Knowing Your Research Contributions
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Knowing Your Research Contributions
*** All right reserved. Video or audio recording is prohibited. Reference to this *** All right reserved. Video or audio recording is prohibited. Reference to this document should be made as follows: Li, E.Y. “Knowing your research document should be made as follows: Li, E.Y. “Knowing your research contributions,” unpublished lecture, National Chengchi University, 2008. ***contributions,” unpublished lecture, National Chengchi University, 2008. ***
Eldon Y. LiEldon Y. LiUniversity Chair ProfessorUniversity Chair Professor
College of CommerceCollege of CommerceNational Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi Universityhttp://www.calpoly.edu/~elihttp://www.calpoly.edu/~eli
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Agenda
• Dimensions of contribution• Choice of dimensions• Formulating a good paper• Synthesizing the literature• Classifying journals
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Dimensions of ContributionDefinitions:1. Paradigm 2. Theory3. Concept4. Model 5. Construct6. Ontology7. Conceptual model8. Theoretical model9. Triangulation
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Dimensions of Contribution1. Problem 2. Context3. Unit4. Paradigm / Theory / Concept5. Model
• Construct• Ontology
6. Method7. Data (number / text)8. Time
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Types of Problem• Problem (phenomenon / story)
– New / novel / community interest– Old (longitudinal, meta analysis)
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Types of Context• Context
– Location / culture / policy• Single (the same)• Multiple (different)
– Gender• Male• Female
– Other context
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Unit (Granularity) of Analysis• Individual• Group• Organization• Enterprise• Industry• Nation • Region • World
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Paradigm / Theory / Concept• Paradigm / Theory / Concept
– Old vs. New– Single vs. Multiple– Incremental vs. Radical change of theory
• Waterfall vs. Spiral software development• Data center vs. End user computing• Pull vs. Push manufacturing process• Output-driven vs. Process-driven quality control
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Model - Type of InnovationLinkage Between Constructs (Ontology)
Core Concepts (Constructs)
Reinforced Changed
Same Incremental Innovation • Replicate results for the focal
relationship(s) in a new context• Extend by adding peripheral construct(s)
Modular InnovationDefine, measure, or analyze one or more core constructs in a new way
Different Architectural Innovation• Examine a new situation or context in
which the nature of the focal relationship(s) may be different
• Examine the role of a new construct that may moderate the nature of the focal relationship(s)
Radical InnovationIntroduce a new conceptualization that replaces and changes how we think of the old construct(s) and relationship(s)
Source: Voss, G.B. Formulating interesting research questions. Academy of Marketing Science. Journal, 31(3), Summer 2003, pp. 356-359.
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Method / Process / Technology / Algorithm
• Single vs. Multiple (Triangulation) vs. Integrated
• Old vs. New
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Types of Data• Quantitative (empirical / experimental data)• Qualitative (field study / case data)• Mixed
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Types of Time Period• Single period, cross-sectional• Multiple periods:
– Intervals (longitudinal)– Series (time series)
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Choices of DimensionsModel
Parad
igm/Th
eory
/Conc
ept
Met
hod
A
A
A
A+
Radical InnovationModular Architectural
Single
NewMultiple
Integrated/ New
Single
Multiple
Incremental
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Formulating a Good Paper• Novel problem• New perspective• Innovative model• Disciplined methods• Rich data• Rigorous effort• Eloquent writing style
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Formulating an Ideal Paper• Different problem / novel story• Multiple contexts• Multiple units• New paradigm• New theory / concept• Radical model innovation• Integrated or new method / process / technology /
algorithm• Mixed data (qualitative and quantitative data)• Multiple time periods (longitudinal or series)
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Synthesizing the Literature Probl
emContext
Theory Model Metho
d Time Unit (quaN. / quaL.)
Citation
Old
New
Single
Multiple
SingleM
ultipleN
ewIncrem
ental InnovationM
odular InnovationArchitectural Innovation
Radical InnovationSingleM
ultipleIntegrated / N
ewO
neIntervalsSeriesIndividualG
roupO
rganizationEnterpriseIndustryN
ationRegionW
orld
Davis [1]
N
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Classifying the SSCI Journals Probl
emContext Theory Model Metho
d Time Unit (quaN. / quaL.)
