(KIN 2501) Chapter Three for Test 3

7/28/2019 (KIN 2501) Chapter Three for Test 3

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Sport at the College Level

Intercollegiate contests

Variety of sports

Student initiated

Violence

1895 - Beginnings of the NCAA


2/29

Football: A Game for College

Men 1st ever football game: Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869)

More like soccer/rugby than todays FB

Large teams, emphasis on kicking

Private colleges in New England and two men change the

game

Walter Camp (Father of American Football)

11 players on a team

Line of scrimmage Yards and downs

Marking the field

Selecting All American team


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The Popularity and Problems of College Football

Play in first 20 years localized in private New England colleges

Harvard vs Yale first big rivalry

Violent game with many injuries

Popular: lots of spectators

Few rules about who could play/coach

Is this (large-scale spectator athletics) something colleges wanted?

Is football too violent?


4/29

Football drives college sports to organize

1) Faculty committees formed to oversee

athletics

property damage injuries

gambling control

2) League of IV (1st college athletic conference)

Otherconferences

3) Rules put into play to govern college athletics

university/faculty control

eligibility to play/coach

academic standards to play


5/29

Football Spreads and Addresses Violence

By late 1800s, FB spread throughout the US

Michigan, Illinois, Chicago, California, Texas A&M, LSU, Tulane, Ole

Miss, HBCUs

Rose Bowl (1902)

President Theodore Roosevelt

Meeting of universities with FB (1906)

60 colleges meet (1910), form Intercollegiate Athletic Assoc


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Football Rules Committees Solution to Reduce

Injuries

1906 meeting

Amos Alonzo Stagg -attended Yale and studied

religion to be minister, excelled in baseball

and football, worked as coachForward pass

However, passing was not used much. Why? fat football (hard to throw)

Rules made it a high risk play


7/29

Amos Alonzo Stagg

Built winning program at the

Univ of Chicago

Controversial innovator

tackling dummies

scrimmage games

numbers on jerseysathletic dorm

trickery on offense

recruiting
http://www.d230.org/stagg/profile/images/mrstaggbaseball.jpg


8/29

Tennis

Mary Outerbridge- saw British officers

play tennis in Bermuda and brought it

back to US James Dwight- father of American

tennis


9/29

Tennis: A Game for Ladies

and Gentlemen

Indoor paddleball game played by European nobility(jeu de paume, tennez)

1873 - Major Walter Wingfield moves it outside(Sphairistike)

Played by British military officers and wealthy

Tennis comes to the US

Mary Outerbridge Staten Island Cricket and Base

Ball Club James Dwight (Father of American Tennis)

Odd court and 15-point scoring system

1881 US National Lawn Tennis Championships

Dwight Davis and the Davis Cup- organizedcompetition between England and US, still play

today
http://www.shoppbs.org/product/index.jsp?productId=1901799&cp&keywords=jack+johnson&searchId=10385409787&parentPage=search


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Beginning of Modern Olympics

1896 1st modern Olympics

1st marathon


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International sport competitionThe start of the Modern Olympics (1896)

Pierre de Coubertin

The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not towin but to take part, just as the most important thing in life

is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing isnot to have conquered but to have fought well

Athens Greece

All male

7 sports (track & field, swimming, gymnastics, cycling,fencing, shooting, tennis)

8 countries (Greece, England, France, Germany, Denmark,Hungary, Switzerland, USA)


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James Connolly (triple jump)- first event

Bob Garrett (discus, shotput)- second

event

First marathon (26.1 miles)- derived from

Greek history. When Greek army

defeated the Persians in a place called

Marathon. Greek soldier called

Philipidies, and ordered to run to telleveryone they defeated Persians. He

ran and then died.


13/29

The next few Olympics

Not a world-

wide important

event

Increase in

number of

athletes and

sports

Dependent on

location

1900: Paris Held at Worlds Fair

1904: St Louis Considered failures

1908: London

Special complex constructed for Olympics

Athletes entered stadium as teams

Began to be considered more of an important

international sporting event.

British-American confrontations (led to changes in

management of events).


