Classification of Organisms

I.I. ClassificationClassification

A. Arrangement in classes or groups to improve communication

between scientists.

B. Four factors used to classify

1. They have similar structures

2. They have similar behaviors

3. They eat the same kinds of things

4. They have the same chemical make up.

II.II. Five Kingdoms of Living Five Kingdoms of Living ThingsThings

A. Moneran KingdomA. Moneran Kingdom 1. Simple single celled Example: Bacteria

2. Helpful typesa. Decomposersb. Yogurt

3. Harmful typesa. Pathogens – cause diseaseb Strepthroat

II. Five Kingdoms contII. Five Kingdoms cont..

B. The Protist Kingdom1. Complex , single celled

organisma. Euglenas- make their own food

b. Protozoans – depend on getting food fromother sources.

c. Examples of common protists are as follows

Trypanosoma use flagellum to move

Peramecium have hair like structures called cilia

Here is an Ameba with its pseudopods

II.II. Five Kingdoms cont.Five Kingdoms cont.

C. The Fungi Kingdom1. Many celled organisms

a. Sprophytes- eat dead things

2. Depend on others for food

b. Parasites – attack living tissues

3. Examples of a. Yeastsb. Mushrooms

A picture of Bread Mold

And here is a Mushroom

II.II. Five Kingdoms contFive Kingdoms cont..

»D. The Plant KingdomD. The Plant Kingdom1.1. Many celled organismMany celled organism

2.2. They make their own food.They make their own food.

–a. Process called photosynthesisa. Process called photosynthesis

–b. Examples:b. Examples: –Trees, flowers, and grassTrees, flowers, and grass

E. The Animal KingdomE. The Animal Kingdom

The Animal Kingdom cont.The Animal Kingdom cont.

1. Many Celled Organisms

2. Consume other Organisms for food

3. The Subdivision of this Kingdom

a. Naming Organisms

b. Common names – house cat

c. Scientific Names – Felis catus Genus Species

d. How are scientific names made?

4. How Kingdoms are subdivided4. How Kingdoms are subdivided

Let’s look at how we would scientifically name the Columbine.

a. PhylumTracheophytab. Class Angiospermae

c. OrderDicotyledon

d. FamilyRanunculaceaee. Genus Aquilegia

f. Speciescearulea

1. Phylum: Porifera – The Spongesa. Sessile (permanently attached

as adults.)b. Poresc. Two cell layers

d. Both marine and fresh watere. Respiration- Oxygen absorbed by

inner cells.f. Digestion- Food absorbed by inner

cell layer.

g. Circulation- 1. Flagellum create a water current.

2. No Blood

2.Phylum: Coelenterata Jellyfish and Coral

a. They have tentacles.

b. They have stinging cells.

c. Some are sessile/ some free-living

2. Phylum: Coelenterata cont. Jellyfish and Coral cont.

d. Respiration – Oxygen absorbed by inner cell layer

e. Digestion –1. Food absorbed by inner cell wall2. Single opening mouth

f. Circulation – water current distributes gas/food

3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes – The Flatworms

a. Parasites live off host

b. They can regenerate if broken.

c.Respiration – Oxygen absorbed through the skin

d. Digestion - 1. Nutrients absorbed into the skin2. Single opening mouth

e. Circulation – Nutrients/ gas circulated by host

4. Phylum Nematoda - Roundwormsa. Many are parasites / some free - living

b. Respiration – Oxygen absorbed through the skin

d. Digestion1. Nutrients absorbed by inner

cell layer.2. Complete system

( Two Openings)

D. Circulation - Food / gas absorbed through cells

5. Phylum Annelida - The Segmented Worm

a. Segmented body

b. Respiration – Gas exchange through the skin.

c. Digestion – 1. Specialized organs2. Complete System3. Nutrients absorbed through inner

cell layer.

