Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.
-
Upload
chloe-strickland -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
4
Transcript of Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.
![Page 1: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kingdom Anamalia Notes
Tracey Mancheski 09-10
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/images/JPEGS/Sponges%20vertical.jpg
![Page 2: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Kingdom Porifera
• Kingdom Porifera is made up of organisms called sponges.
• Sponges are the simplest, most unusual animals, and most ancient animals.
• Sponges are “pore-bearers” meaning they have tine openings or pores all over their bodies.
• Sponges are classified as animals because they are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell walls, and contain a few specialized cells.
http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/animals/1sponge.jpg
![Page 3: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Body Plan
• Asymmetrical• The body of a sponge forms a wall
around a large central cavity through which water is circulated continually by way of specialized cells that use flagella to move a current of water (several thousand liters per day!)
• The movement of water through the sponge provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion.http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://7salemanimalkingdom.wikispaces.com/file/
view/I10-82-sponge2.jpg/33771369/I10-82-sponge2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://7salemanimalkingdom.wikispaces.com/Sponges%3Ff%3Dprint&usg=__T7Mfa-FZSh8Rm1sYPw1mtzz8hhI=&h=422&w=564&sz=59&hl=en&start=31&itbs=1&tbnid=65pPjtSBMupDfM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
![Page 4: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Feeding
• Filter-feeders (microscopic food particles).• Digestion is intracellular and food is passed
along the cells.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/images/sponge_feed.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/sponges1.html&usg=__Z1C2TmQQ705v6CTL2WUlgw8_7vQ=&h=249&w=277&sz=74&hl=en&start=3&itbs=1&tbnid=VMsYMQXj1jmeIM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%2Bfilter%2Bfeeding%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
![Page 5: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Respiration, Circulation and Excretion
• Sponges rely on the movement of water through their bodies to carry out body functions.
• As water moves through the body cavity oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells.
• At the same time, carbon dioxide and other wastes, such as ammonia, diffuse into the water and are carried away.
![Page 6: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/sponge_1.gif
![Page 7: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Response
• No nervous system• Produce toxins
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://reefcolors.com/pictures/Science/Toxins/JACS_131_4_300px.jpg&imgrefurl=http://reefcolors.com/HTML_Science/science_toxins.html&usg=__Lh3bg1pL_bYZVWFp4uXUUD7kHCQ=&h=403&w=300&sz=86&hl=en&start=1&itbs=1&tbnid=5edqQY_6MkUzGM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%2B%2Btoxins%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
![Page 8: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Reproduction
• Sexual or Asexual reproduction• A single sponge produces eggs
and sperm cells are releases them at different times.
• Internal fertilization• The larvae of sponges are
motile and are usually carried by currents before they settle to the sea floor.
• Asexual reproduction = budding
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wetwebmedia.com/SpongePIX/Unknown.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wetwebmedia.com/spongeselfaqs.htm&usg=__9R9F4M9RRmFanf2m0f9TfmGJD0w=&h=225&w=300&sz=12&hl=en&start=12&itbs=1&tbnid=cttgI8TOh6JQlM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponge%2Breproduction%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
![Page 9: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://siera104.com/images/bio/sponges/sponge.jpg&imgrefurl=http://siera104.com/bio/porifera.html&usg=__PN2kZ221_EwFwyv-f8grbyK2xTk=&h=960&w=1138&sz=403&hl=en&start=20&itbs=1&tbnid=B_RhFhcbATxxxM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponge%2Breproduction%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1
![Page 10: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ecology of Sponges
• Ideal habitats (sea starts, snails, sea cucumbers and shrimp.
• Mutualism (bacteria, algae and plantlike protists)
• Primary productivity• Can survive in a wide range of
habitats because of internal structures that act as a lens to redirect incoming sunlight
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v462/n7271/images/462255b-i1.0.jpg
![Page 11: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
http://i92.photobucket.com/albums/l11/tel52/St_Lucia/Coral_Shrimp_Sponge_SLjpg.jpg
![Page 12: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Phylum Cnidaria
• Cnidarians are soft-bodied, carnivorous animals that have stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouths.
• They are the simplest animals to have body symmetry and specialized tissues.
![Page 13: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Body Plan
• Radial symmetry
• Cnidarians have a life cycle that includes two different-looking stages: a polyp and a medusa
![Page 14: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Feeding• When an unsuspecting shrimp or small fish brushes
up against the tentacles, thousands of nematocysts (poison-filled structure) explode into the animal causing paralysis or death.
