Kinetic Theory• All matter is made of constantly moving particles that

collide without losing energy.

• Solids particles vibrate in place. Liquid particles slide paste each other and gas particles move freely and collide into each other.

• Ice melts at Zero Degrees Celsius which is when particles slip out of their ordered arrangement of a solid.

• Water boils at 100 degrees Celcius which is when the vapor within the liquid builds up enough vapor pressure to escape the liquid.

States of Matter• There are 4 states of matter (solid, liquid, gas,

and plasma).

Expansion/Contraction• Most matter expands when heated

(thermal expansion) and contracts when cooled.

• So why do bridges have joints with spaces?

• Why does the column of liquid in a thermometer rise, when the temperature rises and falls when the temperature falls?

Archimedes's Principle• Archimedes's principle states that the buoyant

force of an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

• Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid—a liquid or a gas….to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.

• If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight, the object will float. If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight, the object will sink.

Heat of fusion/Melting Point• Melting Point is the temperature at which a

solid begins to liquefy.

• Heat of fusion is the amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point.

Heat of Vaporization/Boiling Point

• The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor in the liquid is equal to the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid.

• Heat of vaporization is the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas.

Diffusion• Diffusion is the spreading of particles

throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed.

• Diffusion is faster in gases though it still happens in solids and liquids.

Heating Curve of a Liquid• Heating Curves show

the temperature change of a liquid as heat is added.

• The two areas that the temperature does not change is when it is melting…..at O degrees and at 100 degrees Celcius, when the water is boiling/vaporizing and the temperature is constant.

Boiling Point• At a mountain top, boiling point would be

lower because atmospheric pressure is lower.

• In a pressurized boiler, boiling point would be higher because the appliance causes the vapor over the liquid to build up more pressure.

Bernoulli’s Principle

• Bernoulli’s principle states that the pressure exerted by a fluid decreases as its velocity increases.

Pressure• Pressure is the force exerted per unit

area. It is measured in Pascals (Pa) P = F/A

• The Earth’s atmosphere is a fluid. The Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure all around you.

• Pascal’s principle states that the pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid (every part of the fluid is under the same pressure).

Pressure

• 1 Pascal is one Newton per square meter (1 N/m2)

• At sea level the atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa (kiloPascals)

• Boyle’s Law (P1V1 = P2V2)

• Charle’s Law (V1/T1 = V2/T2)