Know how. Know now. 1 Assuring Quality A guide for youth livestock producers.

Know how. Know now.

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Assuring Quality

A guide for youth A guide for youth livestock producerslivestock producers

University of NebraskaUniversity of Nebraska––LincolnLincoln

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Introduction to Quality Assurance

Quality:Quality:Are the products that come from animals:Are the products that come from animals:

• Safe and Healthy?Safe and Healthy?

• Good Consumer Experiences?Good Consumer Experiences?

Assurance:Assurance:A pledge or a A pledge or a promiseTo consumers

What is Quality Assurance?


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Quality Assurance Promise

““The food from our livestock will be the The food from our livestock will be the highest possible quality and we will do highest possible quality and we will do everything we can to make these products everything we can to make these products safe and healthy for our consumers.”safe and healthy for our consumers.”

Regardless of how many animals you raise Regardless of how many animals you raise or what species or breed, or what species or breed, YOUYOU are producing are producing food that will be on someone’s table!food that will be on someone’s table!


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Food Supply Continuum Producers start the Producers start the

cycle by raising a safe, cycle by raising a safe, healthy and quality healthy and quality product product

All segments are All segments are responsible for product responsible for product safety and qualitysafety and quality

Each segment relies on Each segment relies on other segments to do other segments to do their parttheir part


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HACCP and Food Safety

HazardAnalysis and

CriticalControl

Points

For Youth Producers it means:For Youth Producers it means:

Identifying and eliminating Identifying and eliminating or changing those practices or changing those practices that have the potential to that have the potential to cause food safety problems cause food safety problems with the meat, milk or eggs with the meat, milk or eggs we produce for the food we produce for the food supply.supply.


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Good Production Practice (GPP)

10 Guidelines for Producer to Assure:10 Guidelines for Producer to Assure:

Food SafetyFood SafetyHealthier AnimalsHealthier AnimalsBetter Performance EfficiencyBetter Performance EfficiencyHumane Production PracticesHumane Production Practices


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Activities, Videos or Discussion

Introduction Segment Introduction Segment Worksheet Activity 1: Creating a Hazard Worksheet Activity 1: Creating a Hazard

Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) PlanPlan

Worksheet Activity 2: Food Supply Worksheet Activity 2: Food Supply Continuum PuzzleContinuum Puzzle

Worksheet Activity 3: Food Safety Worksheet Activity 3: Food Safety


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GPP 1 – Health Management Plan“Establish a herd/flock health management plan.”

Herd/Flock Health Management Plans include:Working with your veterinarianRegular animal evaluation and observationBiosecurityRodent/pest controlCleaning and disinfecting tools and facilities


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GPP 1 - Biosecurity

Preventative MeasuresPreventative MeasuresProcedures to prevent animal health

concerns Reduce RiskReduce Risk

Plans to reduce the spread of disease through your herd and neighboring herds

Record KeepingRecord KeepingMaintain records of treatment and

movement of livestock


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Good Production Practice No. 1Good Production Practice No. 1 Worksheet Activity 1-1: Answering Worksheet Activity 1-1: Answering

questions about establishing a herd/flock questions about establishing a herd/flock health management plan health management plan


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GPP 2 - VCPR

“Develop a Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR).”

VCPR are EssentialProvide advise for animal health practice

and plansAssist with animal health diagnosisProvide assistance with prescription drugs

or over-the-counter drug


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What is needed for a VCPR? The veterinarian must:

Have assumed the responsibility for making medical judgments regarding the health of the animal(s) and the need for medical treatment

Have working knowledge of the animal and/or operation

Be readily available for follow-up and consultation, and

The owner/caretaker of the animals agrees to follow instructions of the veterinarian

GPP 2 - VCPR


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GPP 2 - Medications Over The Counter (OTC) vs. Prescription

OTC - Any medication that can be purchased legally without a veterinarian’s prescription

Prescription - Any medication requiring a veterinarian’s authorization for purchase

Why Prescription?Margin of Safety - Animals and PeopleDifficulty identifying disease being treated


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GPP 2 - Drug Use Labeled Use - Using the medication EXACTLY as it is

specified on the label.Legal

Off Label Use - Using medication in a manner other than what is stated on the label “without” veterinarian guidance.ILLEGAL!!!!

