Kingdom Plantae. Outcomes Recognize the role of plants within an ecozone Use plant morphology to...

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

OutcomesOutcomes

Recognize the role of plants within an Recognize the role of plants within an ecozoneecozone

Use plant morphology to communicate Use plant morphology to communicate about the role of plants in an ecosystemabout the role of plants in an ecosystem

Understand how plants function Understand how plants function including: photosynthesis, respiration, including: photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, function of root hairs, and transpiration, function of root hairs, and vascular tissuevascular tissue

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

All organisms on Earth depend on the All organisms on Earth depend on the photosynthetic ability of plantsphotosynthetic ability of plants

AutotrophsAutotrophs capture and store energy capture and store energy from sunlight in various compounds.from sunlight in various compounds.

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs use the energy captured use the energy captured by autotrophs when they consume by autotrophs when they consume plants.plants.

Sec 30-1 Overview of PlantsSec 30-1 Overview of Plants

Plants all share some characteristicsPlants all share some characteristics All plants are photosynthetic.All plants are photosynthetic. All plants are multicellular.All plants are multicellular. All plants are eukaryotic organisms.All plants are eukaryotic organisms. All plants can reproduce sexually.All plants can reproduce sexually.

Adapting to LandAdapting to Land Land plants had to develop new Land plants had to develop new

structures to replace the structures to replace the advantages provided by an aquatic advantages provided by an aquatic environment.environment.

The earliest plants needed water The earliest plants needed water to supply nutrients, for to supply nutrients, for photosynthesis and for fertilization.photosynthesis and for fertilization.

In a In a terrestrialterrestrial environment water environment water may be scarce, most usable liquid may be scarce, most usable liquid water exists only in the soil.water exists only in the soil.

Temperature or climate on land is Temperature or climate on land is more unpredictable and harsher more unpredictable and harsher than in the water which means than in the water which means greater water loss bygreater water loss by transpirationtranspiration..

Preventing Water LossPreventing Water Loss

One early adaption to life One early adaption to life on land is the on land is the cuticlecuticle which enabled plants to which enabled plants to conserve water by conserve water by slowing evaporation from slowing evaporation from the plant’s bodythe plant’s body

The cuticle is a waxy, The cuticle is a waxy, waterproof layer that waterproof layer that coats the parts of a plant coats the parts of a plant exposed to air.exposed to air.

Preventing Water LossPreventing Water Loss

Since the cuticle also did Since the cuticle also did not allow COnot allow CO22 into the leaf, into the leaf,

small openings called small openings called stomatastomata allows for the allows for the exchange of gasesexchange of gases

The stomata open and The stomata open and close depending upon the close depending upon the amount of water in the amount of water in the cells.cells.

Plant ReproductionPlant Reproduction Early land plants needed water for Early land plants needed water for

reproduction, because sperm had to swim reproduction, because sperm had to swim through water to fertilize an eggthrough water to fertilize an egg

Successful land plants also developed Successful land plants also developed structures that helped protect reproductive structures that helped protect reproductive cells from drying outcells from drying out A A sporespore contains a haploid reproductive cell contains a haploid reproductive cell

surrounded by a hard outer wall.surrounded by a hard outer wall. A A seedseed is an embryo surrounded by a protective is an embryo surrounded by a protective

coat.coat.

Seeds are more effective at dispersal than spores Seeds are more effective at dispersal than spores because:because: They are not as light so do not get lost as easily by the They are not as light so do not get lost as easily by the

wind.wind. They utilize wind and animals for dispersalThey utilize wind and animals for dispersal They provide the offspring with food material known as They provide the offspring with food material known as

endospermendosperm..

Transport of MaterialsTransport of Materials Early plants were short because they didn’t need much Early plants were short because they didn’t need much

support and could not be far from their water source.support and could not be far from their water source. An adaptation for support was development of An adaptation for support was development of ligninlignin

which is a hard compound that strengthens cell walls, which is a hard compound that strengthens cell walls, enabling cells to support additional weight.enabling cells to support additional weight.

In addition to support was In addition to support was the development of special the development of special tissue for the transport of tissue for the transport of materials (water and materials (water and nutrients) in the plant.nutrients) in the plant.

This special tissue is called This special tissue is called vascular tissuevascular tissue. There are . There are two types of specialized two types of specialized tissue that makes up tissue that makes up vascular tissue.vascular tissue.