• After paralyzing its prey, a cnidarian pulls the prey through its mouth and into its gastrovascular cavity, a digestive chamber with one opening where food enters and wastes leave.
• Extracellular digestion• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk&feat
ure=related
![Page 15: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion
• Following digestion, nutrients are usually transported throughout the body by diffusion.
• Cnidarians respire and eliminate the wastes of cellular metabolism by diffusion through their body walls.
![Page 16: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Response• Both polyps and medusas have a nerve net (loosely
organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli).
• Groups of sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity
• Eyespots made of cells that detect light
![Page 17: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Movement
• Hydrostatic skeleton – layer of circular muscles and a layer of longitudinal muscles that, together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable the cnidarian to move
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-so6x9OzYww&feature=related
![Page 18: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Reproduction
• Asexual and sexual• Asexual = Polyps can
reproduce by budding• Sexual = external
fertilization in the water• Fertilization (open water) ->
Zygote -> swimming larva -> polyp (budding polyp) -> Medusa
![Page 19: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Groups of Cnidarians
• Jellyfish – The largest jellyfish ever found was almost 4
meters in diameter and had tentacles more than 30 meters long!
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYUZxS1bZR4
![Page 20: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Hydras and their relatives• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kukv0AtIV
dU
• Portuguese man-of-war
![Page 21: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Sea Anemones and Coral– Only polyp stage– Use nematocysts and symbiosis– As colonies grow, they secrete an underlying
skeleton of calcium carbonate.
![Page 22: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ecology
• Coral distribution is determined by temperature, water depth and light intensity.
• Many coral reefs are suffering from human activity (recreational divers, sedimentation, pollutants, overfishing)
• Coral bleaching – high temperatures can kill the algae and leave behind only transparent cells atop ghostly white skeletons.
• Has become more common and causes more death
![Page 23: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms are soft, flattened worms that have tissues and internal organ systems. They are acoelomates and the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization.
![Page 24: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Body Plan• Because flatworms are thin and most of their cells are close
to the external environment, materials can pass easily into and out of their bodies.
![Page 25: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Feeding
• Flatworms can be carnivores, detritivores, scavengers, or parasites
• Flatworms typically have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening, or mouth, through which food and waste pass.
• Near the mouth is a muscular tube called a pharynx which is extended out of the mouth and pumps food into the cavity. Once in the cavity, digestion and nutrient absorption take place.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeJQdbMge84
![Page 26: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Parasitic worms feed on blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells within the host’s body.
• Very simple or no digestive tract at all.
![Page 27: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion• Diffusion is used to
transport oxygen and nutrients to internal tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from their bodies.
• Flame cells (in some) – specialized cells that filter and remove excess water from the body as well as metabolic wastes (ammonia)
![Page 28: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Response
• Cephalization• Ganglia – groups of nerve cells• Eyespot – detects changes in light and other
stimuli• Auricles - sensory
![Page 29: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Movement
• Cilia to glide• Muscle cells and nerve cells to twist and turn• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HekwSO6
dBG0&NR=1
![Page 30: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Reproduction• Sexual Reproduction– Hermaphrodite – individual has
both male and female reproductive organs
• Asexual Reproduction– Fission – organism splits in two
![Page 31: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Groups of Flatworms
• Turbellarians – free-living flatworms. Most live in marine or freshwater.
![Page 32: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• Flukes – parasitic flatworms that infect the internal organs of their host
![Page 33: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Tapeworms – long, flat, parasitic worms that are adapted to life inside the intestines of their host.
![Page 34: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Ecology
• http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/flatworm.htm
• World without detritivores?
![Page 36: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Phylum Nematoda
• Roundworms are unsegmented worms that have pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with two openings – a mouth and an anus.
![Page 37: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Body Plan
• Round worms have specialized tissues and organ systems that carry out essential body functions.
![Page 38: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Feeding
• Can be parasites, carnivores, herbivores, detritivores, filter-feeders or even prey on decomposers
![Page 39: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion• Exchange gases
and wastes through body walls
• Nutrients and waste are carried by the process of diffusion
Nikon announced the winners of their annual Small World photomicroscopy contest yesterday, and slide shows of the top 20 images are bouncing around the blogosphere. But buried deep in the contest's "Images of Distinction" section is J. Claire Hoving's beautiful picture of a female Nippostrongylus brasiliensis – a nematode worm found in the intestines of rats. Her body wall glows blue; her body cavity is stuffed with eggs that may, in time, find a new rat host to cozy up to.
