Know Australia Land People and Culture

8/14/2019 Know Australia Land People and Culture

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Australia:

DownUnder


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Geography andEconomy

An island continent, rich in mineral

resources and not plenty in waterresources.


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Island, Continent area,population Mainland Australia, with an area of

7.69 million square kilometres is the sixth-largest

country in the world in land area.

It is earths large island but small continent.

Population of more than 22 million. Climate: Relatively dry and subject to drought,

ranging from temperate in the south to tropical in

the far north.

Terrain: Varied, but generally low-lying Rivers: Murray and Darling River


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Distribution of

population Approximately 60% of the population is

concentrated in and around the coastal cities,of

mainland state capitals

The nation's capital city is Canberra,

located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).


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Six States and their Capitalcities Queensland [Brisbane], New South wales

[Sydney], Victoria [Melbourne], South Australia

[Adelaide.], Northern Territory

[Darwin] and

Western Australia [Perth]


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Australias biodiversity

Australia has 10% of the worlds biodiversity and a great

number of its native plants, animals and birds exist

nowhere else in the world.

Australia is committed to conserving its unique

environment and natural heritage and has a range of

protection procedures in place, including World Heritage

Listings and many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.


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Agriculture in Australia-1

About 6.5% of its land mass is arable,

Australias diverse climatic zones, technical

expertise and farmers combine to produce

a wide range of agricultural and forestry

products.


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Agriculture in Australia-2 Farming includes a mix of wheat, cattle,

sheep, cane sugar, lupin, canola, fruitorchards, vineyards and dairy farms.

The gross value of agricultural production in

Australia in 20052006 was AUD37.8 billion. The most important agricultural commodities

by production value were cattle and calves(AUD7.7 billion), wheat (AUD5.2 billion), milk

(AUD3.3 billion) and wool (AUD2.1 billion).


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Agriculture in Australia-3

Australias location in the Southern Hemispherealso makes it ideally situated to supply counter-

seasonal produce to markets in Asia, Europe and

North America during their winter months. Australia exports around 65% of its farm

products; 60% of its forest products; 98% of its

wool and 51% of its dairy products.


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Forest industries of

Australia

Australias forest industries employ about82,900 people.

The annual turnover is more than AUD18billion.

Employment and wealth flow directly fromthe wood products derived from forests andplantations.

Other products also generated are honey,wildflowers, natural oils, firewood, craft woodand fodder.


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Coal & metal ore minerals

Australia has some of the worlds largest known

resources of minerals, including coal, copper,

bauxite, gold, silver and diamonds. The mining

industry accounted for 37% of the total value of the

countrys exports in 200607, mainly from the coal

and metal ore mining industries.


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Oz: Cities and naturalgeographical


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History of Exploration,

Colonization & Development


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Early EuropeanExploration

Australia remained unexplored by the West,until the 17th century.

European logic and mythology: a "Great

Southern Land", or Terra Australis, was

thought necessary to balance the weight of the

northern landmasses of Europe and Asia.

Terra Australis often appeared on early

European maps as a large, globe-shapedmass in about its correct location, although no

actual discoveries were recorded by

Europeans.


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European Exploration aroundAustralia:

1567. Alvarez discovers the Solomon Islands. 1595. Cornelius Houtman pilots Dutch ships to the

East Indies.

1598. Dutch established at Java. 1606. Quiros discovers the New Hebrides.

Discovery of Torres Strait.

The Duyfken in the Gulf of

Carpentaria


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European Exploration aroundAustralia:

1616.Dirk Hartog on the WesternAustralian coast.

1622.English ship Trialwrecked off the

west coast. 1636. Van Diemen Governor of Dutch

East Indies.

1642.Tasman discovers Van Diemen'sLand and New Zealand.

1644. Tasman in the Gulf of Carpentaria.


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British Exploration- W.Dampier

Portuguese and Spanish Sailings Dutch Interest British Expeditions and Claims:

In 1688, William Dampier, landed in thenorth-west and a second expedition

along 1,610 km (1,000 mi) of the

western coast in 1699-1700 resultedin the most detailed report on the

continent that was unfavourable.


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British Exploration- 1768-1770 In 1770 Captain Cook landed at Botany

Bay on the eastern coast and at

Possession Island in the north where, on

August 23, he claimed the region for Great

Britain and named it New South Wales.

Matthew Flinders, a naval officer, was the

first to circumnavigate the continent from

1801 to 1803.


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Complete Geographical Exploration

1824. Wentworth's Australian.

Foundation of Brisbane.

1829. Whole of Australia claimed as

British territory. 1837.Melbourne named.

1870. Australias major interior

features were known to the

Europeans.


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Penal Settlements 1786:

For Britain, Australia had strategic and,after the loss of the American colonies(1783), socio-economic value.

The British government established apenal settlement at Botany Bay, on thesouth-east coast of New South Wales.

