Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
-
Upload
simon-buckingham-shum -
Category
Technology
-
view
1.767 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse
![Page 1: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1© Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Federation as
Hypermedia Discourse
Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Media Institute
The Open University
Milton Keynes, UK
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/people/sbs
Knowledge Federation 2008, Dubrovnik, 20-22 Oct
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 License
![Page 2: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2© Simon Buckingham Shum
About me
! Psychology -> Ergonomics -> Human-Computer Interaction -> Hypermedia ->Design Rationale -> OrganisationalMemory -> Collaboration Tools ->eLearning/ePublishing/eScience
--> Sensemaking and CollectiveIntelligence
Work in Knowledge Media Instituteat Open U., Europe’s largest
university (>220,000 students/yr)based in Milton Keynes
![Page 3: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Challenge
![Page 4: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4© Simon Buckingham Shum
Our context (1)
“I want to talk about the challenge of our generation. […] Ourchallenge, our generation’s unique challenge, is learning tolive peacefully and sustainably in an extraordinarily crowdedworld.
“The way of solving problems requires one fundamentalchange, a big one, and that is learning that the challenges ofour generation are not us versus them, they are not usversus Islam, us versus the terrorists, us versus Iran, theyare us, all of us together on this planet against a set ofshared and increasingly urgent problems.”
Je!rey Sachs: 2007 Reith Lectureshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007
![Page 5: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5© Simon Buckingham Shum
Our context (2)
“With these “minds”, a person will be well equippedto deal with what is expected, as well as with whatcannot be anticipated; without these minds, aperson will be at the mercy of forces that he or shecan’t understand, let alone control.
“The disciplined mind… the synthesizing mind…the creating mind… the respectful mind… theethical mind.”
Howard Gardner: Five Minds for the Future.Harvard Univ. Press, 2006: p.2
![Page 6: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What I may have to o!er
![Page 7: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7© Simon Buckingham Shum
What I may have to o!er…
Human-centred hypermediaperspective on knowledgestructuring and its literacy
Some elements ofa prototype KFinfrastructure?
Access to communities andresearch resources todevelop and test KF ideas
![Page 8: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ideas
![Page 9: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ideas…
Foundations forFoundations forCivilizationCivilization……
Weapons of MassWeapons of MassDestructionDestruction……
![Page 10: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ideas… (aren’t everything)
So what’s
he got that
I haven’t
got?
![Page 11: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Significance
![Page 12: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ideas…
Foundations forFoundations forCivilizationCivilization……
Weapons of MassWeapons of MassDestructionDestruction……
![Page 13: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13© Simon Buckingham Shum
Significance?…
= ?
![Page 14: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?
Significance?…
![Page 15: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?
Significance?…
http://flickr.com/photos/pewari/354960548http://flickr.com/photos/voetmann/274550156
http://flickr.com/photos/notorious_indian/540058288
![Page 16: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?context
Significance?…
![Page 17: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?
Significance?…
= ?
= ?
= ?= ?
= ?= ?
![Page 18: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18© Simon Buckingham Shum
=
Significance?…
![Page 19: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19© Simon Buckingham Shum
=
Significance?…
![Page 20: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20© Simon Buckingham Shum
Hypermedia Discourse Research
published claimsand arguments ashypermediadiscoursenetworks
team deliberationsas hypermediadiscourse networks
Scaffold emergent
models ofcontested worlds
by scaffolding
discourseabout them…
![Page 21: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sense / Making
![Page 22: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22© Simon Buckingham Shum
Sensemaking
“Sensemaking is about such things as
placement of items into frameworks,
comprehending, redressing surprise,
constructing meaning, interacting in pursuit
of mutual understanding, and patterning.”