(a)(a) XylemXylem – carries water and – carries water and inorganic nutrients in inorganic nutrients in one one directiondirection, from the roots to , from the roots to the stems and leaves.the stems and leaves.

(b)(b) PhloemPhloem – carries organic – carries organic compounds, in any direction, compounds, in any direction, depending on the plant’s depending on the plant’s needs.needs.

Classifying PlantsClassifying Plants The 12 divisions of plants can be divided into The 12 divisions of plants can be divided into

two groups based on the presence of vascular two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue. (Table 30-1) – p 4tissue. (Table 30-1) – p 4

The three divisions of The three divisions of nonvascular plantsnonvascular plants do do not have true vascular tissue nor true roots, not have true vascular tissue nor true roots, stems, or leaves.stems, or leaves.

The nine divisions of The nine divisions of vascular plantsvascular plants have have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves.leaves.

Vascular Plant ClassificationVascular Plant Classification

Vascular plants can be Vascular plants can be divided into two groupsdivided into two groups

(a)(a) Seedless PlantsSeedless Plants – the – the ferns and their relatives ferns and their relatives that reproduce by that reproduce by spores.spores.

(b)(b) Seed PlantsSeed Plants – the – the plants that produce plants that produce seeds for reproduction.seeds for reproduction.

Vascular SeedlessVascular Seedless PsilophytaPsilophyta

LycophytaLycophyta

SphenophytaSphenophyta

PterophytaPterophyta

Vascular, SeedVascular, Seed

GymnospermsGymnosperms CycadophytaCycadophyta

GinkgophytaGinkgophyta

ConiferophytaConiferophyta

GnetophytaGnetophyta

AngiospermsAngiosperms AnthophytaAnthophyta

C - MonocotyledonesC - Monocotyledones

C - DicotyledonesC - Dicotyledones

Plant EvolutionPlant Evolution Scientists believe that plants Scientists believe that plants

evolved from multicellular evolved from multicellular terrestrial algaeterrestrial algae

This is supported by the This is supported by the many structural and many structural and biochemical similarities:biochemical similarities:

(a)(a) Both have the same Both have the same photosynthetic pigments.photosynthetic pigments.

(b)(b) Both have cell walls that contain Both have cell walls that contain cellulosecellulose

(c)(c) Both develop a cell plate during Both develop a cell plate during cell division.cell division.

(d)(d) Both store energy as starch.Both store energy as starch.

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

All plants have a life All plants have a life cycle, called cycle, called Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations,, that that involves two phasesinvolves two phases

(a)(a) The first phase consists The first phase consists of a haploid of a haploid gametophytegametophyte that that produces eggs and produces eggs and sperm.sperm.

(b)(b) The second phase is a The second phase is a diploid diploid sporophytesporophyte that that produces spores.produces spores.

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations The gametophyte produces The gametophyte produces structures that form gametes, structures that form gametes, egg and sperm, by mitosis.egg and sperm, by mitosis.

Once an egg is fertilized by a Once an egg is fertilized by a sperm and produces a sperm and produces a zygotezygote, , the plant begins the second the plant begins the second phase of its life cycle.phase of its life cycle.

The zygote divides by mitosis The zygote divides by mitosis to form a sporophyte plant.to form a sporophyte plant.

The sporophyte produces The sporophyte produces structures that undergo meiosis structures that undergo meiosis to form haploid spores.to form haploid spores.

These spores are released by These spores are released by most seedless plants, but are most seedless plants, but are retained by seed plants.retained by seed plants.

The life cycle begins again The life cycle begins again when the spores divided by when the spores divided by mitosis to form new mitosis to form new gametophytesgametophytes

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

In In nonvascularnonvascular plants, the plants, the gametophytegametophyte is the is the dominant phase.dominant phase.

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations In In vascularvascular plants the plants the sporophytesporophyte phase is the phase is the

dominant phase. dominant phase.

CompleteComplete

RG & Review RG & Review 30.130.1

Sec 30-2 Nonvascular PlantsSec 30-2 Nonvascular Plants The three phyla of The three phyla of

nonvascular plants are nonvascular plants are collectively called collectively called BRYOPHYTESBRYOPHYTES

They lack vascular tissue They lack vascular tissue and do not form true roots, and do not form true roots, stems, or leavesstems, or leaves

These plants usually live on These plants usually live on land near streams and land near streams and rivers.rivers.

