Kingdom Animalia. What characteristics define an animal? What characteristics define an animal?

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

What What characteristics characteristics define an animal?define an animal?

~ Characteristics ~ ~ Characteristics ~

MulticellularMulticellular

Eukaryotic with Eukaryotic with no cell no cell wallswalls

Heterotrophs (consumers) Heterotrophs (consumers)

~ Characteristics ~~ Characteristics ~ Have a nervous system to respond to Have a nervous system to respond to

their environment their environment

Locomotion relates to ability to obtain Locomotion relates to ability to obtain foodfood

Most animals develop from a Most animals develop from a zygotezygote

Reproduction:

Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg to form a fertilized egg cell called the zygote.

Internal fertilization

External fertilization

Asexual reproduction means that a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself.

Budding

Fragmentation

Regeneration

Parthenogenesis

Early Development

The zygote undergoes mitosis and a series of cell divisions to form new cells.The cells continue to divide, forming a fluid-filled ball of cells called the blastula.The blastula continues to undergo cell division as some cells move inward to form a gastrula.

Gastrula - A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space forming a hollow ball of cells.

~ Developmental ~ Developmental Characteristics ~Characteristics ~ The gastrula isThe gastrula is made up of three parts:made up of three parts:

– EctodermEctoderm, a layer of cells on the outer a layer of cells on the outer surface of the surface of the gastrulagastrula,, grows and divides grows and divides developing into skin and nervous tissue.developing into skin and nervous tissue.

– EndodermEndoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the surface of the gastrulagastrula,, develops into the develops into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract. lining of the animal’s digestive tract.

– MesodermMesoderm, made up of two layers of cells , made up of two layers of cells lying between the lying between the ectodermectoderm and and endodermendoderm, , forms muscles, reproductive organs and forms muscles, reproductive organs and circulatory vessels.circulatory vessels.

~ Developmental ~ Developmental Characteristics ~Characteristics ~

Animals that develop a mouth from Animals that develop a mouth from the indented space in the gastrula the indented space in the gastrula are are protostomesprotostomes..

Animals that develop an anus from Animals that develop an anus from the opening in the gastrula are the opening in the gastrula are deuterostomesdeuterostomes..

Evolution of Animal Body Plans

Anatomical features in animals’ body plans mark the branching points on the evolutionary tree.

Relationships on this tree are inferred by studying similarities in embryological development and shared anatomical features.

~~ Body Plans ~Body Plans ~

Animals that are Animals that are irregularirregular in shape in shape are are asymmetricalasymmetrical..

Animals that are Animals that are regularregular in shape are in shape are symmetricalsymmetrical..

~ Body Plans ~~ Body Plans ~

An animal has An animal has radial symmetryradial symmetry if it can be divided along any if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, plane, through a central axis, into equal halves.into equal halves.

An animal has An animal has bilateral bilateral symmetrysymmetry if it can be divided if it can be divided down its length into similar right down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror and left halves forming mirror images of each other.images of each other.

Which figure has bilateral Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?symmetry?

~ Body Plans ~~ Body Plans ~

AcoelomatesAcoelomates – animals have three – animals have three cell layers with a digestive tract but cell layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities.no body cavities.

Pseudocoelomates Pseudocoelomates – animals with a – animals with a fluid-filled body cavity partly lined fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm. with mesoderm.

CoelomatesCoelomates – animals with a body – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.mesoderm.

Body Cavities

Coelomates

Have a fluid-filled cavity with tissue formed from mesoderm

that lines and encloses the organs in the

coelom

Body Cavities

Pseudocoelomates

Have a fluid-filled body cavity that develops between the mesoderm andthe endoderm rather than developing

entirely within the mesoderm

Body Cavities

Acoelomates

Have solid bodies without a fluid-filled body cavity between the gut and the body wall

~ Protection and Support ~~ Protection and Support ~ Though not all animals have a Though not all animals have a

skeleton, those that do can be skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups:divided into two groups:– Those with an Those with an exoskeletonexoskeleton – a – a

hard, waxy coating on the outside hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body that protects internal of the body that protects internal organs, provides a framework for organs, provides a framework for support, and a place for muscle support, and a place for muscle attachment.attachment.