![Page 40: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Response
• Simple nervous systems (ganglia and nerves that run length of body)
• Sense organs that detect chemicals given off by prey or hosts
![Page 41: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Movement
• Hydrostatic skeleton – muscle contractions
![Page 42: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reproduction• Sexually• Usually males and females separate• Internal fertilization
![Page 43: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Examples
• Most roundworms are free-living• Parasitic roundworms include trichinosis-causing
worms, filarial worms, ascarid worms, and hookworms
![Page 44: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Trichinosis-Causing Worms
• The larvae travel through the bloodstream and burrow into organs and tissues, causing terrible pain for the host.
Patient had periorbital swelling, muscle pain, diarrhea, and 28% eosinophils. Content Providers(s): Emory U/Dr. Thom)
![Page 45: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Filarial Worms
• Usually found in Asia• Threadlike and live in the blood
and lymph vessels of birds and mammals.
• Transmitted through biting insects• May cause elephantiasis
![Page 47: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Ascarid Worms
• Found in the US• Causes
malnutrition in more than 1 billion people world wide
• Spread by eating vegetables or other foods that are not washed properly
In the lungs
Persistent coughShortness of breathWheezing
In the intestines
Vague abdominal painNausea and vomitingDiarrhea or bloody stoolsSevere abdominalFatigueWeight lossA worm in vomit or stool
![Page 49: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Hookworms
• 25% of people in the world are infect• Enter through the foot• Travel through the blood to the lungs and intestines• Suck the host’s blood, causing weakness and poor
growth.
![Page 51: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Research – the first organism to have it’s DNA completely sequenced
• Important part of the food web• detritivore
![Page 52: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Phylum Annelida
• Annelids are worms with segmented bodies. They have a true coelom that is lined with mesoderm.
![Page 53: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Feeding and Digestion
• Filter-feeders, carnivores, detritivores (feed on decaying vegetation).
• Food goes into the – pharynx (pumps food and soil), – esophagus (tube connecting pharynx and crop), – then crop (stores food), – then gizzard (grinds food), – and then intestine (where food is digested)
![Page 54: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Circulation
• Closed circulatory system (blood contained within a network of blood vessels).
• The dorsal blood vessel functions like a heart.
![Page 55: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Respiration
• Aquatic annelids – gills (filamentous organ specialized for the exchange of gases underwater).
• Land-dwelling annelids, respire through their moist skin.
![Page 56: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Excretion• Digestive waste – anus (at the end of the digestive
tract) = castings.• Cellular waste (ammonia) is eliminated by nephridia
![Page 57: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Response
• Most have brain and nerve cords
![Page 58: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Movement
• Hydrostatic skeleton– Longitudinal muscles (shorter and fatter)– Circular muscles (longer and thinner)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWBTcs6HlGE
![Page 59: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Reproduction
• Mostly sexual• Some separate sexes• Some hermaphrodites (earthworm)• External fertilization• Clitellum secretes a mucus ring into which
eggs and sperm are released (hatch a week later)
![Page 60: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Examples
• (Oligochaetes) – annelids that typically have streamlined bodies and relatively few setae.– Most live in soil or freshwater– Earthworms, tubifex worms, – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWJFpJybe-M
![Page 62: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
• Leeches – typically external; parasites that suck the blood and body fluids of their host.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cePKpt5nOJ0
![Page 63: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• (Polychaetes) – marine annelids that have paired, paddle like appendages tipped with setae
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWh6MOMMO60&feature=related
![Page 64: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Ecology
• Medicine – leeches• Soil – aerate for air, water, and bacteria – add
fertilizer• Food web• Pollution tolerant
![Page 65: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Phylum Mollusca
• Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal or external shell.