Extra Label Use - Using medication with a VETERINARIAN prescription in a matter other than what’s on the label.Legal


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GPP 2 - Maximum Residue Level (MRL)

Approved by the Food and Drug Approved by the Food and Drug Administration Administration

Maximum amount of drug that may be Maximum amount of drug that may be allowed in the animal’s tissues at harvest allowed in the animal’s tissues at harvest that will have no risk to public healththat will have no risk to public health

MRL may vary for countries outside the MRL may vary for countries outside the United StatesUnited States


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Good Production Practice No. 2Good Production Practice No. 2 Worksheet Activity 2-1: Answering Worksheet Activity 2-1: Answering

questions about extra label drug use questions about extra label drug use


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GPP 3 – Use of Antibiotics

“Keep Antibiotics As Good As GOLD”

Generate a plan for disease prevention Observe for early signs of disease Listen and follow veterinary advice Deliver the best medication, dose and

duration of treatment


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Antibiotics are made by microorganisms Antibiotics are used for:

Disease treatmentDisease preventionImprove nutritional efficiency


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Principles and Guidelines

Take steps to decrease the need for antibiotics

Determine the advantages and disadvantages of using antibiotics

Always use professional veterinary input Only use antibiotics following an appropriate

diagnosis



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Principles and Guidelines Limit antibiotic treatment to sick or at-risk

animals Antibiotics that are important in treating

antibiotic resistant infections in human or veterinary medicine should only be used in animals after careful review and reasonable justification

Proper handling, storage and disposal of medicated feed is important



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Good Production Practice No. 3Good Production Practice No. 3 Worksheet Activity 3-1: Answering questions about Worksheet Activity 3-1: Answering questions about

responsible use of antibioticsresponsible use of antibiotics There is a UNL Department of Veterinary & There is a UNL Department of Veterinary &

Biomedical Sciences video titled, Responsible Use Biomedical Sciences video titled, Responsible Use of Anitibotics in Animalsof Anitibotics in Animals

There are two factsheets titled,There are two factsheets titled,• Guidelines for Responsible Antibiotic UseGuidelines for Responsible Antibiotic Use• Think About How You Use Antibiotics Think About How You Use Antibiotics


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GPP 4 – Animal Identification

“Identify and track an animal’s performance and treatments”

Animal IdentificationPremise IdentificationNational Animal Identification System (NAIS)Country of Origin Labeling (COOL)


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GPP 4 - Animal Identification

Permanent IdentificationPermanent IdentificationHot or Freeze Branding (Cattle)Tattoo (Cattle, Rabbits, Goats, Sheep)Ear Notching (Swine, Cattle)

Temporary IdentificationTemporary IdentificationPaint MarkerEar Tags (Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Goats)Brisket Tags (Cattle)Leg Bands (Poultry, Dairy Cattle)


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GPP 4 - Animal Identification

Identification of treated animalsIt is important to be able to identify an

animal after you have treated it for keeping records and recognizing the animal again.

You should write down the animal’s identification number.

You may choose to use different forms of identification of medicated animals.


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GPP 4 - Premise Identification

Voluntary (Required by Some Processing Voluntary (Required by Some Processing Facilities)Facilities)

Online Registration FormOnline Registration Formwww.animalid.uswww.animalid.us

Information RequiredInformation RequiredOperation/Producer NameOperation/Producer NameAddressAddressContact InformationContact InformationLegal Description of PremiseLegal Description of Premise

No FeesNo Fees


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GPP 4 - Flock Identification

MandatoryMandatory Used to reduce the risk of disease Used to reduce the risk of disease

Such as ScrapiesSuch as Scrapies


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GPP 4 - NAISNational Animal ID System (NAIS) Standardize animal identification programs and Standardize animal identification programs and

practices to all livestock species and poultrypractices to all livestock species and poultry NAISNAIS Components Components

Animal IdentificationPremise IdentificationAnimal Tracking

Long Term GoalLong Term GoalBe capable of “identifying all livestock and premises

that have had direct contact with a disease of concern within 48 hours after discovery”


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GPP 4 - COOLCountry of Origin Labeling (COOL)

Implementation 2008-09Implementation 2008-09 Consumer Driven to ensure product safetyConsumer Driven to ensure product safety Animal Origin and TraceabilityAnimal Origin and Traceability

Birth to Consumers Purchase


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Packer Comments on Food SafetyVideo Clip from Meat Processors on the need Video Clip from Meat Processors on the need

for Quality Assurance and Identificationfor Quality Assurance and Identification


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Good Production Practice No. 4Good Production Practice No. 4 Worksheet Activity 4-1: Identification-Swine Worksheet Activity 4-1: Identification-Swine

FocusFocus Worksheet Activity 4-2: Identification – Non-Worksheet Activity 4-2: Identification – Non-

Swine FocusSwine Focus


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GPP 5 – Medication & Treatment“Maintain Medication and Treatment Records”

Treatment records should include 1. Date treated2. Animal Identification3. Product Used4. Dosage or Amount Used5. Route of Administration6. Who Administered the Medication7. Withdrawal Time and Date


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Treatment Record Example


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GPP 5 - Withdrawal Time

Withdrawal time is the amount of time Withdrawal time is the amount of time needed for a drug to be broken down needed for a drug to be broken down by the animal’s body, so there will be by the animal’s body, so there will be no chance of drug residue in the tissue.no chance of drug residue in the tissue.

