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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.0 DIPHTHONGS
1.1 Chosen Diphthongs
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.2 Notes and Point Of Articulation In Producing Diphthongs
A diphthong is two vowel sounds that come together so quickly that they are
considered to be only one syllable. While a vowel digraph is two letters with the first letter
making a long sound and the second letter is silent. We call this: "first one does the
talking, the second keeps on walking." In short when two vowels are beside each other
and make one sound they are called digraphs.
We had choosed two diphthong from KBSR English syllabus for Year 4. There
were five diphthongs were taught in year 4. From year 4 syllabus, we came out with table
below.
Dipththong (vowel digraphs)
ei /e/ /i/ ey /i/ /ɑi/ /e/ oa /oʊ/ ow /ɑʊ/ ie /ɑi/
neigh key boat row pie
weigh honey coat flow tie
sleigh donkey load follow lie
beige monkey road yellow die
From Year 4 syllabus
However, we had choose two diphthongs which are oa /oʊ/ and ie /ɑi/ in our
assignment. We will briefly explain the chosen diphthong in next page.
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.2.1 DIPHTHONG : /ɑi/
Examples of this diphthong :
pie /pɑi/ lie/lɑi/
tie /tɑi/ die/dɑi/
The diphthong sounds of /ɑi/ are as follows:
Low central or low back to high front tense unrounded – /ɑi/ –
Which means that,
Articulation refers to the place and manner of pronunciation. High, mid, and low
refer to height of articulation, which describes the place in the mouth where the
vowel is pronounced. This diphthong /ɑi/ produce low vowels in the bottom of the
mouth.
Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part
of the tongue used to pronounce the vowel. This diphthong /ɑi/ produce central
vowels which it used the middle of the tongue, and produce back vowels where
the part of the tongue closest to the throat.
Tense and lax refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension
of the tongue during pronunciation. But for this diphthong /ɑi/, tense vowels are
pronounced with a tensed tongue and lax vowels with a relaxed tongue.
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
Rounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the
shape of the lips during the pronunciation of the vowel. But for this diphthong /ɑi/,
it was unrounded vowels with the lips pulled in and back.
(http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx)
PICTURE OF THE MOUTH FOR THIS DIPHTHONG /ɑi/
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.2.2 DIPHTHONG : /oʊ/
Examples of this diphthong :
boat /boʊt/ road /roʊd/
coat /coʊt/ load /loʊd/
The diphthong sounds of /oʊ/ are as follows:
High back tense rounded – /oʊ/ –
Which means that,
Articulation refers to the place and manner of pronunciation. High, mid, and low
refer to height of articulation, which describes the place in the mouth where the
vowel is pronounced. This diphthong /oʊ/ produce high vowels are pronounced
in the top of the mouth
Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part
of the tongue used to pronounce the vowel. This diphthong /oʊ/ produce back
vowels with the part of the tongue closest to the throat.
Tense and lax refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension
of the tongue during pronunciation. But for this diphthong /oʊ/, tense vowels are
pronounced with a tensed tongue and lax vowels with a relaxed tongue.
Rounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the
shape of the lips during the pronunciation of the vowel. But for this diphthong /oʊ/,
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
it was rounded vowels are pronounced with the lips pushed forward in an O
shape.
(http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx)
PICTURE OF THE MOUTH FOR THIS DIPHTHONG /oʊ /
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.3 More explanation
What exactly does the phrase "vowel articulation" mean? Articulation refers to the place and
manner of pronunciation. High, mid, and low refer to height of articulation, which describes the
place in the mouth where the vowel is pronounced. High vowels are pronounced in the top of
the mouth, mid vowels in the middle of the mouth, and low vowels in the bottom of the mouth.
Say the words beat and bat to feel the difference between a high and a low vowel.
Front, central, and back refer to frontness of articulation, which describes the part of the tongue
used to pronounce the vowel. Front vowels are pronounced with the tip of the tongue, central
vowels with the middle of the tongue, and back vowels with the part of the tongue closest to the
throat. Say the words fit and foot to feel the difference between a front and a back vowel.
Tense and lax refer to the tenseness of articulation, which describes the tension of the tongue
during pronunciation. Tense vowels are pronounced with a tensed tongue and lax vowels with a
relaxed tongue. Say the words wheat and wet to feel the difference between a tense and a lax
vowel.
Rounded and unrounded refer to the roundness of article, which describes the shape of the lips
during the pronunciation of the vowel. Rounded vowels are pronounced with the lips pushed
forward in an O shape and unrounded vowels with the lips pulled in and back. Say the words
food and foot to feel the differences between a rounded and an unrounded vowel.