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1912 Olympics (Stockholm)

28 countries

2500 athletes

Smoothly run

Serious but friendly competition

Evidence ofselection and

coaching of national teams

Women swim


15/29

Jim ThorpeJim Thorpe Documentary - Part Two (You Tube)

Most significant athlete during the

Reconstruction Turn of the Century era

American Indian Jim Thorpe Wa-Tho-Huk translated to bright

path

Discovered by Pop Warner (high school fb

coach)

1912 Olympics won both pentathlon and

decathlon


16/29

Physical activity programs in

the schools By 1900 public institutions for boys and

girls were established

German immigrants:

- Turnvater Jahn (Father of Gymnastics)- Charles Follen Harvard-first gym

- Charles Beck - Round Hill school- Francis Lieber - Boston Gymnasium & first swimming pool


17/29

The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US

(1) German Immigrants take the Lead

The start of school Physical Education

Round Hill School, Northhampton, MA, 1823

Fitness-based rationale

Charles Beck (hired to teach Latin & gymnastics)

The emergence ofTurner Societies

German immigrants in Mass and NY bring gymnastics to the US,form exercise groups

Gymnastics in colleges and public gymnasiums Charles Follen Follower of Jahn and friend of Beck

Hired to teach German at Harvard

Opens turnplatz there, introduces German Gymnastics to Harvardstudents

Boston opens first public gymnasium in US, hires Follen to run it


18/29

Catharine Beecher

Teacher at colleges for women (female seminaries)

Teaches her students calisthenics

Promotes exercise for women

Connects exercise to religious responsibility

YMCA

YMCAs open in cities

Appeal to youth through sport and exercise Mind body spirit motto

Through exercise and sport, youth can learn values, and

hear the Christian word


(2) Muscular Christianity emerges as first fitness rationale


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P.E. and Higher Education

1810: Georgetown University (VA) established

1st college to construct recreational areas for students

1825-1830s: other universities followed and built gymnasiums

for recreation


20/29

School-based PE and YMCA programs create PE/fitness careers

Dio Lewis (homeopathic physician)

Public speaker, fitness promoter, exercise leader Exercise classes using beanbags, dumbbells, calisthenics

1861: Opens Boston Normal Institute for PE (Boston)

(preparation of PE teachers)

Amherst College (MA)

Department of Hygiene and Physical Education

Edward Hitchcock, MD as first faculty member

Exercising to music, calisthenics with light dumbbells


Physicians lead college PE programs


21/29

Battle of the Systems

Dioclesian Lewis - new gymnastics

German system -

Swedish system - Pehr Ling

Edward Hitchcock - Amherst College

Dudley Sargent - Harvard- Hemenway

gymnasium

Luther Gulick - Muscular Christianity


22/29

The American System

Economic, technological and

sociological events

The quest for the good life

Civil rights > human rights

Required physical education

Community sports program

President Theodore Roosevelt


23/29

The American System

Pragmatism - play was a part of the

democratic process

New physical education - stressed thewhole individual rather then just a

healthy body

Teacher training programs

Research in the field


24/29

A Changing Society

Factors affecting the American system

Conflicting philosophies

Societal changes

Purpose of physical education/activity

Train and develop the body

Develop the whole person

Education for leisure


25/29

Racial Barriers

Early 1900s - boxing & horseracing

Negro leagues

1946 - Branch Richey - Jackie Robinson

Civil Rights movement

1968 - Mexico Olympics


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Youth Sport Programs

Educators & religious leaders supported

health and social values

YMCAs

Boys Club

Pee Wee leagues


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Gender Equity& Disabilities

Title IX - 1972 - no person could be

excluded from any program receiving

federal money Coed PE classes

PL 94-142 - 1975 - PE made available

to every child regardless of disabilityAmateur Sports Act - 1978 USOC

create programs for disabled


28/29

Women in Sport

Victorian attitudes

Physical concerns

Popular sports


29/29

The End of the Century

Physical Education on the decline

Relevancy and value

Physical Education and athletics

Image of athletics (professional &

amateur)

Is sport a reflection of society or is

society a reflection of sport?

(KIN 2501) Chapter Three for Test 3

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