MMaximum aximum RResidue esidue LLevels (evels (MRLMRL))Discussed in GPP 2Discussed in GPP 2


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GPP 5 - Withdrawal Time Calculating withdrawal time (Label indicates 7 days)

Date and time of last injection: January 1 at 8:00 AMWithdrawal time is: January 8 at 8:00 AM

• Jan 2 at 8 AM = 1 day

• Jan 3 at 8 AM = 2 days







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Good Production Practice No. 5Good Production Practice No. 5 Worksheet Activity 5-1: Residues (chocolate Worksheet Activity 5-1: Residues (chocolate

milk activity)milk activity)


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GPP 6 – Medication & Drug Labels

“Understanding Medication and Drug Labels”

“Take Time to Read the Label”


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GPP 6 - Medication Labels

Product NameActive Ingr.

Labeled Species

Treatment Indications

Dosage

Cautions & Withdrawal Time


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GPP 6 – Accountability of Drugs

Drug inventory records keep track of how much medication is “in stock” (available)

Drug usage records keep track of how much medication was “used”


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Good Production Practice No. 6Good Production Practice No. 6 Worksheet Activity 6-1: Reading labelsWorksheet Activity 6-1: Reading labels

• Label 1 for younger youthLabel 1 for younger youth• Label 2 for older youthLabel 2 for older youth

Worksheet Activity 6-2: Reading a swine Worksheet Activity 6-2: Reading a swine feed tagfeed tag


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GPP 7 – Administering Medication

“Using Proper Techniques with Medication Administration”

Understand and Use:Proper Administration ProceduresProper EquipmentProper Administration Locations


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GPP 7 -Administration of Drugs

Subcutaneous Injections (SubQ)Under the Skin/Hide

Intramuscular Injections (IM)Injection into Muscle Tissue

Intravenous Injections (IV)Injection into VeinPerformed by Veterinarian


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GPP 7 -Administration of Drugs Intranasal (IN)

Sprayed into Nasal Cavity

TopicalPour-on, Dips, Sprays, Powders

Oral MedicationThough food, water or drench


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GPP 7 - Injection Equipment

Equipment guidelines:Equipment guidelines:

Use sterile needlesUse sterile needles Use clean syringesUse clean syringes NEVERNEVER use a bent or broken needle use a bent or broken needle Clean reusable syringes properlyClean reusable syringes properly Dispose of used needles in Dispose of used needles in Sharps ContainerSharps Container


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GPP 7- Administration Locations


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GPP 7- Administration Locations

Beef and Dairy Cattle should not be given Beef and Dairy Cattle should not be given more than 10 cc per injection sitemore than 10 cc per injection site

Sheep, goats and swine should not be given Sheep, goats and swine should not be given more than 5 cc per injection sitemore than 5 cc per injection site

Small animal range from 2 to 3 cc per Small animal range from 2 to 3 cc per injection siteinjection site


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Good Production Practice No. 7Good Production Practice No. 7 Worksheet Activity 7-1: Giving injectionsWorksheet Activity 7-1: Giving injections


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GPP 8 – Feed Mixing

“Follow appropriate feed mixing and diet developing procedures”


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GPP 8- Feed Mixing

CCurrent urrent GGood ood MManufacturing anufacturing PPractices ractices (cGMP)(cGMP)

Keep buildings and grounds neat and cleanKeep buildings and grounds neat and clean Maintain and clean equipmentMaintain and clean equipment Organize feed workspace and storageOrganize feed workspace and storage Develop guideline to assure quality feedsDevelop guideline to assure quality feeds Read and understand all medicated feed labelsRead and understand all medicated feed labels

Extra-Label Use of feed medication is Extra-Label Use of feed medication is ILLEGALILLEGAL Maintain good feed records and inventoriesMaintain good feed records and inventories


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Good Production Practice No. 8Good Production Practice No. 8 Worksheet Activity 8-1: Feed mixingWorksheet Activity 8-1: Feed mixing Worksheet Activity 8-2: Feed mixingWorksheet Activity 8-2: Feed mixing


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GPP 9 – Caretaker Training

“Train all animal caretakers on all Good Production Practices”

Training all caretakers in our operation or family is important to insure the best care is given for the well-being of all livestock/animals.