![Page 66: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Body Plan
• True coeloms• Complex organ systems• Body plan – foot, mantle, shell and visceral
mass
![Page 67: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Feeding
• Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritivores, or parasites
• Digestive system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=related
![Page 68: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Respiration
• Aquatic mollusks use gills• Terrestrial mollusks use a moist mantle cavity
![Page 69: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Circulation
• Open or closed circulatory system (open means that blood is pumped through vessels by a simple heart, leaves the vessels to gather in a sinus, then to the gills or mantle cavity)
• More advanced mollusks use a closed circulatory system (blood is pumped from the heart, to blood vessels, to the gills, to the body, then back to the heart again)
![Page 70: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Excretion
• Nephridia – organs that remove ammonia from the blood and release it outside the body
• Anus – releases digestive wastes
![Page 71: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Response
• Huge variety– Clams – small ganglia, few nerve cords, simple
sense organs (typically burrow into the sand)– Octopi – highly intelligent – well developed brain,
memory, complex behavior– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9A-oxUMAy8
![Page 72: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Movement
• Snails – secrete mucus along the base of the foot and rippling motion
• Octopus – jet propulsion – draws water into the mantle cavity and forces water out through a siphon – moves in the opposite direction
![Page 73: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Reproduction
• Most sexually• External fertilization or Internal fertilization• Some hermaphroditic
![Page 74: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Examples
• Gastropods– Shell-less or single-shelled mollusks that move by
using a muscular foot located on the ventral side– Pond snails– Land slugs, – sea butterflies, – sea hares, – limpets and nudibrachs
![Page 75: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
• Bivalves– Have two shells that are held together by one or
two powerful muscles• Clams• Oysters• Mussels• Scallops
![Page 76: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
• Cephalopods– Typically soft-bodied mollusks in which the head is
attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms.• Octopi• Squid• Cuttlefishes• Nautiluses
![Page 77: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
• The colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (Robson, 1925), aka Antarctic cranch squid, is one of the largest and most elusive and mysterious of the cephalopods. This massive squid is reported to measure up to 14 m in total length with a mantle length of about 2-4 m and they can weigh an estimated 150 kg.
• This amazing creature was first identified in 1925 when 2 colossal squid arms were recovered from a sperm whale's stomach. Since then, few specimens have been recovered, so little is known about this species. The colossal squid has eyes that measure about 25 cm in diameter and are thought to be the largest eyes in the entire animal kingdom. They also have the largest beaks of any squid, which makes them a fearsome predator along with the 25 rotating hooks found in two rows on the ends of their tentacles.
![Page 78: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Ecology
• Filter water• Cleaning up detritus• Important part of the food web• Symbiosis (mutualism) with
bacteria in deep sea vents, salt marshes, and mangrove swamps
• Monitor water quality• Biological research
– Some mollusks never seem to develop any form of cancer!
![Page 79: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Phylum Arthropoda
• Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
![Page 80: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Body Plan
• (The evolution of arthropods has led to fewer body segments and highly specialized appendages for feeding, movement and other functions.)
• Arthropods use complex organ systems to carry out different essential functions.
![Page 81: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Feeding• Include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, filter
feeders, and detritivores.• Arthropods mouthparts have evolved in ways that enable
different species to eat almost any food you can imagine.
![Page 82: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Respiration• Tracheal tubes – extend throughout the body
attached to spiracles where air enters and leaves. (grasshopper)
• Book lungs – layers of respiratory tissue stacked like book pages (spiders)
• Gills (lobsters and crabs)• Book Gills – (horseshoe crabs)
![Page 83: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Circulation
• Open circulatory system – A well-developed heart pumps blood through arteries, tissues, then sinuses.
•
![Page 84: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Excretion• Most terrestrial
arthropods dispose of nitrogenous wastes using Malpighian tubules (saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood then add them to digestive wastes)
• Most aquatic arthropods use diffusion (to move cellular waste from the body to the surrounding water).
![Page 85: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Response
• Most arthropods have a well-developed nervous system.
• All arthropods have a brain.• Most arthropods have
sophisticated sense organs, (such as eyes and taste receptors for gathering information from the environment).
Image reference: 24055
Title: Blackfly antenna
Description:Scanning electron microscope image of a blackfly antenna (x 350). These long sensory organs feel and 'taste' objects as well as sensing vibrations and smells (x 1.3K).
![Page 86: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Movement
• Arthropods move using well-developed groups of muscles that are coordinated and controlled by the nervous system.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSnGWyGzsgo
![Page 87: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Reproduction
• Terrestrial arthropods have internal fertilization.
• Aquatic arthropods may have internal or external fertilization
![Page 88: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Ecology• When arthropods outgrow their
exoskeleton, they molt or shed it and manufacture a new one. At this stage they are a very vulnerable to predators.
• Some are detritivores• Carry diseases• Eat other pest species• One third of the food you eat
depends on plants pollinated by animals, including insects
• Produce products – silk, wax, and honey
• Food delicacies
![Page 89: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Groups of Arthropods
• Arthropods are classified based on the number and structure of their body segments and appendages – particularly their mouthparts.
