

H

HO

H

OHO

OHOH

HH

CH2OHHH

HO

H

OHH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO

1 ≡1

H

HO

H

OHO

OHH

OHH

CH2OHHH

HO

OH

HH

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO

1 ≡1

CC OHHC HHOC OHHCHCH2OH

HHO

O

1

β-(D)-Glucopyranose

OPyran ⇒ Pyranosen

OFuran ⇒ Furanosen

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Folie337Enzymatische Hydrolyse von Disacchariden

(+)-Maltose

α-D-Glucopyranose

2

α-Anomeres

Maltase(α-Spaltung)

+ H2O

(α-Anomeres)

α-glycosidisch 6

54

3 2 1

5´4´

3´2´

1´6

54

3 2 1

O

HH

OH

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OH

O

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OH O

HH

OH

HO

H

CH2OHH

H

OH

(+)-Cellobiose

β-D-Glucopyranose

O

HOH

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OH123

4 5

6

β-Anomeres

2Emulsin

(β-Spaltung)

+ H2O

(β-Anomeres)β-glycosidisch

5´4´

3´ 2´ 1´6

54

32

1O

HO

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OHH O

OH

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

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Folie338Enzymatische Hydrolyse von Disacchariden

(β-Anomeres)β-galaktosidisch

5´4´

3´ 2´ 1´6

54

32

1O

HO

H

HO

H

CH2OHHO

HH

OHH O

OH

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

Emulsin

+ H2O

β-D-Galaktopyranose

O

HOH

H

HO

H

CH2OHHO

HH

OH123

4 5

6

β-Anomeresβ-D-Glucopyranose

O

HOH

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OH123

4 5

6

β-Anomeres

+

(+)-Lactose

α-glucosidischO

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OHCH2OH

H

O

H

OHOH

H

CH2OHβ-fructosidisch

Invertase+ H2O

5´4´

3´ 2´

1´6

5

43

2

1β-D-Glucopyranose

O

HOH

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OH123

4 5

6

β-Anomeres

+CH2OH

OH

H

H

OHOH

H O

H

OH

Hβ-Anomeres

β-D-Fructopyranose

Vollacetal

12

34

5

6

(+)-Saccharose

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Folie339Polysaccharide

n 1

4

42 1

O

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH

OH O

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

H

OH O

HH

OH

HO

H

CH2OHH

H

OH

1

3

4 5

6α-glycosidisch

Stärke

Amylose (20% der Stärke)linkshändige Helix-Struktur

O

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

OH

OH O

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

H

OH

O

HH

O

HO

H

CH2OHH

OH

OHAmylopektin (80% der Stärke

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Folie340Polysaccharide

Cellulose

123

4O

HO

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

OH

OHH O

O

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

HOH O

HO

H

HO

H

CH2OHH

H

OH

12

3

4

β-glycosidisch

n

O

HOAcO

H

O

OAc

CH2OAc3n Ac2O

-3n AcOH

Cellulosetriacetat bzw. “Triacetylcellulose“:Acetatseide; stationäre LC-Phase zur Enantiomeren-Trennung (Liquid Chromatography)

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Folie341Zucker und Basen der Nucleinsäuren

Ribose2-Desoxyribose

O

OH

HH

OH

HH

HOCH2 OHO

H

HH

OH

HH

HOCH2 OH

Uracil (U)nur RNA

Guanin (G)DNARNA

Adenin (A)DNARNA

Thymin (T)nur DNA

Cytosin (C)DNARNA

HN

NH

O

O N

NH

N

N

O

NH2HH N

N

N

N

NH2

HN

NH

O

O

H3C

HN

N

NH2

O

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Folie342Die vier Nucleotide der DNA – Desoxyribonucleinsäure

O

OH

HOPOCH2

O

OHN

N

N

N

NH2

2-Desoxyadenylsäure

O

OH

HOPOCH2

O

OHN

N

N

N

O

NH2

H

2-Desoxyguanidylsäure

O

OH

HOPOCH2

O

OHN

N

NH2

O

2-Desoxycytidylsäure

O

OH

HOPOCH2

O

OHN

N

O

O

H3C H

2-Desoxythymidylsäure

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Folie343Die vier Nucleotide der RNA –Ribonucleinsäure

Adenylsäure

N

N

N

N

NH2

O

OH

H2O3POCH2

OH

Guanidylsäure

N

N

N

N

O

NH2

H

O

OH

H2O3POCH2

OH

Cytidylsäure

N

N

NH2

OO

OH

H2O3POCH2

OHUridylsäure

N

N

O

O

H

O

OH

H2O3POCH2

OH

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Folie344Ausschnitt aus einer DNA-Kette

O

H

HH

O

HH

H2C

OP O-O

Base

BaseO

H

HH

O

HH

H2C

OP O-O

O

H

HH

O

HH

H2C

OP O-O

Base

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Folie345Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen den komplementären Basenpaaren

A T

C

G

G

C

A

T

A G C T A C G A T C

T C G A T G C T A G

NNN

N N

Zucker

H

Zucker NNN

N O

N

NN

O

NH

H

H

NN

O

CH3O

H

HH

HZucker Zucker

DNA: Adenin-ThyminRNA: Adenin-Uracil

Guanin-CytosinA T G C

Die wechselseitigen Wasser-stoffbrückenbindungen sind für die doppelsträngige DNA-Struktur verantwortlich.

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Folie346

Bacteria are oftensurrounded by astrong protective cell wall and replicate through simple cell division.

Fungi may causeinfections of themouth, throat, lungs,and skin.

Parasites thrive ontheir host, oftencausing longlastingchronic infections.

Viruses are smallpackages of geneticmaterial that canonly replicate insidea cell.

Prions are simple proteins that are much smaller than viruses.They are unique since they lack a genome. All other knowninfectious agents contain genetic material.

Prions are novel infectious agents differing from all other known pathogenic agents

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Folie347Nachrichten aus der Chemie 02, 2001, 158-160

BSE – Bovine Spongiforme Encephalophathie (S. Prusiner, Nobelpreisträger 1997)

Proteinöse Infektiöse Partikel – Prionen normales Prionprotein: PrPCkrankmachendes Prionprotein: PrPSc

PrPC (Mensch) und PrPC (Rind) besteht jeweils aus 250 Aminosäuren und unterscheidet sich nur in 30 Aminosäuren von einander.

Konformationsumwandlung von PrPC in PrPSc autokatalytischer Prozess.

PrPSc 2 PrPSc 4 PrPSc+ 2 PrPC + 4 PrPC8 PrPSc

+ 8 PrPC16 PrPSc + 16 PrPC

u.s.w.

+ PrPC

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Folie348

PrPC

PrPSc

From Dr Jekyll to Mr HydeThe prion protein exists in two forms. The normal, innocuous protein (PrPc) can change its shape to a harmful, disease-causing form (PrPSc). The conversion from PrPc to PrPSc then proceeds via a chain-reaction. When enough PrPSc proteins have been made they form long filamentous aggregates that gradually damage neuronal tissue. The harmful PrPSc form is very resistant to high temperatures, UV-irradiation and strong degradative enzymes.