Journal
Old
New
Single
Multiple
SingleM
ultipleN
ewIncrem
ental InnovationM
odular InnovationArchitectural Innovation
Radical InnovationSingleM
ultipleIntegrated / N
ewO
neIntervalsSeriesIndividualG
roupO
rganizationEnterpriseIndustryN
ationRegionW
orld
MgtSci
N N N N
DSS N N N
AMJ
N N N NL
HBR
L L L
CACM
N N N N
Davis [1] N
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Recommendation
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Resources
• Theories used in IS research (http://www.istheory.yorku.ca/)
• Association for Information Systems Network (http://www.aisworld.org/)
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What is a “paradigm”?• A philosophical and theoretical framework of a
scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated.(Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary)
• A system of thought, worldview, perspective, mindset, (thinking outside) the box
• e.g., positivism, experience economy, BPR, Isaac Newtonian mechanics, Albert Einstein’s mechanics, “The earth is round”, “The world is flat”, epistemology (認識論 ), etc.
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What is “Epistemology ”?• The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its
presuppositions and foundations, and its extent and validity.• Epistemology is concerned with the definition of knowledge, the
sources and criteria of knowledge, the kinds of knowledge possible and the degree to which each is certain, and the exact relation between the one who knows and the object that is known.
• The rationalists favored deductive reasoning based on self-evident principles. Plato stated that only abstract reasoning yields genuine knowledge, whereas reliance on sense perception produces vague and inconsistent opinions.
• The empiricists leaned toward sense perception and regard knowledge as an instrument of action to be judged by its usefulness in predicting experiences.
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What is a “theory”?• Systematically organized knowledge applicable in
a relatively wide variety of circumstances, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.(American Heritage Dictionary)
• e.g., Icek Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior, Anthony Giddens’s structuration theory, Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation, etc.
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What is a “concept”?• Something conceived in the mind; an
abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances.(Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary)
• e.g., subjective norm concept, total quality concept, etc.
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What is a “model”?• A schematic description of a system,
theory, or phenomenon that accounts for its known or inferred properties and may be used for further study of its characteristics. (American Heritage Dictionary)
• e.g., TAM, DeLone & McLean’s ISS model, etc.
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What is a “model”?• Theoretical model: A model developed
from a theory or a group of related theories.
• Conceptual model: A model developed from a concept or a group of related concepts.
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What is “Triangulation”?• Under qualitative research, triangulation is
a process of using multiple methods to ensure the accuracy and credibility of research findings.
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What is “Triangulation”?Types of Triangulation:• Data triangulation: combining a variety of data sources and
checking the consistency of the different sources (such as samples from two different companies),
• Investigator triangulation: using several researchers, analysts, or evaluators to review the findings,
• Theory triangulation: using multiple perspectives to interpret the data (such as TPB and TAM),
• Methodological triangulation: checking the consistency by using mixed methods of data collection and analysis (such as qualitative and quantitative).
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_%28disambiguation%29#In_research
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Schema of AbstractionParadigm
Theory
Model
constrains
directs
Phenomenondescribes
Concept
directs
explains
derives
derives
induction
induction
deduction
deduction
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The Logic of a The Logic of a Research ProcessResearch Process
System System ResearchResearch
•ObservationsObservations
•ProblemsProblems
•Propose Propose systemssystems
•Construct Construct systemssystems
•Validate Validate systemssystems
•Evaluate Evaluate systemssystems
•ConclusionsConclusions
Design Design ResearchResearch
•Design Design needsneeds
•Propose Propose designsdesigns
•Build Build designsdesigns
•Validate Validate designsdesigns
•Evaluate Evaluate designsdesigns
•ConclusionsConclusions
Theory Theory Building Building ResearchResearch
•PhenomenaPhenomena
•Literature Literature reviewsreviews
•Propose Propose theory/concepttheory/concept
•Propose modelsPropose models
•Propose Propose propositionspropositions
•Justify Justify propositionspropositions
•ConclusionsConclusions
Model Building Model Building ResearchResearch
•ProblemsProblems
•Literature Literature reviewsreviews
•Propose modelPropose model
•Propose Propose hypotheseshypotheses
•Collect and Collect and validate datavalidate data
•Test hypothesesTest hypotheses
•ConclusionsConclusions
DDeedduuccttiioonn IInndduuccttiioonn
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Theory of Planned Behavior
Source: http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.html
Behavioral beliefs
Attitude toward
the behavior
Intention BehaviorNormative beliefs
Subjective norm
Control beliefs
Perceived behavioral control
Actual behavioral control
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Architectural Innovation
Source: Wixom, B.H., and Todd, P.A. A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance. Information Systems Research, 16, 1 (2005), 85-102.