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Kirsten Vice, Canadian Operations - The Value of Current Knowledge: A Case of Study of Forest...
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The Value of Current Knowledge –A Case Study of the Forest Products
Industry Water Profile
Canadian Water Summit
June 17, 2010 (Toronto, ON)
Kirsten Vice
Vice President, NCASI
ncasi
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Motivation• Access to water
increasingly controlled
• FPI large user of fresh water
• Information gaps for stakeholders
• Water Profiles provide holistic overview of interconnections between water resources and forest products industry operations
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Elements of Water Profile • Forest and Forest Management
• P&P and WP Manufacturing
• Effects of Effluents
on the Ecology of Surface Waters
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Canadian Industry Water
Profile
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Forest and Forest Management• Forest and Forest Management The Challenge: to estimate the
relationship between forest
management areas and water
resources (precipitation and
hydrology) across a vast landscape.
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Forest and Forest ManagementTriton Brook (2005)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Catamaran Brook (1999)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Hayward Brook (1996)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
REVEW (2000)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Experimental Lakes (1975)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Upper Penticton (2000)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Malcolm Knapp Research Forest (2000)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Carnation Creek (1998)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
mm
Runoff
Precipitation
Stuart-Takla (2000)
0
50
100
150
200
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monthm
m
Runoff
Precipitation
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Forest Management ElementsPrecipitation – all water that
enters the system not lost to
immediate evaporation
- Rainfall
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Forest Management ElementsPrecipitation – all water that
enters the system not lost to
immediate evaporation.
- Rainfall
- Fog interception
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Forest Management ElementsPrecipitation – all water that
enters the system not lost to
immediate evaporation.
- Rainfall
- Fog interception
- Snow (and melt)
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Forest Management ElementsPrecipitation – all water that
enters the system not lost to
immediate evaporation.
- Rainfall
- Fog interception
- Snow (and melt)
Runoff – all water that
leaves the system via surface
or subsurface flow
Assumes constant
water-table
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Forest Management ElementsPrecipitation – all water that
enters the system not lost to
immediate evaporation.
- Rainfall
- Fog interception
- Snow (and melt)
Runoff – all water that
leaves the system via surface
or subsurface flow.
AET
Annual Evapotranspiration –
calculated by subtracting
runoff from total precipitation
AET = Precipitation - Runoff
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Forest and Forest ManagementAssumptions:
an ecozone-based approach
• Majority (>98%) of forestry occurs in nine ecozones (probably)
• Forested areas are unequally distributed among ecozones (true)
• Forestry operations are equally distributed among forested areas within ecozones (untrue –Boreal Shield has ~50% of forestry operations)
• Mean precipitation levels can be estimated across entire ecozones (??)
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Forest and Forest Management
Element Million m3
Precipitation on managed forest areas
1 350 000
Runoff from managed forest areas
670 000
Evapotranspiration 680 000
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Manufacturing Element: Concepts
• Water consumption:Portion of water removed from a water
source that is not immediately returned to
the water source (e.g., evaporative losses)
Wate
r Sou
rce
Water Intake
(WI)
Manufacturing
Final
Effluent (FE)
Water in Final
Product
(WFP)
Water in
Residuals
(WR)
Water in Raw
Materials (WRM)
Water in Purchased
Chemicals (WCH)
Water Evaporated (WE)
• Water use: Total amount of water used for process and cooling
needs
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Approach
• Pulp & Paper – Perform mass balance calculations
on a mill-by-mill basis
• Ideally: Generate independent estimates of water
imports and exports (lack of data).
• Pragmatically: Use available data and estimated data to
estimate water withdrawals. This requires the use of an
iterative calculation procedure for closing the water
balance.
• Wood Products – Undertake typical wood mass
balances per wood product sub-category and
typical moisture contents
• Reasonable: Water use is <1% of that at P&P facilities
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Water Profile for Manufacturing (2007)(million m3 per year)
Non-fiberRaw Material
Forests
water in wood
ManufacturingProducts
to surfacewater cycle
to groundwater cycle
evaporation
other waterinputs
recycle
evaporation
water inproducts
disposalwater insolid residuals
groundwater
surfacewater
131.9
2.34
14.834.661,793.9 0 231.5
19.89
1.74
31.8
1,882
2.47
Wood products recovered
0.84
• 87.5% water inputs are
returned to surface water
cycle
• 11.2% water inputs
are evaporated
• 1.3% water inputs
are imparted to
residuals and
product
• 93.4% water
inputs is from
surface and
ground water
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Water Profile for the Canadian Industry (2007)(million m3 per year)
Non-fiberRaw Material
Forests
precipitation
evapotranspiration
surface water runoff andgroundwater recharge
water in wood
Manufacturing
Products
to surfacewater cycle
to groundwater cycle
evaporation
other waterinputs
recycle
evaporation
water inproducts
disposalwater insolid residuals
water resource cycle
groundwater
surfacewater
131.9
2.34
14.834.661,793.9 0 231.5
19.89
1.74
31.8
1,882
1,350,000
2.47
670,000
680,000
Wood products recovered
0.84
• FPI water use ~
0.3% of total
stream flow
produced by
managed forests
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The Value of Current Knowledge –Opportunities and Limitations
• Breadth of forestry across Canada necessitates assumptions
– Local or regional estimates will always be more accurate
• Water consumption only roughly 10% of water use for P&P manufacturing
– Site-specific calculations optimal
– Process-specific knowledge required
– Balance can be struck between measurement devices & engineering estimation