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Kingdom Fungi TEKS 7A, E; 8B, C; 12A, C Slide 2 Note Taking Underline everything in bold! Slide 3 Basic Characteristics of Fungi Eukaryotic Multicellular Decomposers Heterotrophs Not mobile Reproduce using SPORES Have a cell wall made up of chitin. Slide 4 Evolution of Fungi Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?WHY? Recent DNA-based studies show that fungi are more similar to animals than to plants Cladogram Slide 5 Anaerobic Respiration Some fungi (yeast) are able to release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen. This anaerobic process is called fermentation. -CO 2 is produced in this process -The production of CO 2 allows bread to rise. Slide 6 Anaerobic Respiration Glucose Alcohol + CO 2 + 2ATP Slide 7 Basic Structure of a Fungus: Hyphae are individual filaments that form a dense cottony mat of called mycelium. The mycelium is what makes up the body of a fungus. Individual Hyphae Slide 8 In mushrooms, the entire above ground mushroom cap is the fruiting body. The fruiting body is the reproductive structure that contains spores. Slide 9 Basic Structure of a Mushroom Fruiting Body: Slide 10 Most of the fungus lives underground. A Fairy Ring is a ring of mushrooms along the outer edge of the fungus. Fungi grow in a circular pattern out from a center point, where one spore landed and started to grow. Slide 11 Worlds Largest organism? Armillaria, a pathogenic fungus shown here afflicting four regions of coniferous forest in Montana, grown out from a central location. The largest patch below is 8 hectares (300 m) in diameter. The largest measure so far has been 15 hectares in diameter. Slide 12 Four Major Examples of Fungi: Slide 13 1. Mushrooms Slide 14 Mushroom Phyla examples: Toadstool (top left), Shelf Fungi (bottom left), Puff Balls (right) Slide 15 2. Bread Molds Slide 16 3. Yeast Budding Scar Slide 17 4. Penicillin mold produces an antibiotic that destroys bacterial cell walls. Bacteria Free Zone Bacteria Smear Slide 18 Harmful Effects of Fungi Slide 19 1. Fungal Disease destroys billons of dollars worth of crops each year. Strawberries with Botrytis mold, a plant parasitic fungus Slide 20 Pink Ear Rot on Corn Corn Smut Slide 21 Examples of fungal diseases of plants: Wheat Rust (left), ergots on rye (right) Slide 22 2. Fungi will spoil food. Rhizopus - common bread mold Slide 23 3. Fungal Diseases: -Athlete's Foot -Ring Worm -Yeast Infections Slide 24 Helpful to Humans make antibiotics like penicillin The mold Penicillin is growing in a circular pattern on this orange. Penicillin the antibiotic is an extract made from this fungus. Slide 25 Some are edible: some mushroom caps, morels, and truffles Helpful to Humans Pigs are used to smell out truffles Slide 26 Used in food production: Cheeses such as Brie, Blue cheese, Camembert, & Roquefort Bread, Beer, & Wine (Yeast) Soy sauce Tofu Helpful to Humans Blue Cheese Bread Slide 27 Fungi are also helpful to the Environment! Slide 28 Fungi are decomposers, recycling organic matter. Slide 29 Lichen has a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae. - Provides food for animals -found in barren soil - Sensitive to air pollution Slide 30 Lichen Algal cells live inside the fungus. Fungus Algae Slide 31 Mycorrhizae a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and plant roots. Fungal hyphae extend into the soil and root, helping the plant absorb nutrients. Plant roots covered with fungal hyphae which increases surface area for absorption. The last 2 roots on the far right do not have mycorrhizae. Slide 32 Slide 33 Slide 34 Diseases Caused by Fungi Potato Blight- Oomycota Damages leaves of the potato plant Cause of the 1845 famine in Ireland and England Wheat Rusts- Basidiomycota Damages leaves and stems; golden-yellow to red color on leaves and stemsCaused problems in early 1900s & 1930s; Contributed to the great depression. Slide 35 Corn Smuts Basidiomycota Large galls on plant; may occur on any part of plant above ground Some consider corn smuts a delicacy Mildews Zygomycota 15% of crop losses are due to these fungal diseases in the temperate regions of the world Slide 36 RINGWORM Ringworm Deutermycota (tinea)Red itchy skin forming a ring shapeCaused by the same fungus that causes athletes foot Slide 37 Athletes Foot Deuteromycota (tinea) Red, itchy skin on foot; white, wet surface Slide 38 Thrush Yeast (Candida albicans) Infection of mouth; white Usually kept in check by bacterial competition and immune system; May occur after strong antibiotic treatment; eating yogurt helps Slide 39 Urinary tract infections Yeast (Candida albicans) Itching and burning sensation when urinating Nail fungal infections Various molds Yellowing and thickening of the nail Sometimes difficult to treat