Characteristics of BryophytesCharacteristics of Bryophytes Bryophytes are:Bryophytes are:

NonvascularNonvascular SeedlessSeedless Produce sporesProduce spores Usually very small Usually very small

plants (1-2 cm)plants (1-2 cm) Depend on water for Depend on water for

reproductionreproduction Do not have true Do not have true

roots, stems or leavesroots, stems or leaves

Bryophyte StructuresBryophyte Structures

Instead of roots, Instead of roots, bryophytes have long, bryophytes have long, thin strands of cells thin strands of cells called called rhizoidsrhizoids that that attach the plant to the attach the plant to the soil.soil.

They have flat, broad They have flat, broad tissues that function tissues that function somewhat like leaves somewhat like leaves and are photosyntheticand are photosynthetic

Division Bryophyta - Division Bryophyta - MossesMosses

Thick carpet of Thick carpet of moss on the forest moss on the forest floorfloor

Each Each gametophytegametophyte is attached to the is attached to the soil by rhizoidssoil by rhizoids

Usually less than 3 Usually less than 3 cm tallcm tall


The moss The moss sporophyte sporophyte is attached is attached to and to and dependent dependent on the large on the large gametophytegametophyte


Gametophytes Gametophytes maybe male or maybe male or femalefemale


Mosses are called Mosses are called pioneer plantspioneer plants because they are because they are often the first to often the first to inhabit a barren areainhabit a barren area

Mosses help prevent Mosses help prevent soil erosion by soil erosion by covering the soil covering the soil surface and surface and absorbing waterabsorbing water

Division Hepatophyta - Division Hepatophyta - LiverwortsLiverworts

Liverworts are unusual Liverworts are unusual looking plant that grow in looking plant that grow in moist, shady areasmoist, shady areas

They can have a thin They can have a thin transparent leaf-like transparent leaf-like structure on a stem axisstructure on a stem axis

They could have a They could have a thalloidthalloid form, a flat body form, a flat body that has an upper and that has an upper and lower surface.lower surface.

Division Anthocerophyta - Division Anthocerophyta - hornwortshornworts

Hornworts grow in Hornworts grow in moist, shaded areasmoist, shaded areas

They share an They share an unusual unusual characteristic with characteristic with algae, each cell algae, each cell usually has a single usually has a single large chloroplastlarge chloroplast

CompleteComplete

RG & Review RG & Review 30.230.2

Sec 30-3 Vascular PlantsSec 30-3 Vascular Plants Vascular plants Vascular plants

contain specialized contain specialized conducting tissue conducting tissue ((xylemxylem and and phloemphloem) ) that transport water that transport water and dissolved and dissolved substance from part substance from part of the plant to of the plant to another part of the another part of the plant.plant.

Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants

There are four phyla There are four phyla of seedless vascular of seedless vascular plantsplants PsilotophytaPsilotophyta LycophytaLycophyta SphenophytaSphenophyta PterophytaPterophyta

Division Psilotophyta – Division Psilotophyta – Whisk FernWhisk Fern

Whisk ferns are not ferns Whisk ferns are not ferns at all.at all.

They have no roots or They have no roots or leaves and produce leaves and produce spores on the ends of spores on the ends of short branchesshort branches

Whisk ferns are Whisk ferns are epiphytesepiphytes, which means , which means they grow on other they grow on other plants but are not plants but are not parasitesparasites

Division Lycophyta – Division Lycophyta – Club MossesClub Mosses

Club mosses look Club mosses look like miniature pine like miniature pine tree, often called tree, often called ground pinesground pines

The cone-like The cone-like structure, called a structure, called a strobilusstrobilus contains contains sporangia-bearing sporangia-bearing modified leavesmodified leaves

Division Spenophyta - Division Spenophyta - HorsetailsHorsetails

Horsetails have Horsetails have jointed jointed photosynthetic photosynthetic stems that stems that contain silica, contain silica, with scale-like with scale-like leaves at each leaves at each jointjoint

Division Pterophyta - Division Pterophyta - FernsFerns

Ferns have leaves Ferns have leaves (called (called frondsfronds) and ) and an underground stem an underground stem (called a (called a rhizomerhizome))

New leaves of a fern New leaves of a fern are called are called fiddleheadsfiddleheads..