![Page 90: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Crustaceans
• Crustaceans typically have two pairs of branched antennae, two or three body sections, and chewing mouthparts called mandibles.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oX2Zd3kCgSo
![Page 91: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Spiders and their relatives
• Chelicerae's have mouthparts called chelicerae and two body sections, and nearly all have four pairs of walking legs.– Spiders– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxbuysNGLO
M
![Page 92: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
– Horseshoe Crabs– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8KlAmtIu1E&
feature=PlayList&p=28592485835ED3C1&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=52
![Page 93: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
– Mites and ticks
![Page 94: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
– Scorpions
![Page 95: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Uniramians have jaws, one pair of antennae and unbranched appendages.
Examples include insects, centipeds (each segment has one pair of legs), and millipeds (each segment has two pairs of legs)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTQZAiuDoTg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNQWf31S8G8&NR=1
![Page 96: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata
• Echinoderms are characterized by spiny skin, an internal skeleton, a water vascular system, and suction-cuplike structures called tube feet.
• Most adult echinoderms exhibit five-part radial symmetry.
• Echinoderms are deuterostomes
![Page 97: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Body Plan• The water vascular system, which is filled with fluid,
carries out many essential body functions in echinoderms, including respiration, circulation, and movement.
![Page 98: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Feeding
• Herbivores (algae eaters), filter-feeder (capture floating plankton), detritivores, carnivores (eating clams and mussels)
• Some echinoderms such as the sea star pushes its stomach out through its mouth, pours out enzymes, digests the mollusks and then pulls its stomach and partially digested prey back in.
• Planet Earth
![Page 99: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Respiration and Circulation
• Water Vascular System• Tube feed provide the main surface for
respiration. • Some species also have skin gills.• Circulation of needed materials and wastes
takes place throughout the water vascular system.
![Page 100: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Excretion
• Solid wastes released through the anus• Nitrogen-containing cellular wastes are
released through the tube feet and skin gills.
![Page 101: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Response
• Not a highly developed nervous system• Nerve ring surrounds the mouth.• Scattered sensory cells for light, gravity and
chemicals from prey.
![Page 102: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Movement
• Tube feet and then layers of muscle attached to their endoskeleton.
![Page 103: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Reproduction
• External fertilization• Separate sexes• Fertilization takes place in open water – larva
swim to ocean bottom and develop into adults.
![Page 104: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Examples
• Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
![Page 105: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
• Brittle Stars
![Page 106: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
• Sea Cucumbers
![Page 107: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
• Sea Stars
![Page 108: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
• Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
![Page 109: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Ecology
• Variety of Marine Habitats• Sea urchins, algae, and sea otters• Sea stars and clams• Crown-of-thorns – danger to reefs
![Page 110: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Phylum Chordata
• A chordate is an animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, – a dorsal, hollow nerve cord (spinal cord); – a notochord (long supporting rod just below nerve
cord in embryos mostly – replaced by the backbone in 99 percent of chordates (vertebrates));
– pharyngeal pouches (may develop into gills); – and a tail that extends beyond the anus.
![Page 111: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Feeding and Digestion
• Herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, carnivores, scavengers, parasites, filter-feeders
• Complex digestive system including mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine and anus or cloaca.
![Page 113: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Respiration
• Gills (most fish)• Skin and mouth
cavity (some amphibians)
• Mouth and lungs
![Page 114: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Circulation
• Closed circulatory system– Single-loop (heart to gills to body
to heart)– Double-loop (heart to lungs and
back; heart to body and back)– System includes heart (two, three
or four chambered), veins, arteries, and capillaries
![Page 115: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Excretion
• Nitrogenous waste – Gills (fish)– Kidney – filters waste from
blood, also removes excess water
• Digestive waste– Anus – Cloaca
![Page 116: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Response• Chordates have a well-developed nervous system including a brain
(with various parts) and other sense organs.– Some fish can even generate their own electricity!
![Page 117: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Movement
• Various methods of movement, including– Tail for propulsion– Legs for walking, running, and hopping
![Page 118: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Reproduction
• Can be external or internal, depending on the species.
• May require an aquatic environment depending on the species.
• Some species lay eggs, others give birth to live young.
![Page 119: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Groups
• Fish• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• Mammals
![Page 120: Kingdom Anamalia Notes Tracey Mancheski 09-10 20vertical.jpg.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052701/56649e0e5503460f94af8b29/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Ecology
• Many predators – preserve the integrity of food webs• Sources of food• Pollution indicators• Provide habitats for other species• Symbiosis• Pollination• Aesthetic / economic value to humans