Mindful of British economic interests andkeen to save public expenditure, the

government planned that Botany Baywould become a self-financing colonythrough the development of its economyby convict labour.


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SydneyFounded

Captain Arthur Phillip arrived at

Botany Bay on January 18, 1788.

Here, on January 26 (now

commemorated as Australia Day), he

began the first permanent European

settlement in Australia.


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Captain Arthur Phillip[1788 to 1792]

Three major problems confronted Phillip and

other early governors:

providing a sufficient supply of food,

developing an internal economic system, and

producing exports to pay for the colonys

imports from Great Britain.


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Lachlan Macquarie[1809 to1821]

Churches, hospitals, and government

buildings were built in Sydney.

The arrival of more free settlers broughtmore claims to farmland.

The free settlers [exclusives ]

vs

freed convicts [emancipists]


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Expansion of sheep - andcattle-raising into the interior

Gregory Blaxland and William Charles

Wentworth opened up the route through

the Blue Mountains, about 80 to 120 km

(50 to 75 mi) west of Sydney, in 1813,

initiating the westward settlement of New

South Wales.


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In search of more pastures

Together with the southerly treks of

Andrew Hamilton Hume and William Hovell

in 1824, and Major Thomas Mitchell in1836, Blaxland and Wentworths

explorations spurred the transfer of flocks

and herds to inland pastures.


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Search for agriculturalheartland

Captain Charles Sturt in 1828-1830, traced

the chief arteries of the Murray-Darling

Basin, now the agricultural heartland ofAustralia. Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell

confirmed Sturts work, and opened the route

from New South Wales to the rich land of

western Victoria (1836).


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Expanding Colonization[1820-1880]

Between the late 1820s and the 1880s, Australiaunderwent rapid changes that laid the foundation forits present society.

These included: the formation, between 1829 and 1859, of four of

the six colonies that eventually became the states ofAustralia,

the expansion of sheep- and cattle-raising into the

interior, and the discovery of gold and other minerals.


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Towards Federation A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s,

and the Eureka Stockade rebellion against mininglicence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civildisobedience.

Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies

individually gained responsible government,managing most of their own affairs while remainingpart of the British Empire.

The Colonial Office in London retained control of

some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence, andinternational shipping.


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On 1 January 1901, the six colonies

became a federation, and the

Commonwealth of Australia was formed.

Since Federation, Australia has

maintained a stable democratic political

system and still remains a Commonwealth

realm.


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Australian Capital Territory

The Federal Capital Territory (later renamedthe Australian Capital Territory) was formedfrom a part of New South Wales in 1911 toprovide a location for the proposed newfederal capital of Canberra.

(Melbourne was the temporary seat ofgovernment from 1901 to 1927 while Canberrawas being constructed.)

The Northern Territory was transferred fromthe control of the South Australian governmentto the Commonwealth in 1911.


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Formal end of most of theconstitutional links between

Australia and the UK: Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formallyended most of the constitutional links between

Australia and the UK. Australia adopted it in

1942, but backdated it to the beginning of WorldWar II to confirm the validity of legislation

passed by the Australian Parliament during the

war.

The final constitutional ties between Australiaand the UK were severed with the passing of the

Australia Act 1986


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Australia Act 1986

Australia's demography, culture, and self-imagehave been transformed. The final constitutional ties

between Australia and the UK were severed with

the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending anyBritish role in the government of the Australian

States, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy

Council.


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Commonwealth ofAustralia

Australia has maintained a stable democratic

political system and still remains aCommonwealth realm.


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Challenge of arid or semi-aridland

Australia is a dry and sparsely inhabitedcontinent on earth.

Its interior has one of the lowest rainfalls in

the world. About three-quarters of the land is arid or

semi-arid.

These arid areas extend from the large

central deserts to the Western coast.


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Challenge of variety ofregions Soils in these areas are characteristically very

infertile compared to other deserts of comparable

aridity.

This has presented Australians with the

challenge of how best to manage the variety ofregions the continent possesses.

Managing to meet the competing demands of

agriculture, economy and conservation is thetheme of the struggle.


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Cosmopolitan Cities

Australian cities also rank among the world's

highest in terms of livability, western cultural

offerings, and quality for the elites.

It is a member of the United Nations, G-20 major

economies, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS,

OECD, and the WTO.


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Australia: Life and Letters

To this country of fertility, sunshine, and

empty spaciousness they have brought

whatever life style Europe had given them,

and have added to it the fruits of their own.

So it has also been with their literature. The

riches of English letters are theirs, and the

various things are read with no deeper zest

anywhere than here.


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AUSTRALIASPARTICIPATION IN

The First & Second

World War


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Australia in W W 1 In 1914 Australia joined Britain in fighting

World War I, with support from both theoutgoing Liberal Party and the incoming Labor

Party.

The Australians took part in many of the majorbattles fought on the Western Front.