d. Circulation – Pairs of “hearts” circulate blood

5. Phylum Annelida - The Segmented Worm cont

e. Example : Earthworm - Nightcrawlers

6. Phylum: Mollusca – The Mollusks

a. Mostly Shell-builders

b. Mantle – Fleshy covering that secretes the shell.

c. Well developed sense organs

6. Phylum: Mollusca – The Mollusks

d. Respiration – Gills for gas exchange

e. Digestion – complete with specialized organs.

f. Circulation – hearts for pumping blood.

g. Mostly aquatic

h. ExamplesOctopus ,squid,Snails and clams

7. Phylum - Arthropoda

7. Phylum Arthropodsa. Exoskeleton (outside)

b. Jointed legs

c. Segmented body

d. Circulation – open, hearts for pumps

e. Respiration -

1. Vents and spiracles ( land arthropods)2. Gills (aquatic arthropods)

f. Digestion – complete with specialized organs

g. Five classes of arthropods

g. Arthropods five classes cont.

1. Class Crustacea ( crabs, lobsters)

a. Mostly marine (salt water)

b. Cephalothorax and abdomen(two body regions)

c. Five pair of legs

g. Arthropods five classes cont.

2. Class Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites)

a. Many are poisonous

b. Two body regions

c. Four pairs of legs

g. Arthropods five classes cont

3. Class Insecta ( grasshoppers, bees)

a. Many fly

b. Three body regions

c. Three pairs of legs

g. Arthropods five classes cont

4. Class Chilopoda ( centipedes)

a. Many segments

b. One pair of legs per segment

c. Poisonous

g. Arthropods five classes cont

5. Class Diplopoda ( millipedes)

a. Many segments

b. Two pairs of legs per segment

c. Not poisonous

8.Phylum: Echinodermata starfish

A. Spiny skin

B. Radial design

C. Examples: sea stars

9.Phylum Chordata ( vertebrates with spinal cords)

A. Circulatory system

1. Closed (veins and arteries)

2. Multi chambered heart

B. Digestive System – Complete system with specialized organs

C. Respiratory System

1. Lungs on land 2. Gills in most cases in water

Let’s take a look at 7 classes of vertebrates

Phylum: Chordata cont.

1. Class: Cyclostomata

a. Cold blooded

b. Cartilage skeleton

c. No true Jaws

d. Example: The lamprey

Phylum: Chordata cont

2. Class: Chondrichthyes

a. Cold blooded

b. Sharp teeth

c. Cartilage skeleton

d. Example: sharks, rays, skates

Phylum: Chordata cont

3. Class: Osteichthyes

1. Cold blooded

2. Bone skeleton

3. Two chambered heart

4. Scales

5. Example: perch, bass

Phylum: Chordata cont

4. Class: amphibia

a. Live in water and on land

b. Smooth moist skin ( exceptions: toads)

c. Cold blooded

d. Breathe through gills as babies

e. Breathe through lungs and skin as adults

f. Lay eggs in water

g. Three chambered heart

h. Metamorphisms (tadple to frog)

i. Examples newts, salamanders, frogs and toads

4. Class: amphibia cont.

Phylum: Chordata

5. Class: Reptilia

a. Cold blooded

b. scales

c. Lay eggs on land

Phylum: Chordata

5. Class: Reptilia cont.

d. Incomplete four chambered heart

e. Breath with lungs from birth

f. Example: snakes, lizards, turtles

Phylum: Chordata

6. Class: Aves The birds

a. Warm blooded

b. Complete four chambered heart

c. Streamlined (aerodynamic) body

d. Feathers

Phylum: Chordata

6. Class: Aves The birds cont.

e. Lay eggs on land

f. Light weight skeleton

g. Examples: Eagles, Seagulls, Turkeys

Phylum: Chordata

7. Class: Mammaliaa. Warm blooded

b. Hair

c. Live birth (placentals) Placenta- nourishes baby while developing in mom

Phylum: Chordata

7. Class: Mammalia cont.

d. Mammary glands

- produce milk- nurse young

e. Two pairs of limbs

f. High functioning brain and sense organs