Fern Life CycleFern Life Cycle

The mobile sexual The mobile sexual reproductive part of a reproductive part of a seed plant is the seed plant is the multicellular seed.multicellular seed.

Plants with seeds Plants with seeds have a greater have a greater chance of chance of reproductive success reproductive success than seedless plants.than seedless plants.

Vascular Seed PlantsVascular Seed Plants


Inside the tough, Inside the tough, protective coat of a protective coat of a seed is an seed is an embryoembryo and a nutrient supplyand a nutrient supply

When conditions When conditions favour growth, the favour growth, the see sprouts, or see sprouts, or germinatesgerminates, the , the embryo grows into a embryo grows into a seedlingseedling


There are two main There are two main groups of seed-groups of seed-bearing plants bearing plants Gymnosperms Gymnosperms AngiospermsAngiosperms

Vascular Seed Plants - Vascular Seed Plants - GymnospermsGymnosperms

Gymnosperms have Gymnosperms have ‘naked seeds’ – the ‘naked seeds’ – the seeds do not have a seeds do not have a protective coveringprotective covering

The largest division The largest division of gymnosperms are of gymnosperms are the conifers which the conifers which produce conesproduce cones

Vascular Seed Plants - Vascular Seed Plants - GymnospermsGymnosperms

A A conecone is a is a specialized specialized reproductive reproductive structure composed structure composed of hard scales, which of hard scales, which produces seeds produces seeds without a fruit.without a fruit.

Most conifers have Most conifers have simple needlelike simple needlelike leavesleaves

Vascular Seed Plants - Vascular Seed Plants - AngiospermsAngiosperms

Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed and Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed and protected by a protected by a fruitfruit

Vascular Seed Plants - Vascular Seed Plants - AngiospermsAngiosperms

Angiosperms are Angiosperms are referred to as referred to as flowering plantsflowering plants

All angiosperms All angiosperms produce produce flowersflowers and and seedsseeds

The protective The protective structure that structure that contains the seed or contains the seed or seeds of an seeds of an angiosperm is the angiosperm is the fruitfruit..


There are five phyla There are five phyla of vascular seed of vascular seed plantsplants CyadophytaCyadophyta GinkgophytaGinkgophyta ConiferophytaConiferophyta GnetophytaGnetophyta Anthophyta Anthophyta

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Division CycadophytaDivision Cycadophyta Cycads are Cycads are

gymnosperms, that gymnosperms, that flourished during the age flourished during the age of dinosaursof dinosaurs

Most are native to the Most are native to the tropics and grow slowlytropics and grow slowly

Most cycads have fern-Most cycads have fern-like, leathery leaves at like, leathery leaves at the top of short, thick the top of short, thick trunkstrunks

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Division GinkgophytaDivision Ginkgophyta

Ginkgoes flourished Ginkgoes flourished during the time of the during the time of the dinosaurdinosaur

Only one species Only one species survives todaysurvives today

The ginkgo has fan-The ginkgo has fan-shaped leaves that fall shaped leaves that fall from the tree at the end from the tree at the end of each growing season of each growing season so are called so are called deciduousdeciduous

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Division ConiferophytaDivision Coniferophyta

The conifers are The conifers are the most common the most common GymnospermsGymnosperms

Conifers are Conifers are woody plants and woody plants and most have most have needlesneedles as leaves as leaves

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Division ConiferophytaDivision Coniferophyta

A conifer usually A conifer usually bears both male bears both male and female cones.and female cones.

The male cones The male cones typically grow at typically grow at the top of the tree the top of the tree while the female while the female cone is below.cone is below.

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Division GnetophytesDivision Gnetophytes

Gnetophytes are an Gnetophytes are an odd group of cone-odd group of cone-bearing bearing Gymnosperms that Gymnosperms that have vascular have vascular systems that more systems that more closely resemble closely resemble those of those of angiospermsangiosperms

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms)(Angiosperms)

The largest phylum of plantsThe largest phylum of plants Known as flowering plants that produce seeds Known as flowering plants that produce seeds

from flowers protected by fruit.from flowers protected by fruit.

A A fruitfruit is a ripened is a ripened ovary that surrounds ovary that surrounds the seeds of the seeds of angiosperms.angiosperms.