Karl Weick, 1995, p.6
Sensemaking in Organizations
![Page 23: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23© Simon Buckingham Shum
In sensemaking communities
Ideas and ways to arguetruth/plausibility are offirst order importance
![Page 24: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24© Simon Buckingham Shum
In sensemaking communities
Ideas and ways to arguetruth/plausibility are offirst order importance
Representationsexternalise anddistribute cognition,mediate discourse,negotiate boundaries
![Page 25: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25© Simon Buckingham Shum
In sensemaking communities
Ideas and ways to arguetruth/plausibility are offirst order importance
Representationsexternalise anddistribute cognition,mediate discourse,negotiate boundaries
Arguably, social computing forsensemaking will make it easy to shareand annotate representations andoverlay conceptual and social networks
![Page 26: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26© Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Cartography
! “Maps are one of the oldest forms of human
communication. Map-making, like painting,
pre-dates both number systems and written
language. Primitive peoples made maps to
orientate themselves in both the living
environment and the spiritual worlds. Mapping
enabled them to transcend the limitations of
private, individual representations of terrain in
order to augment group planning, reasoning
and memory. Shared, visual representations
opened new possibilities for focusing collective
attention, re-living the past, envisaging new
scenarios, coordinating actions and making
decisions.” (Okada et al, 2008)
![Page 27: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27© Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Cartography
1. Clarify the intellectual moves andcommitments at di!erent levels. (e.g. Which
concepts are seen as more abstract? What relationshipsare legitimate? What are the key issues? What evidence isbeing appealed to?)
2. Incorporate further contributions from others,whether in agreement or not. The map is not
closed, but rather, has a!ordances designed to make iteasy for others to extend and restructure it.
3. Provoke, mediate, capture and improveconstructive discourse. This is central to
sensemaking in unfamiliar or contested domains, in whichthe primary challenge is to construct plausible narrativesabout how the world was, is, or might be, often in theabsence of complete, unambiguous data.
![Page 28: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
An Approach
![Page 29: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29© Simon Buckingham Shum
In a nutshell…
Knowledge Federation researchhas most value to add incontested, poorly understooddomains
We haveto talk…
KF infrastructure is intrinsicallySocial as well as Technical.
We need to understand the di!erentkinds of discourse we must support
![Page 30: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sensemaking Infrastructure
…Beyond Annotation andTagging
<movies/demos to illustrate approaches>
![Page 31: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
CompendiumCompendium
•• personal or grouppersonal or group
concept mappingconcept mapping
•• real time meetingreal time meeting
capturecapture
•• participatory modellingparticipatory modelling
•• discourse as semanticdiscourse as semantic
hypertexthypertext
![Page 32: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32© Simon Buckingham Shum
Discourse grounded in Horst Rittel’s IBIS:Issue-Based Information System
![Page 33: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33© Simon Buckingham Shum
• Shared visual display• Simple notation• Template patterns• Node transclusions• Tagging• Hypermedia• Interoperability with
other data, servicesand user interfaces
Key elements of Compendium
Practitioner skillse.g. • Cognitive skills to chunk and link ideas
(Buckingham Shum)
• Dialogue Mapping (Conklin)
• Conversational Modelling (Sierhuis & Selvin)
• Participatory Hypermedia Construction(Selvin)
ModellingFrameworkse.g. • IBIS• CommonKADS• World Modelling• Critical Systems Heuristics
KnowledgeMedia
![Page 34: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium: hypertext discoursemapping/conceptual modelling
![Page 35: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium: hypertext discoursemapping/conceptual modelling
![Page 36: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium: Descendent of gIBIS
![Page 37: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Modelling using Issue-templates
![Page 38: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38© Simon Buckingham Shum
Modelling organisational processes inCompendium using a Template
![Page 39: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39© Simon Buckingham Shum
Completing a Compendium template
![Page 40: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40© Simon Buckingham Shum
GeneratingCustomDocuments andDiagrams fromCompendiumTemplates
Build
Assignable
Inventory
Assignable
Inventory
Deviations/
Changes
(Engr Sched)
Approvals
Integrated/
Revised
Requirements
Field
Specific
Assignments
/Assignment
List
Installation
Details/
Specs/NDO
Assignable
Inventory
Notice (E1)
![Page 41: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41© Simon Buckingham Shum
Structure management in Compendium
! Associative linkingnodes in a shared context connected by graphical Map links
! Categorical membershipnodes in di!erent contexts connected by common attributes via metadata Tags
! Hypertextual Transclusionreuse of the same node in di!erent views
! Templatesreuse of the same structure in di!erent views
! HTML, XML and RDF data exports for interoperability
! Java and SQL interfaces to add services
![Page 42: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42© Simon Buckingham Shum
Heuristic for balanced Dialogue Mapping(from Je! Conklin’s book “Dialogue Mapping”, 2003)
![Page 43: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Using Compendium for personnelrecovery planning