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GPP 9 - Caretaker Checklist Contact InformationContact Information

How to contact ownerHow to contact ownerHow to contact veterinarianHow to contact veterinarian

Animal InformationAnimal InformationSpecies and number of animalsSpecies and number of animalsLocation of animalsLocation of animals

Feeding/Watering InstructionsFeeding/Watering InstructionsFeed storage areaFeed storage areaFeed and water amountsFeed and water amounts

Observation and general health careObservation and general health careMedication if necessaryMedication if necessary


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Good Production Practice No. 9Good Production Practice No. 9 Worksheet Activity 9-1: Preventing problems Worksheet Activity 9-1: Preventing problems

with the care of animalswith the care of animals Worksheet Activity 9-2: Humane and Worksheet Activity 9-2: Humane and

inhumane practicesinhumane practices


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What is the importance of having written documentation of a VCPR, medication and treatment records and caretaker training?

Provides verification that a veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making medical judgments regarding health of animal.

Provides verification about the medication and treatment administered to animals.

Provides verification that caretaker have received adequate training.

GPP 10 – Written Documentation


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GPP 10 - Euthanasia Euthanasia is the humane death of an animal

with minimal pain or distress. It is important to have a written action plan

when performing euthanasia.Use of a safe methodEquipment is in proper repair and functionalProcedure is conducted by an “adult”Minimize pain or distress of animalTimely (severely sick or injured animal)


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GPP 10 – Emergency Action Plan Quick communication is important. Provide a list of contacts to call:

VeterinarianFire departmentPoliceOther

Your nameParent’s nameAlternate caretakerFarm employee


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GPP 10 – Emergency Detection

If you have animals housed indoors, there are systems available to warn you about power failures, temperature changes, ventilation failure or other emergencies.

Action should be taken immediately when an emergency occurs.


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GPP 10 – Emergency Backup

If you have your animals housed indoors with a mechanical ventilation system, you need a backup system to get air into the building.Curtain drops automaticallyBackup generatorUse of another device, or system


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GPP 10 – Daily observation Key factors:

Assess effectiveness of health programAssess well-being of animalsAssess effectiveness of nutrition programAssess suitability of facilities

Method of documentation of daily observationKeep a daily log or record

Daily temperatureAmount of feed given


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GPP 10 - Ventilation If animals are housed indoors, building factors

can affect their health and well-being. Need proper ventilation management

Air temperatureAir quality

Need to assess animal behaviorHuddling, shivering, pilingIncreased respiration rate, panting

Need to assess air qualityGases, dust, watery eyes


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GPP 10 – Facilities Maintenance You need to make sure the following items are

well maintained to prevent injuries and/or allow proper growth of animals:Penning materialsFeeders and feed delivery systemWaterersFlooringAlleywaysChutes


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GPP 10 – Willful Acts of Abuse Willful acts of abuse and neglect of animals are

unacceptable on any farm or ranch. Willful acts of abuse and neglect that intentionally

cause pain and suffering include, but not limited to:Applying prods to sensitive parts of the animal’s

eyes, ears, nose or rectumMalicious hitting or beating of an animalPurposeful failure to provide minimal food, water

or care that results in significant harm or death of animals


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GPP 10 – Body Condition Score

Body condition scores are useful to: Assess the adequacy of the nutrition

program Help visually identify animals that may

require additional attention Body condition scores are generally used to

assess the body condition of breeding-gestating females.


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The scoring system for sows uses finger or hand pressure on the ribs, back bone, hook bones, pin bones.

Fatcover

Ribs

BackboneHook

bones

Hookbones

GPP 10 – Body Condition Score


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Body Condition Scores – Sows

1 2 3 4 5

Detection of ribs, back bone, Score Condition “H” bones, and pin bones

1 Emaciated Obvious

2 Thin Easily detected with pressure

3 Ideal Barely felt with firm pressure

4 Fat None

5 Overly fat None

1

3

5Parker and Coffey, University of Kentucky


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Adapted from “Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows” by D.A. Eversole, M.F. Browne, J.B. Hall, and R.E. Dietz (Publication 400-795; 2000)

SCORE DESCRIPTION (Beef cows)

1 Emaciated with muscle atrophy and no detectable fat. Tail head and ribs project prominently.

2 Poor condition with muscle atrophy and no detectable fat. Tail head and ribs prominent.

3 Thin condition with slight muscle atrophy and very little detectable fat. All ribs visible.

4 Borderline condition. Outline of spine slightly visible. Outline of 3 to 5 ribs visible. Some fat over ribs and hips.

5 Moderate condition and good overall appearance. Outline of spine no longer visible. Outline of 1 to 2 ribs visible. Fat over hips but still visible.