The The ovaryovary is the is the female reproductive female reproductive part of the flower that part of the flower that enclosed the egg.enclosed the egg.

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum AnthophytaPhylum Anthophyta

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum AnthophytaPhylum Anthophyta

Angiosperms grow in Angiosperms grow in many forms and occupy many forms and occupy diverse habitats. Some diverse habitats. Some are :are : HerbaceousHerbaceous plants with plants with

showy flowers or grassesshowy flowers or grasses ShrubsShrubs with flexible with flexible

stemsstems VinesVines with stems that will with stems that will

wind around objectswind around objects Woody Woody stems that have stems that have

very solid stemsvery solid stems

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Evolution of AngiospermsEvolution of Angiosperms

Angiosperms first Angiosperms first appeared in the fossil appeared in the fossil record about 135 record about 135 million years ago.million years ago.

Several factors led to the Several factors led to the success of angiosperms:success of angiosperms:

•Seeds germinate and Seeds germinate and produce mature plantsproduce mature plants•Fruits protect the seeds Fruits protect the seeds and aid in dispersaland aid in dispersal•Have a more efficient Have a more efficient vascular systemvascular system•Use animal and wind Use animal and wind pollinationpollination•More diverse, occupy More diverse, occupy more more nichesniches

Vascular Seed Plants – Vascular Seed Plants – Phylum Anthophyta - Phylum Anthophyta -

Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots Angiosperms are Angiosperms are

divided into two divided into two classes: classes: monocotyledonesmonocotyledones (monocots) and (monocots) and dicotyledonesdicotyledones (dicots), by counting (dicots), by counting the number of seed the number of seed leaves or coytledons, leaves or coytledons, in the plants embryoin the plants embryo


MonocotyledonesMonocotyledones Angiosperms with only Angiosperms with only

one cotyledon are called one cotyledon are called monocotsmonocots

Typical monocot (corn Typical monocot (corn and grass) has narrow and grass) has narrow leaves with parallel veins leaves with parallel veins called called parallel venationparallel venation

Flower parts are in Flower parts are in multiples of threemultiples of three

Vascular tissue bundles Vascular tissue bundles are scattered throughout are scattered throughout the stemthe stem


DicotyledonesDicotyledones Angiosperms with two Angiosperms with two

cotyledons are called cotyledons are called dicotsdicots

Typical dicot (beans and Typical dicot (beans and trees) have broad leaves trees) have broad leaves with branching veins with branching veins called called net venationnet venation

Flower parts are in Flower parts are in multiples of four or fivemultiples of four or five

Vascular tissue bundles Vascular tissue bundles are arranged in rings in are arranged in rings in the stemthe stem

Vascular Seed Plant’s Vascular Seed Plant’s SuccessSuccess

Neither gymnosperms nor Neither gymnosperms nor angiosperms depend on an external angiosperms depend on an external source of water for fertilization.source of water for fertilization.

Fertilization occurs after pollen Fertilization occurs after pollen grains are transferred from one grains are transferred from one plant to another by wind or by plant to another by wind or by animalsanimals

The evolution of the The evolution of the seedseed and the and the decrease dependence on water decrease dependence on water have made the gymnosperm and have made the gymnosperm and angiosperm successful organismsangiosperm successful organisms

Activity – Plants around Activity – Plants around SchoolSchool

In small groups, travel around the school to areas you may think In small groups, travel around the school to areas you may think there are plants (Mrs. Connors room, Mr. Rawlyk’s room), take a there are plants (Mrs. Connors room, Mr. Rawlyk’s room), take a picture and then classify the plant based on what you observe, picture and then classify the plant based on what you observe, providing a justification for that classification.providing a justification for that classification.

Major things to classify: Major things to classify: - Take a picture!- Take a picture!

- Is it vascular or nonvascular?- Is it vascular or nonvascular?

- Is it a seed-bearing Plant? - Is it a seed-bearing Plant?

- If so, is it an Angiosperm or Gymnosperm?- If so, is it an Angiosperm or Gymnosperm?

- What division does it likely belong to? - What division does it likely belong to?

- If it’s an angiosperm, is it a monocot or dicot?- If it’s an angiosperm, is it a monocot or dicot?

Kingdom Plantae. Outcomes Recognize the role of plants within an ecozone Use plant morphology to...

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