KIND OF TEXTby : m. Fadhli mubarak

class : x-2 (executive)

NARRATIVE TEXT

a. The Definition of Narrative Text Narrative writing presents a story of sequence events which involves characters. According to Pratyasto, narrative is a type of text that is proposed to amuse and to deal with actual and vicarious experience in different ways; narrative also deals with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning points of some kind, which in turn find a resolution. Abrams in his article. states that narrative text is “a description of a series of events, either real or imaginary, that is written or told in order to entertain people.” This type of text structurally organizes the action, thought, and interactions of its characters into pattern of plot.

There are many types of narrative. Generally, it could be categorized into the fictional narrative or imaginary, the nonfictional narrative, or combination of both;1) A Fictional Narrative presents an imaginary narrator’s account of a story that happened in an imaginary world. It includes fairy tales, folklore or folktales, horror stories, fables, legends, myths, and science fictions.

2) A Nonfictional Narrative (also factual narrative) presents a real-life person’s account of a real-life story. It includes historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, and personal experience.

Generic Structure

The generic structure of narrative text focuses on a series of stages that proposed to build a story. In traditional narrative the stages include:

1) Orientation : the introduction of the characters who involve in the story, time and the place where the story takes place.2) Complication : a series of events in which the main character attempts to solve the problem.3) Resolution : the ending of the story containing the problem solution.

FeatureThere are some features that writers should be recognized in writing a narrative text. Those are as follows:1) Plot : What is going to happen?2) Setting : Where will the story take place? When will the story take place?3) Characterization : Who are the main characters? What do they look like?4) Structure : How will the story begin? What will be the problem? How is the problem going to be resolved?5) Theme : What is the theme/message the writer is attempting to communicate?

Example of narrative text3. Story of Aji Saka and Dewata Cengkar

• Orientation : Many, many years ago, the kingdom of Medangkamulan was ruled by a king named Dewata-chengkar. This king had a strange and frightening habit. He liked to eat human beings.Compilcation :

• One day, a young traveler arrived in the kingdom.He was called Ajisaka. Ajisaka took shelter in the house of a widow who quickly came to look upon the young man as her own son. When he heard of the king's strange appetite, Ajisaka sympathized with the villagers' plight and immediately volunteered to become the king's next meal.Ajisaka went directly to the king's palace.“I am willing to be your next meal. Your Highnees. However, I have a request.“ said Aji Saka to the king. “Whatever you please, young man, I will grant your request,“ the king replied. “Before you eat me, grant me some land. Just enough length of my own headcloth.“ continued Aji Saka. “Come, Young Man. Let's measure your headcloth so that I can have my meal and you can have your land“ agreed the king.Ajisaka began to unwrap the cloth tied around his head. The king got down from his throne and hold one end of the headcloth. He stepped backward. What he didn't know was that this headcloth was much longer. The king kept going backward, step by step, as the cloth kept unraveling. He stepped backward through the palace square, backward across the village, holding the end of Ajisaka's headcloth. The king kept stepping backward until reached the sea cliftts of the sea.Resolution :

• A great crowd of people had gathered. They held their breath as their king took his final step backward over the cliff's edge and plunged into the waves crashing againts the rocks at the foot of the sea wall.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

THE DEFINITION OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

descriptive text is a text which presents information about something specifically.

The purpose of descriptive text:

to describe a particular person or thing or place specifically.

The Generic Structure of descriptive text:

1. identification: introduce a particular person or thing or place.2. Description: describing physical appearance, quality, behaviour, etc.

Language feature of description:

Language feature of description:• To engage a reader’s attention;• To create characters;Using simple present tense;• Focus on specific participants;• Using attributive and identifying processes;• Frequent use of epithets (adjective or adjective phrase) and classifier in nominal groups;• Linking verbs;• To set a mood or create an atmosphere;• To bring writing to life;• Aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like;• Relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs;• Is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of• the description;• Sensory description - what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted. Precise use of adjectives, similes,• metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. “Their noses were met with the acrid• smell of rotting flesh”;• Strong development of the experience that ‘puts the reader there’ focuses on key details,• powerful verbs and precise nouns.

THE DIFFERENTS BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND REPORT TEXT

The tips how to write a good descriptive text:make the reader imagine the situation. For make the reader can imagine the situation you have to add adjective. Give additional information. The information should interesting, example: the weather, the special thing from what you'll describe Make an interaction with the reader, example you add question words (see?, how about that?)

Example of descriptive text 

  Jakarta City

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is centrally located within the country on the northwest coast of Java Island at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. Jakarta dominates Indonesian’s administrative, economy, cultural activities, an is a major commercial and transportation hub within Asia-with a population of about 9 million, Jakarta has more people than any other cities in Indonesia.

The climate is hot and humid year-round.Rainfall occurs throughout the year, although it is the heaviest from November to May. To average annual precipitation in Jakarta is 1, 790 mm. The city lies on a flat, low plain and is prone to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.

Kota is city’s oldest commercial area. It is located south of the old Sunda Kelapa harbour. Glodok, the south of Kota is a banking, retail and residential neighborhood with a large Chinese population. Merdeka Square with Monas (The National Monument) dominates the city’s central district. Surrounding the square are Istana Merdeka, the presidential palace, the National Museum, and the Istiqlal Mosque.