Example of Conversational Modelling:real time dialogue mapping combined with model driven
templates (AI+IA)
Co-OPR Project (with Austin Tate):http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/co-opr
![Page 44: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44© Simon Buckingham Shum
Mission Briefing: Intent template
Answers to template issuesprovided in the JTFC Briefing.Answers may be constrained
by predefined options, asspecified in the XML schema
![Page 45: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45© Simon Buckingham Shum
Capturing political deliberation/rationale
Dialogue Mapcapturing the
planners’discussion of this
option
![Page 46: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46© Simon Buckingham Shum
Planning Engine input to Compendium
Issues on which the
I-X planning engine
provided candidate
Options
![Page 47: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47© Simon Buckingham Shum
Modelling a document corpus:The Iraq Debate
http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq
![Page 48: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48© Simon Buckingham Shum
Annotating a document corpus:Chomsky’s article in the Iraq Debate
http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq
![Page 49: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Large scale NASA e-science field trials:
Interoperability with other databases, softwareagents and collaboration tools
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
Clancey, W.J., Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Berrios, D., Dowding, J., Graham, J.S., Tyree, K.S., Hirsh,R.L., Garry, W.B., Semple, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J., Shadbolt, N. and Rupert, S. (2005).“Automating CapCom Using Mobile Agents and Robotic Assistants.” 1st Space ExplorationConference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 31 Jan-1 Feb, 2005, Orlando,FL. Available from: AIAA Meeting Papers on Disc [CD-ROM]: Reston, VA, and as AdvancedKnowledge Technologies ePrint 375: http://eprints.aktors.org/375
![Page 50: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50© Simon Buckingham Shum Image Credits--- Mars: NASA/JPL/MSSS; Earth: NASA/JSC; Composite: MSSS
![Page 51: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA e-science field trials (2004 and 2005)
Distributed Mars-Earth planning and data analysis toolsfor Mars Habitat field trial in Utah desert, supported from US+UK
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
![Page 52: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA Mobile Agents Architecture
![Page 53: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53© Simon Buckingham Shum
Collaboration Configuration
Scientist(Mars)
Scientist(Earth)
Scientist(Earth)
Scientist(Mars)
Scientist(Earth)
Software AgentArchitecture
(Mars)
Compendium used as a collaboration medium at all intersections:humans+agents, reading+writing maps
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi00:49:08
![Page 54: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA testbed:Compendium activity plans for surface exploration, constructed by
scientists on ‘Earth’, interpreted by software agents on ‘Mars’
The Compendium nodes and relationships in this plan were interpreted by Brahms software agents for monitoring
and coordinating astronaut and robot activity during surface explorations.
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames, OpenUniversity, SouthamptonUniversityNot to be used withoutpermission
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi
1:11:57
![Page 55: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55© Simon Buckingham Shum
CoAKTinG NASA testbed:Compendium science data map, generated by software agents, for
interpretation by Mars+Earth scientists
The Compendium maps were autonomously created and populated with science data by Brahms software agents that use models of the
mission plan, work process, data flow and science data relationships to create the maps.
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames, OpenUniversity, SouthamptonUniversityNot to be used withoutpermission
![Page 56: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56© Simon Buckingham Shum
CoAKTinG NASA testbed:Compendium-based photo analysis by geologists on ‘Mars’
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames,Open University,SouthamptonUniversityNot to be usedwithout permission
![Page 57: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA testbed:Compendium scientific feedback map from Earth scientists toMars colleagues
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames,Open University,SouthamptonUniversityNot to be usedwithout permission
![Page 58: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Using Compendium to mapand automatically index
replayable video conferences
CoAKTinG Project: www.aktors.org/coakting
Memetic Project: www.memetic-vre.net
e-Dance project: kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/e-dance
![Page 59: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59© Simon Buckingham Shum
Collaborative sensemaking in e-Science:Meeting Replay tool for Earth scientists, synchronising
video of Mars crew’s discussion as they annotate their mission plans
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames, OpenUniversity, SouthamptonUniversityNot to be used withoutpermission
NASA MR Clip: 00:50
![Page 60: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60© Simon Buckingham Shum
Memetic Meeting ReplayThe CoAKTinG project’s results are now mainstreamed in the Access
Grid by the JISC Memetic VRE project
![Page 61: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61© Simon Buckingham Shum
Memetic Meeting ReplayThe CoAKTinG project’s results are now mainstreamed in the Access
Grid by the JISC Memetic VRE project
![Page 62: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62© Simon Buckingham Shum
Embedding time/location-dependent semanticannotations inside video clips using Compendium
![Page 63: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Compendium ‘literacy’?