(http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx)
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.4 Classroom Activity To Practice Diphthongs (Songs)
From the song: Row Your Boat
This is the original verses:
Row row row your boat
Gently down the stream
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily
Life is but a dream
2.4 1 Diphthongs /ai/
Here’s some new verse:
Ride ride ride your bike
Riding down the hill
If you forget to slow your bike
You fall and hurt your knee
Blink blink blink your eye
When you see the light
If you give a kindly smile
Your day will shine and fine
Walk walk along the street
See the apple pie
Take a money in your pocket
Let’s buy apple pie
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
1.4 2 Diphthongs /oʊ/
Here’s some new verse:
Row row row your boat
Watch the water flow
If your eyes can catch the toad
The toad is swimming slow
Brush brush brush your coat
Gently near the stream
Brush the coat with water and soap
Try to make it clean
Chase chase chase the toad
Chase it near the lake
If you see it on the road
Catch and give it to snake
Row row row your boat
Gently down the lake
Don’t stand up and rock the boat
Or you will fall into the lake
Row row row your boat
Gently down the stream
Don’t fill up so many in boat
Or it will be over load
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
Walk walk along the road
Wearing jean and coat
Watch your step when see the toad
A toad is crossing the road
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.0 MORPHEME
2.1 Notes Of Morpheme
3.1.1 Free Morpheme
In linguistic, a free morpheme is a single linguistic unit which carries
meaning and can be used on its own as a word. Free morpheme is a morpheme
that can stand alone as a word within a sentence without another morpheme. It
does not need anything attached to it to make a word. For example, Cat is a free
morpheme. Most roots English are free morphemes (for example, dog, syntax, and
to), although there are a few cases of roots (like -gruntle as in disgruntle) that must
be combined with another bound morpheme in order to surface as an acceptable
lexical item. "A word like 'house' or 'dog' is called a free morpheme because it can
occur in isolation and cannot be divided further into meaningful units.
The free morphemes with lexical content represent the major parts of
speech: noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The free grammatical functional
morphemes include the minor parts of speech: articles, prepositions and
conjunction among others. Examples of free morphemes are shown in table
below.
Free Lexical Morpheme
Noun Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
man watch happy further
stapler listen gloomy there
comb hear sad forthwith
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
Free Grammatical Morpheme
Article Preposition Conjunction
the between while
an behind and
a on but
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.1.2 Bound Morpheme
In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand
alone as an independent word. Most English language affixes (prefixes and
suffixes) are bound morphemes. A prefix is a letter or a group of letters attached to
the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. For example, there are
supportive and opposing prefixes which are used to support for or disapproval of
whatever is expressed by the word they’re attached to. We also have negative
prefixes, prefixes of place, size, degree and status. We have prefixes of time and
order and prefixes of number. Examples for all these prefixes are shown in the
table below.
Prefixes
Type Meaning Examples
Supportive and
Opposing
pro = on the side of, supporting pro-life
pro-market
anti = against anti-social
antibody
anti-regulatory
contra = contrasting, against contraception
contradistinction
Negative Prefixes
dis = opposite of what is meant by
the second element.
disagree
dislike
disadvantage
un = the opposite of
im (before ‘p’)
ir (before ‘r’)
il (before ‘l’)
unfair
improper
irrelevant
illegal
non = not non-stop
non-smoker
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
Prefixes
Type Meaning Examples
Prefixes of
Place
ante = before anteroom
antechamber
extra = outside, beyond extracurricular
extra-pay
extramarital
inter = between
intra = inside
international
interracial
intravenous
intramural
tele = at a distance telecommunication
television
trans = across transsexual
transnational
under = below underground
underclothes
undercharge
Prefixes of
size, degree
and status
arch = highest, worst archbishop
arch-enemy
micro
macro = large
micro transmitter
macro-economics
mini = small mini marathon
miniskirt
Prefixes of
Time and
Order
mid = middle mid-afternoon
midnight
post = after post mortem
post-modernism
pre = before preschool
preview
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
While suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word
to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word.
Examples are given in the table below.