6 High moderate condition. Ribs and spine no longer visible. Pressure applied to feel bone structure. Some fat in brisket and flanks.

7 Good, fleshy appearance. Hips slightly visible but ribs and spine not visible. Fat in brisket and flanks with slight udder and tail head fat.

8 Fat, fleshy, and over-conditioned. Bone structure not visible. Large patchy fat deposits over ribs, around tail head, and brisket.

9 Extremely fat, wasty, and patchy. Mobility possibly impaired. Bone structure not visible. Extreme fat deposits over ribs, around tail head, and brisket.

1

5

9

Parker and Coffey, University of Kentucky


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Body Condition Scores – Dairy Cows

Taken from “Elanco Body Condition Scoring” by Elanco Animal Health (Copyright 1994)

2 3 4 5

Deep cavity around tail head. Bones of pelvis and short ribs sharp and easily felt. No fatty tissue in pelvic or loin area. Deep depression in loin.

1

Shallow cavity around tail head with some fatty tissue lining it and covering the pins. Pelvis easily felt. Ends of short ribs feel rounded and upper surfaces can be felt with slight pressure. Depression visible in loin area.

No cavity around tail head and fatty tissue easily felt over whole area. Pelvis can be felt with slight pressure. Thick layer of tissue covering top of short ribs which can still be felt with pressure. Slight depression in loin area.

Folds of fatty tissue are seen around tail head with patches of fat covering pin bones. Pelvis can be felt with firm pressure. Short ribs can no longer be felt. No depression in loin area.

Tail head is buried in thick layer of fatty tissue. Pelvic bones cannot be felt even with firm pressure. Short ribs covered with thick layer of fatty tissue.



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Body Condition Scores – Sheep/GoatsSpine prominent and sharp

No fat cover

Transverse process sharp

Fingers easily pass

under

Condition 1 - Emaciated

Spine prominent and smooth

Thin fat cover

Transverse process rounded

Fingers go under with pressure

Condition 2 - Thin

Muscles medium depth

Spine rounded and smooth

Moderate fat cover

Transverse process smooth

and rounded

Fingers need hard

pressure to find ends

Condition 3 - Average

Muscles full

Spine detected only as a line

Fat cover thick

Transverse process

cannot be felt

Condition 4 - Fat

Muscles full

Spine not detectable; fat dimple over spine

Fat cover very thick

Transverse process not detectable

Condition 5 - Obese

Muscles very full

Adapted from “Body Condition Scoring of Sheep” by J.M. Thompson and H. Meyer (Oregon State University)



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GPP 10 – Animal Care

“Maintain proper daily care for the animal’s best well-being”

Proper FacilitiesDaily CareProper Handling


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GPP 10 -Facilities

Proper SizeProper Size Proper ProtectionProper Protection Feeding FacilitiesFeeding Facilities Watering EquipmentWatering Equipment


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GPP 10 -Daily Care

Observe AnimalsObserve Animals Proper FeedingProper Feeding Proper Water SupplyProper Water Supply Maintain/Clean FacilitiesMaintain/Clean Facilities

Daily Care is important at home but is also top Daily Care is important at home but is also top priority when at progress shows and fairs.priority when at progress shows and fairs.


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GPP 10 -Handling Livestock

Understanding Understanding Animals’:Animals’:Flight ZoneFlight Zone

Comfort ZoneComfort Zone

Blind SpotBlind SpotRange of VisionRange of Vision

Point of BalancePoint of BalanceMovementMovement

Flight Zone(Comfort Zone)


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Good Production Practice No. 10Good Production Practice No. 10 Worksheet Activity 10-1: Watering animalsWorksheet Activity 10-1: Watering animals Worksheet Activity 10-2: Space Worksheet Activity 10-2: Space

requirements for housing and feeding requirements for housing and feeding animalsanimals


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Summary of Assuring Quality

Promise to always strive to produce the Promise to always strive to produce the highest quality product you canhighest quality product you can

Develop a strong VCPRDevelop a strong VCPR Follow the Good Production PracticesFollow the Good Production Practices Remember Remember YOUYOU are important to the future of are important to the future of

the livestock industrythe livestock industry


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Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraskaand Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska––Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United States Department of Agriculture.States Department of Agriculture.

University of NebraskaUniversity of Nebraska––Lincoln Extension educational Lincoln Extension educational programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraskathe University of Nebraska––Lincoln and the United Lincoln and the United States Department of Agriculture.States Department of Agriculture.

Know how. Know now. 1 Assuring Quality A guide for youth livestock producers.

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