…understanding how to write, read,talk and think in hypermedia IBIS
…approaches from consultancy in thefield, and video analysis in the lab…
![Page 64: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: significant user community
www.www.CompendiumInstituteCompendiumInstitute.org.org
![Page 65: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Literacy: Cognitive task analysis
! Cognitive tasks involved in using a graphicalargumentation scheme (Buckingham Shum 1996)
! A!ordances of graphical DR for coordinatinggroup design (Buckingham Shum et al 1997)
![Page 66: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: the craft skill of IBIS mapping inmeetings: “Dialogue Mapping”
Je! Conklin:CogNexus Institute:www.CogNexus.org
![Page 67: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: expertise analysis(Albert Selvin)
! What is the nature of expert human performance in creatingand modifying real time conceptual structures for groups?
! The NASA knowledge mapper role:
! Listening and interpreting
! Intervening in ‘normal’ conversation flow
! Getting validation for captured material
! Building hypertext representations onthe fly
! Interrelating data and objects
! Adding metadata
! Software-specific skills
Conventionalfacilitationskills
Knowledgemediafacilitationskills
Aesthetic and Ethical Implications of Participatory Hypermedia Practice: First Year Report
Selvin, A. (2005), Technical Report KMI-05-17, Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, UK
![Page 68: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Will scientific publishing in 2020 still depend solely on thereading, writing, and discovery of written texts?
What might a more network-centric complement look like?
ScholarlyScholarly
OntologiesOntologies
ProjectProject
•• Web publishing ofWeb publishing of
scholarly claims andscholarly claims and
argumentationargumentation
•• discourse as discourse as semanticsemantic
hypertexthypertext
![Page 69: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69© Simon Buckingham Shum
In Gutenberg’s shadow(or standing on his shoulders)
Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society of LondonMarch 1665
Le Journal des SçavansJanuary 1665
Newspapers + Invisible Colleges = Scholarly Journals
![Page 70: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70© Simon Buckingham Shum
Jumping forward 343 years…
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Digital Research Discourse? Computational Thinking Seminar Series, School of Informatics,
University of Edinburgh, 25 Apr. 2007. http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/hyperdiscourse/docs/Simon-Edin-CompThink.pdf
![Page 71: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71© Simon Buckingham Shum
…digital paper!
2007: Ideas are now digital
![Page 72: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72© Simon Buckingham Shum
What if we could get search results like this?…“What is the Turing Debate?”
One of seven maps in the Mapping Great Debates: Can Computers Think? Series.MacroVU Press. www.macrovu.com (Horn, 2003; Yoshimi, 2006)
![Page 73: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73© Simon Buckingham Shum
Horn (zoomed in)
MacroVU Press. www.macrovu.com
![Page 74: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74© Simon Buckingham Shum
Paper: “The Scent of a Site: A System forAnalyzing and Predicting Information Scent,
Usage, and Usability of a Web Site”
“Web User Flow by
Information Scent
(WUFIS)”
Paper: “Informationforaging”
“Information
foraging
theory”
“Information scent
models”
“People try to maximise
their rate of gaining
information”
?