NEWS ITEM

  1. Definition of News Item

• News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

2. Generic Structure of News Item1. Main event2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)3. Resource of information3. Language Feature of News Item1. Using material process;2. Using projecting verbal processes in sources stages;3. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.

Example of News Item

• 3. Iran: Workers protest at delayed wages and redundancies• Published on Friday, 10 January 2014 15:07• Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on emailShare on printShare on gmailShare on stumbleuponShare on favoritesShare

on tumblrShare on pinterest_shareShare on googleShare on mailtoShare on linkedinShare on bloggerShare on deliciousShare on yahoomailShare on hotmailShare on printfriendlyShare on aolmailShare on livejournalShare on wordpressShare on friendfeedShare on 100zakladokShare on 2linkmeShare on 2tagShare on a97abiMore Sharing Services6

• The 250 Workers at the Lushan cement factory staged a protest at administrative corruption and four-months of unpaid wages on January 5.

• Workers at the Kamyab sugar cube factory in the city of Khomeini Shahr in Isfahan also staged a protest on January 5 at the failure of their employer and province officials to improve conditions at the factory, at the ongoing halt in production and at delayed wages. The factory's 150 laborers believe lack of production is placing their jobs at risk.

• Transportation and kitchen employees at the Parsian gas refinery in the city of Mehr, Fars Province, staged a protest on January 1 at low wages, and demanded extra pay for hard labor and for working in harsh weather conditions.

• Garden owners in Damavand, Tehran, staged a rally outside the regime’s municipality office on January 1 to protest at the illegal construction by the regime’s officials and destruction of their gardens, where the mayor and his agents have received huge bribes from building contractors to gain permits to build apartments, leading to many Damavand gardens being destroyed.

• Private taxi drivers of the city of Esfarayen, in Isfahan, have gathered in protest at their fuel quota and fares, which are lower than public transportation taxis. They demanded that the municipality address the issue that they are forced to purchase fuel at a cost of 700 Tomans per liter.

• Despite freezing weather in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, more than 100 sacked cement factory in the city of Shahrekord staged a protest at their forced redundancies. Security forces forced the protesters to disperse when they attacked them with batons.

• More than 150 workers of the Iran Tire rubber production company in Tehran staged a second protest on December 27 at job losses resulting from the closure of the company.

• And 250 workers of the Sea Star Company in the city of Bandar Abbas protested at non-payment of wages and pensions for four months.

• Retired workers of the Sangrud West Alborz Mine staged a demonstration outside the city’s Retirement Office, while residents of the wealthy town of Kan, in Tehran, protested against the dilapidated state of parks and recreation centers.

Procedural Text

The purpose of a procedure is to tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a logical sequence of events, which is broken up into small sequenced steps. The most common example of a procedural text is a recipe.

Types of Procedural Texts

• Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity

• recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules, how to do it manuals.

• Texts that instruct how to operate things• how to operate an appliance, a machine, the

photocopier, the computer

Features

• A procedure usually has four components• Goal or Aim states what is to be done• Materials listed in order of use• includes items needed to

complete task • Method a series of steps• Evaluation how the success of the procedure

can be tested

Headings, subheadings, numbered steps, diagrams, photographs are often used to help clarify instructions.

Language

The text usually: • is written in the simple present tense (do this, do that) • focuses on generalized people rather than individuals (first

you take, rather than first I take) • the reader is often referred to in a general way, i.e. pronouns

(you or one) • action verbs (cut, fold, twist, hold etc) • linking words to do with time (first, when, then) are used to

connect the text • detailed information on how (carefully, with the scissors);

where (from the top); when (after it has set) • detailed factual description (shape, size, colour, amount)

example of procedure text

1. HOW TO MAKE BROWNIESIngredients:

• 150gram of butter.• 150gram of dark chocolate.• 300 gram of flour • 4 eggs. • 600 gram of regular sugar• 1 tsp vanilla extract

Steps:•

1. Melt the chocolate with the butter.2. Stir the eggs with the sugar and the vanilla extract.3. Preheat the oven at low temperature4. Combine the mixes you made.5. Add the flour and stir with a wooden spoon.6. Grease a brownie tin.7. Add a little flour to cover the tin.8. Add the brownie dough.9. Bake for 10-30 minutes.10. To check the brownies, put a knife in the mix. The knife must be moist!11. Eat them 15 minutes after you took them out of the oven.

RECOUNT TEXT

1 Definition of Recount

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

2.      Generic Structure of Recount

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

3.      Language Feature of Recount• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc• Using simple past tense

Example Of Recount Text

1. MY BUSY HOLIDAY

On April 16th, 2010, I thought this would be a great holiday for me because that was the holy day for Hindhu people . I was so tired about the study, so I guessed this time I could get full refresh anyway. However, the fact said the other way. First like an ordinary daughter, I had to get up early morning helping my mother, of course after I prayed. Then I did my chores, cleaned up my room, and spread out my bed under the sun ray. I was really in danger if my mom knew that my room was messy. So, I made it as soon as possible. Second, my aunts called me in the afternoon. I did not meet them for a long time, that was the way I kept for hours to talk with them. After that, unpredictable my neighbor visited me. She asked my help finishing her homework. At last, the time was running and I just remembered that I had a lot of homework. I got mad, confused and regretful why I did not check my homework before. Therefore, I did my homework until 2:00 a.m. the next morning.

I did not feel this was holiday instead of I had to work hard and got a long ship with my homework.