– Those with an Those with an endoskeletonendoskeleton – – support framework within the body support framework within the body that protects some organs and a that protects some organs and a brace for muscles to pull against.brace for muscles to pull against.

Cephalization

The tendency to concentrate nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of the animal

~Invertebrates~~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla8 main phyla

No backbonesNo backbones

95% of all animals are in this group95% of all animals are in this group

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~Phylum Porifera~

SpongesSponges

simplest form of animal lifesimplest form of animal life

live in waterlive in water

Do not move aroundDo not move around

no symmetryno symmetry

Pores (holes) all over bodyPores (holes) all over body

5000 species5000 species


Filter Feeders: a sponge filters Filter Feeders: a sponge filters particles of food from water using particles of food from water using collar cells and then pumps the water collar cells and then pumps the water out the osculum.out the osculum.


Examples: Tube Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge, Sea SpongeSponge

~Invertebrate~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~Phylum Cnidaria~

Live in waterLive in water

Most have tentaclesMost have tentacles

catch food with stinging cellscatch food with stinging cells

gut for digestinggut for digesting

~Invertebrate~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~Phylum Cnidaria~

2 different 2 different shapesshapes

Medusa - like a Medusa - like a jellyfishjellyfish

Polyp - like a Polyp - like a hydrahydra

~Invertebrate~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Phylum Cnidaria~ Examples - Examples -

Jellyfish, Hydra, Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, sea anemones, and coralsand corals

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~Phylum Platyhelminthes ~

FlatwormsFlatworms

Flat, ribbon-like bodyFlat, ribbon-like body

Live in water or are parasitesLive in water or are parasites

bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry


Examples: Examples: PlanariaPlanaria

eyespots detect eyespots detect lightlight

food and waste food and waste go in and out the go in and out the same openingsame opening


Examples: Examples: TapewormTapeworm

Parasite that Parasite that lives in lives in intestines of intestines of host absorbing host absorbing foodfood


Examples: FlukeExamples: Fluke parasiteparasite

lives inside lives inside of hostof host

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Nematoda ~

RoundwormsRoundworms

– Round, tubular bodyRound, tubular body

– small or microscopic small or microscopic

– bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry

– have both a mouth and anushave both a mouth and anus

– Live in water or are parasitesLive in water or are parasites

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Phylum Nematoda ~

Examples:Examples:– HookwormHookworm

– TrichinellaTrichinella

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Phylum Mollusca ~

Soft bodiesSoft bodies

Hard ShellsHard Shells

Live on land or in waterLive on land or in water

have a circulatory system and a have a circulatory system and a complex nervous system.complex nervous system.

Important food source for humansImportant food source for humans


Class Class GastropodaGastropoda

– snails and slugssnails and slugs

– may have 1 shellmay have 1 shell

– stomach-footed - stomach-footed - move on stomachmove on stomach


Class BivalvesClass Bivalves

– 2 shells hinged 2 shells hinged togethertogether

– clams, oystersclams, oysters, ,

scallops and scallops and musselsmussels

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Mollusca ~

Class CephalopodsClass Cephalopods

– squids and octopusessquids and octopuses

– internal mantelinternal mantel

~Invertebrate~InvertebratePhylum Annelida ~ Phylum Annelida ~

– Segemented wormsSegemented worms

– Body divided into Body divided into segments(sections)segments(sections)

– Live in water or Live in water or undergroundunderground

– have a nervous and circulatory have a nervous and circulatory systemsystem

~Invertebrate~InvertebratePhylum Annelida ~ Phylum Annelida ~

Class EarthwormsClass Earthworms

eat soil and eat soil and breakdown breakdown organic organic matter, wastes matter, wastes provide nutrients provide nutrients to soilto soil