applies
Beyond document citations…
These annotations are freeform summariesof an idea, as one would find in researchers’
journals, fieldnotes, lit. review notes orblog entries
Addressable triple which can be contestede.g. supported/challenged
Method
Theory
Claim
Making formal connectionsbetween ideas creates a
semantic citation network —>novel literature navigation,querying and visualization
![Page 75: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75© Simon Buckingham Shum
Scholarly discourse as CKS…Connecting freeform tags with naturalistic connections (“dialects”)grounded in a formal set of relations (from semiotics and coherence relations)
![Page 76: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76© Simon Buckingham Shum
How to help scholars engage in CKS?Pilot study: paper-based literature modelling
S. Buckingham Shum, V. Uren, G. Li, B. Sereno, and C. Mancini. Computational Modelling of Naturalistic Argumentation in ResearchLiteratures: Representation and Interaction Design Issues. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 22(1):17–47, 2006
![Page 77: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77© Simon Buckingham Shum
How to help scholars engage in CKS?From paper prototype to semiformal mapping tool
! The ClaiMapper tool
Evaluated in: V. Uren, S. Buckingham Shum, G. Li, and M. Bachler. Sensemaking Tools for Understanding Research Literatures: Design, Implementation andUser Evaluation. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64(5):420–445, 2006
…to formal argument maps
Starting from paper-based modelling,
move from literature sketches…
![Page 78: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78© Simon Buckingham Shum
How to help scholars engage in CKS?Pilot study: paper-based annotation
Pilot study reported in: B. Sereno, S. Buckingham Shum, and E. Motta. (2005). ClaimSpotter: an Environment to SupportSensemaking with Knowledge Triples. Proc. Int. Conf. Intelligent User Interfaces, pages 199–206, ACM
![Page 79: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79© Simon Buckingham Shum
How to help scholars engage in CKS?! The ClaimSpotter annotation tool: Web 2.0-style tagging with
optional community/system tag recommendations
![Page 80: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80© Simon Buckingham Shum
“Semantic del.icio.us”: KMi’s ClaimSpotter assigning and linking freeform tags
Sereno, B., Buckingham Shum, S. and Motta, E. (2007). Formalization, User Strategy and Interaction Design: Users’ Behaviour with Discourse TaggingSemantics. Workshop on Social and Collaborative Construction of Structured Knowledge, 16th Int. World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2007), Banff, 8-12
May 2007. http://www2007.org/workshops/paper_30.pdf
![Page 81: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81© Simon Buckingham Shum
Interaction Designhow behaviour is shaped by the tool’s a!ordances
! ‘Flip’ left/right tags to match the link type
![Page 82: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82© Simon Buckingham Shum
Visualising claims and arguments
claimfinder.open.ac.uk
When multipleanalysts annotate webdocuments via aserver, they cangenerate a sharedview of how they seethe field, and wherethey agree/disagree
![Page 83: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83© Simon Buckingham Shum
“Semantic Google Scholar” KMi’s ClaimFinder
![Page 84: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84© Simon Buckingham Shum
Semantic Literature Analysis [ClaimFinder expt: 1:59:17]
Problem: “What advantages and disadvantages does CiteSeerhave compared to the ISI citation databases?”
Victoria Uren, Simon Buckingham Shum, Michelle Bachler, Gary Li, (2006) Sensemaking Tools for Understanding Research Literatures:Design, Implementation and User Evaluation. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, Vol.64, 5, (420-445).
![Page 85: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85© Simon Buckingham Shum
“What papers contrast with this paper?”
1. Extract concepts for this document
2. Trace concepts on which they build
3. Trace concepts challenging this set
4. Show root documents
![Page 86: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86© Simon Buckingham Shum
Focusing on a conceptincoming+outgoing links
![Page 87: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87© Simon Buckingham Shum
“Semantic Google Scholar” KMi’s ClaimFinder
![Page 88: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88© Simon Buckingham Shum
Lineage tree (the roots of a concept)
![Page 89: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89© Simon Buckingham Shum
ClaiMaker literacy: searching for negative links
EvalStudy Clip: 00:01:10
![Page 90: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90© Simon Buckingham Shum
Indicators of ClaiMaker literacy?
Victoria Uren, Simon Buckingham Shum, Michelle Bachler, Gary Li, (2006) Sensemaking Tools for Understanding ResearchLiteratures: Design, Implementation and User Evaluation. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, Vol.64, 5, (420-445).