Many Australians regard the defeat of the

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

(ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation

its first major military action.


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Australia under attack in W W 2

On 19th February, 1942, for the first time Australiacame under enemy attack, when Japanese bombers

practically wiped out Port Darwin. Broome and

Wyndham had their turn a couple of weeks later.

Already in January, 1942, the Japanese had taken

Rabaul, and early in March they landed in strength

on the mainland of New Guinea at Salamaua; they

began to advance towards Port Moresby by the

Markham Valley.


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Australia under attack in W W 2

American aid, particularly air and navalforces, arrived to help defend Australia.Australian ground forces repelled the advanceby the Markham Valley, while American airforces stopped the Japanese invasion fleet atSalamaua.

General MacArthur landed in Australia on 17thMarch, 1942, from the Philippines, and tookcharge of the Allied forces in the South-WestPacific.

Another southward drive by a Japaneseinvasion fleet was checked by American airand naval forces in the Battle of the Coral Seain May, 1942.


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Australia under attack in W W 2and American participation

In February, 1943, a sharp defeat was

inflicted on the Japanese at Wau, which the

Japanese tried to capture. The crushing

defeat of the Japanese in the Battle of the

Bismark Sea in March, when a whole

Japanese convoy was wiped out by the

American Air Force, paved the way for furthersuccesses on land by the Australian troops.


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Australia in W W 2 _ 1943

Woodlark and the Trobriand Islands were

occupied by the Allies in June, and in

September Salamaua, and Lae were taken.

By October Finschhafen was captured, and

Satelberg followed in November.

A t li i W W 2


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Australia in W W 2

Mr. Curtin and his government had

successfully organized the nation for war,

particularly when Australia was under the

threat of a Japanese invasion.

His measures called for self-sacrifice and

hard work; men and women workedlonger, and submitted to rates of taxation

never previously contemplated.


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Australia in W W 2

They contributed hundreds of millions of pounds

to war loans, and they submitted to rationing of

tea, sugar, butter, meat and clothing.

Australians felt the pinch of war in a way they

had never felt it in the war of 1914-18. Yet most of them put up with all these shortages

and inconveniences willingly in the national

interest.


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Australia in W W 2

The presence of hundreds of thousands of

American service men in Australia also put a

great strain upon Australian supplies and

services, but American help was indispensable

in defeating the attempted Japanese invasion.


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United States as a new ally andprotector

The shock of the UK's defeat in Asia in

1942 and the threat of Japanese invasioncaused Australia to turn to the UnitedStates as a new ally and protector.

Since 1951, Australia has been a formalmilitary ally of the US, under the ANZUStreaty.

After World War II, Australia encouragedimmigration from Europe; since the 1970sand the official abolition of the WhiteAustralia policy, immigration from Asia andelsewhere was also started.


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The Australian identity:people-1

The Australian identity is drawn from itspeople and its history set against a

backdrop of a unique environment.

Since 1788, Europeans have settled in

towns and cities, usually located around

river valleys, estuaries and along the

coastline.

The Australian identity:


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The Australian identity:people-2

Australias harsh terrain and dry climate claimed

the lives of some of the early European explorers

who attempted to open up the interior of the

continent for settlement.

Much of regional Australia was explored andsettled between the 1820s and 1850s, when large

tracts of land became available for agricultural

development. The Gold Rush in the mid-nineteenth century

brought new migrants to regional Australia.


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Australia-India Council (AIC)

The Australia-India Council's purpose is to

broaden the relationship between Australia and

India by encouraging and supporting contacts

and increasing levels of knowledge and

understanding between the peoples and

institutions of the two countries.

S h l i ll


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AUSTRALIA: Technologicallyadvanced and industrialised nation

Australia is a prosperous predominantly

Western country.

It has excellent results in many international

comparisons of national performance such as

health care,

life expectancy,

quality-of-life,

AUSTRALIA: Technologically


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AUSTRALIA: Technologicallyadvanced and industrialised

nation CONTINUED.... public education,

economic freedom,

the protection of civil liberties and their political

rights.

AUSTRALIA may make its own peculiar

contribution to the well-being of the rest of the

world, but may not assist in raising thestandards of living of populous countries less

fortunately placed than themselves.


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Australia may use itsknowledge

One-third of this continent is sand or desert country,and another third is semi-arid land good only for

sparse grazing, there remains an area that has been

suitable for closer settlement.

Australia, is a country rather deficient in rivers and

forests, it may use its knowledge to make the best of

these resources and conserve them carefully. Its

mineral resources are fairly good, and adequate todevelop the manufacturing industries.

W l i i i & l


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Western style in cities & ruralAustralia About two-thirds of the population live in

cities, as this is a common feature in

countries which have adopted modern

mechanical methods of production.

Australian rural industries are mostly

efficient, and they may follow policies of

wisdom, to make Australias manufacturing

industries also increasingly develop animportant export trade.


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