~InvertebratePhylum Annelida ~

Class bristleworms Class bristleworms

~InvertebratePhylum Annelida ~

Class leechesClass leeches

parasites that feed on blood of other parasites that feed on blood of other animalsanimals

~InvertebratePhylum Echinodermata ~

Hard, spiny skinHard, spiny skin

Live in salt waterLive in salt water

Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

name means ‘spiney skinned’name means ‘spiney skinned’

endoskeletonendoskeleton

~InvertebratePhylum Echinodermata ~

Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumberdollar and sea cucumber

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~

Body divided into sections/segmentsBody divided into sections/segments

Exoskeleton Exoskeleton

Jointed legsJointed legs

well developed nervous systemwell developed nervous system

largest group of organisms on earthlargest group of organisms on earth

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Phylum Arthropoda ~

3 subphylums:3 subphylums:

Classified into classes according to Classified into classes according to the number of legs, eyes and the number of legs, eyes and antennae they have. antennae they have.

SubphylumSubphylum ChilicerataChilicerata is divided into 3 classes is divided into 3 classes

Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, ticks, – spiders, scorpions, ticks, mitesmites

Merostomata – horseshoe crabs – horseshoe crabs

Pycnogonida – sea spiders – sea spiders

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~Phylum Arthropoda ~

~Invertebrate Phylum ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum

ChilicerataChilicerata Class – Class – ArachnidaArachnida

no antennaeno antennae

4 pairs of legs4 pairs of legs

2 body regions - cephalothorax & 2 body regions - cephalothorax & abdomenabdomen

spiders, scorpions, mites & ticksspiders, scorpions, mites & ticks


ChilicerataChilicerata Class Class Merostomata

Horseshoe crabsHorseshoe crabs– Ancient group of species Ancient group of species

– Changed little over 350 million Changed little over 350 million years years

– Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic & gulf coasts of United States.gulf coasts of United States.


ChilicerataChilicerata Class Class Pycnogonida

– Sea spiderSea spider

~Invertebrate Phylum ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Arthropoda ~ Subphylum - Subphylum -

CrustaceaCrustacea5 Classes5 Classes Aquatic ones have gillsAquatic ones have gills

2 antennae2 antennae

2 body regions or segmented2 body regions or segmented

Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopodsisopods

Many species taste delicious in butterMany species taste delicious in butter

Subphylum Subphylum UniramiaUniramia: 3 classes: 3 classes

Class Class Insecta Insecta (insects) (insects)

Class Class ChilopodaChilopoda (Centipedes) (Centipedes)

Class Class DiplopodaDiplopoda (Millipedes) (Millipedes)

~Invertebrate Phylum ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Subphylum

UniramiaUniramia Class Class InsectaInsecta

antennaeantennae

3 pairs of legs3 pairs of legs

3 body regions - head, thorax & 3 body regions - head, thorax & abdomenabdomen

grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, beesgrasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees

~Invertebrate ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Phylum Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Subphylum UniramiaUniramia

Class Class Diplopoda

Millipedes Millipedes

segmented animalssegmented animals Have 2 pairs of legs per segment Have 2 pairs of legs per segment

Primarily herbivores & decomposersPrimarily herbivores & decomposers

~Invertebrate Phylum ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~ Arthropoda ~ Subphylum Subphylum

UniramiaUniramia

Class Class Chiopoda

Centipedes Usually terrestrial Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores carnivores

Have 1 pair of antennae Have 1 pair of antennae

Are often poisonous, using modified Are often poisonous, using modified front claws to immobilize prey front claws to immobilize prey

~ Phylum Chordata ~ ~ Phylum Chordata ~ subphylumsubphylum VertebrataVertebrata

5 classes5 classesFish Fish

MammalsMammals

ReptilesReptiles

AmphibiansAmphibians

BirdsBirds

Kingdom Animalia. What characteristics define an animal? What characteristics define an animal?

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