![Page 91: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91© Simon Buckingham Shum
Example: ‘argumentation’ on YouTube
Movie posted by
National Front on
YouTube to
demonstrate their
activities
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007
http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 92: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92© Simon Buckingham Shum
Example: a “scientific argument” onNational Front website
www.natfront.com/prejudic.html
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007
http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 93: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93© Simon Buckingham Shum
Mapping thestructure of theNational Front’s“negro intelligence”argument
![Page 94: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94© Simon Buckingham Shum
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence”argument using argument mapping
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007
http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 95: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95© Simon Buckingham Shum
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence”argument using argument mapping
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007
http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 96: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96© Simon Buckingham Shum
Importing an Argumentation Scheme asan IBIS template
compendium.open.ac.uk
![Page 97: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97© Simon Buckingham Shum
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence”argument using argument mapping
The structure of an “Argument from
Bias” can be exposed..
The structure of an “Argument from
Analogy” can be exposed..
![Page 98: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98© Simon Buckingham Shum
Template for an
“Argument from
Analogy”
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007
http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 99: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99© Simon Buckingham Shum
Template for an
“Argument from
Analogy”
Instantiating the
“Argument from
Analogy” template
![Page 100: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Cohere: Web 2.0 mapping of Ideas
![Page 101: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ideas as embeddable social objects,overlayed on a social network
http://kmi.open.ac.uk/people/sbs/2008/10/science-web2-social-notworking
cohereweb.net
![Page 102: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102© Simon Buckingham Shum
Sensemaking on the Social Web! Connected via the Open U’s SocialLearn API, they could
smoothly exchange important learner-centric data
API
API
API
API
![Page 103: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103© Simon Buckingham Shum
SocialLearn - from 30,000 feet…
SocialLearn
server
and Website
• Identity
• Portfolio
• Activity History
• Social Network
2Learner
manage your
learning goals
Micro
Learner
micro-blog your
thoughts,
learning goals
and resources
Coherecohereweb.net
manage connections
between learning
goals/resources/ideas
![Page 104: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
International Devpt.examples
![Page 105: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105© Simon Buckingham Shum
Visual software for dialogue andsensemaking
! International Labour Organisation: The UNspecialized agency promoting social justiceand human and labour rights
! Annual Learning Conference to review itsHIV/AIDS in the Workplace Programme
! Compendium was used to capture, integrateand annotate a week’s discussions sharingand debating best practices, creating a visualWeb database
![Page 106: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106© Simon Buckingham Shum
Visual capture of ILO success stories
![Page 107: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107© Simon Buckingham Shum
! World Vision International: global relief anddevelopment agency
! Reviewing its quality control programme throughan international series of workshops
! Compendium was used to classify and connect thekey ideas creating a visual Web database
![Page 108: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108© Simon Buckingham Shum
Visual database of WVI workshopfeedback
![Page 109: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Upcoming Testbeds
(candidate KF testbeds?…)
![Page 110: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110© Simon Buckingham Shum
Global Sensemaking network
! www.GlobalSensemaking.net
! Online deliberationtechnology
! Particular focus on climatechange
![Page 111: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111© Simon Buckingham Shum
ESSENCE:E-Science/Sensemaking/Climate Change
! Challenge: bring together deliberation tooldevelopers/researchers* with climate changeexperts
! Engage in meaningful debate
! Reflect on process at f-f conference (Apr 2009)
! Improve how climate science debate is conducted
! www.GlobalSensemaking.net
![Page 112: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112© Simon Buckingham Shum
OLnet:Open Learning Network (proposal under review)
! Challenge: develop a sociotechnical infrastructureto catalyse and sca!old an emergent researchcommunity
! Domain: Open Educ. Resources
! How to nurture social and conceptual networks topool our collective intelligence in a field?
! Go beyond wikis or Freebase
! Layers of evidence in di!erent modalities
! Explicit support for contesting claims
![Page 113: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Minds + Hearts
![Page 114: Knowledge Federation as Hypermedia Discourse](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052618/5549613cb4c905f74e8b5a7e/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114© Simon Buckingham Shum
In conclusion…
! YES… we are certainly interested in improving informationmanagement, sharpening critical thinking and promoting soundargumentation
! BUT… these are only part of the story. Those who are engaged inconflict resolution remind us that the key to making true progressis to establish the context for open dialogue in which stakeholderslearn to listen to each other properly, and co-construct newrealities (Isaacs, 1999; Kahane, 2004).
! We need both critical thinking and open listening as we strivecollectively to make sense of, and act on, the complexities andcontroversies now facing us.