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Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy
-al act or process of refusal
-er, -or one who trainer, protector
-ness state of being heaviness
Verb Suffixes
-ate become eradicate
--ify, -fy make or become terrify
-ize, -ise become civilize
Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible capable of being reliable , edible
-al partitioning regional
-ive having the nature of creative
-less without endless
Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.1.3 Derivational Morpheme
Derivational can be defined as the morpheme which produce a new
lexeme from a base. (Bauer. 1988: 12) or make new words from old one. (Crystal,
p.90). Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content. In this sense they are
like content words, except that they are not words. As we have seen, when a
derivational morpheme is added to a root or stem, it adds meaning. The derived
word may also be of a different grammatical class than the original word. As shown
by suffixes such as -able and -ly. When a verb is suffixed with -able, the result is an
adjective, as in desire + able, adore + able. When the suffix -en is added to an
adjective, a verb is derived, as in dark + en. One may form a noun from an
adjective, as in sweet + ie. Other examples are :
Noun to
AdjectiveVerb to Noun
Adjective to
AdverbNoun to Verb
Adjective to
Noun
Verb to
Adjective
boy + ish
(boyish)
virtu + ous
(virtuous)
acquitt + all
(acquittal)
clear + ance
(clearance)
exact + ly
(exactly)
quiet + ly
(quietly)
moral + ize
(moralize)
brand + ish
(brandish)
tall + ness
(tallness)
specific +
ity
(specific)
read + able
(readable)
creat + ive
(creative)
But not all derivational morphemes cause a change in grammatical class.
Examples:
Noun to Noun Verb to Verb Adjective to Adjective
friend + ship
(friendship)
human + ity
(humanity)
un + do
(undo)
re + cover
(recover)
pink + ish
(pinkish)
in + flammable
(inflammable)
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.1.4 Inflectional Morpheme
Linguistics recognizes two classes of bound morphemes. The first class is
called inflectional morphemes and their influence on a base word is predictable.
Inflectional morphemes modify the grammatical class of words (nouns, verbs and
adjectives) by signaling a change in number, person, gender, tense, and so on, but
they do not shift the base form into another word class. It is most typically realized
by adding affixation (suffix) to the base form.
For noun word class, we can inflect it for number and gender. Inflected for
number can be divide into two, which are regular and irregular. Regular means the
changes is just involve adding –s to the base form, while the irregular means we
change the vowels or change the base word to form a new word or not change the
word at all. As example:
Inflected for numberInflected for gender
Regular Irregular
boy > boys foot > feet waiter > waitress
cat > cats child > children actor > actress
It is also same for the verb word class, but we inflected the verbs for tense.
Inflected for tense can be divide into three, which are regular, irregular and no
phonological relation. As for example:
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
Inflected for tense
Regular Irregular No
Phonological
Relation
No change Vowel
change
Consonant
change
Vowel and
consonant
change
boy > boys hit > hit > hit drink >
drank >
drunk
make >
made >
made
leave > left
> left
go > went
For the adjectives word class, we inflected for comparative. It can divide
into phonological relation and no phonological relation. Phonological relation
means we just add suffix such as –er or –est to the adjective while no phonological
relation means the comparative words occur in the form of new word. As example:
Inflected for comparative
Phonological relation No phonological relation
hot > hotter > hottest good > better > best
tall > taller > tallest bad > worse > worst
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.2 Graphic Organizer of Morpheme
2.2.1 Free Morpheme
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.2.2 Bound Morpheme
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.2.3 Derivational Morpheme
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
2.2.4 Inflectional Morpheme
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Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu ELE 3103Semester V (2010)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Alan Cruttenden (2001). Gimson’s Pronunciation of English (6th ed.). New York:Arnold.
David E. Freeman, Yvonne E. Freeman. (2004). Essentials Linguistic What You Need To Know to Teach Reading, ESL, Spelling, Phonics, and Grammar. Poltsmounth, NH. Heinemann.
Nina Hyams, Robert Rodman & Victoria Fromkin. An Introduction of Language (7th ed.). United State: Heinle.
_________(2000). Longman Handy Learner’s Dictionary. Edinburgh, England.
WEBSITES
David Brett (2007). English Morphology. http://davidbrett.uniss.it/.../EnglishMorphology%96Lecture2.ppt. Accessed on 2010
Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme. http://www.unc.edu/~tofu/ling101/loggrab/DvsI.pdf. Accessed on 2010
Heather Marie Kosur (2009). English Vowels Sound. http://www.brighthub.com/hubfolio/heather-marie-kosur/articles/43793.aspx. Accessed on January, 22 2010
Kristen Mills (1998). Morpheme. http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm. Accessed on 2010
Morphology. http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/morphology-4up.pdf. Accessed on 2010
Richard Nordquist (2010). Bound Morpheme. http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/boundmorphterm.htm. Accessed on 2010
Richard Nordquist (2010). Free Morpheme. http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm. Accessed on 2010
(2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme
Richard Nordquist (2010). Common Prefixes in English. http://grammar.about.com/od/words/a/comprefix07.htm accessed on 2010
Richard Nordquist (2010). Common Suffixes in English. http://grammar.about.com/od/words/a/comsuffixes.htm. Accessed on 2010
The place of articulation for vowels refers to the arching action of the tongue to produce front, mid or back vowels. http://www.csun.edu/~vcoao0el/de361/de361s71_folder/tsld061.htm
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