“Killing you softly” Indoor air pollution: is cooking the cause? University of California,...
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Transcript of “Killing you softly” Indoor air pollution: is cooking the cause? University of California,...
“Killing you softly”Indoor air pollution: is cooking the
cause?
University of California, Irvine
School of Social EcologyRafael Rodriguez-Leal,
Undergraduate Research SymposiumMay 13 2006
The site: Comachuen
giragrupo interdisciplinario
de tecnología ruralapropiada
Michoacán
N
EW
S
Porcentaje de usuarios de leña para cocinar en Michoacán
Porcentaje3 - 1314 - 2728 - 4344 - 6263 - 81
Nahuatzen
100 0 100 200 Kilómetros
The Question
• Since most families cook different items with fire stoves, we analyzed the contribution of each meal, within the 95 percentile of peaks of PM and CO.
• We undertook this task by examining what items were cooked, and their contribution to pollutant concentrations, at the time they were cooked.
Food Types
• The population under study consumes a diversity of food types.
• The diet of the participants
Consists of mainly
beans, eggs, meat,
and tortillas.
Instruments
Definition of Terms
• PM: Particulate Matter
• CO: Carbon Monoxide
• Fdtype: Type of ingredient cooked
• 95 Percentile: The 5th % of the highest pollutant concentrations
Hypothesis
• H0: There won’t be a relationship between food items being cooked and pollutant levels regardless of fdtype
• H1: There will be a relationship between food items being cooked and pollutant levels, and they will vary according to fdtype
Methods
• Our sample consisted of 53 households• Continuous measurements of CO and PM
levels were taken over 48 hr. periods• A database in Excel was created
incorporating the measurements of both pollutants by minute.
• A database in Access was created to match cooked fdtypes to the highest pollutant peaks.
Methods
• The means of each fdtype were calculated when fdtype matched the 95 percentile in the peak considered
• The means of each fdtype matching the 95 percentile for all homes were calculated
Methods
• CO was measured in ppm
• PM was measured in mg/m^3
Tortillas Tortillas
Graph fdtype 6=meat, matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12/1/2004 3:30:00 PM 12/1/2004 5:14:00 PM 12/1/2004 5:15:00 PM 12/1/2004 5:29:00 PM
time
pm
m
g/m
3
Graph fdtype 7=fish, matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
time
pm
mg/
m3
stpmb2df
Graph fdtype 8=milk , matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
12/1/2004 7:32:00 AM 12/1/2004 7:34:00 AM 12/1/2004 7:35:00 AM
time
pm
mg/
m3
stpmb2df
Graph fdtype 10=eggs , matching 95 percentile PM peak in home 17
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
time
pm
mg/
m3
stpmb2df
Graph fdtype 2=tortilla, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
11/22/20046:40:00 PM
11/22/20046:45:00 PM
11/22/20046:46:00 PM
11/22/20046:47:00 PM
11/22/20046:48:00 PM
11/22/20046:49:00 PM
11/22/20046:50:00 PM
11/22/20046:51:00 PM
time
CO2
ppm stcob
Graph fdtype 2=tortilla, matching 95 percentile CO peak meal 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
time
CO
2 p
pm
stcob
Graph fdtype 4=beans, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 64
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
time
CO
2
pp
m
stcob
Graph fdtype 6=meat, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 91
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
time
CO
2
pp
m
stcob
Graph fdtype 6=meat, matching 95 percentile CO peak meal 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
time
CO
2
pp
m
stcob
Graph fdtype 10=eggs, matching 95 percentile CO peak in home 64
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
12/7/20042:18:00 PM
12/7/20042:19:00 PM
12/7/20042:26:00 PM
12/7/20042:27:00 PM
12/7/20042:28:00 PM
12/7/20042:29:00 PM
12/7/20042:30:00 PM
time
CO
2
pp
m
stcob
The Mean of all Homes
Fdtype No HomesAll Homes AVG PM No Homes
All Homes AVG CO
Tortillas 13 3.99 10 46.61
Eggs 3 3.66 1 45.38
Beans 3 5.09 3 54.28
Meat 4 6 4 49.24
Mean all Homes PM vs fdtype matchFdtype_PM_matching
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 4 6 10
fdtype
PM
m
g/m
^3
Series1
Mean all Homes CO vs fdtype matchFdtype_CO_matching
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
2 4 6 10
fdtype
CO
2 p
pm
Series1
Statistics
• H1Claim: For the population of homes using fire-stoves, the mean PM levels in 3 fdtype are given by µ≥2. Furthermore, for the population of homes using fire stoves, the mean CO levels in 3 fdtype is given by µ≥ 30.
• H0: PM µ<2 and CO µ<30
Statistics
• P-value method for testing hypotheses with a significance level of α=0.1
Ing PM mean
CO mean
PM P-test
CO P-test
Outcome
tortilla 3.99 46.61 .0256<.05
p<α
.0030<.05
p<α
Significant
beans 5.09 54.28 .004<.05
p< α
.0022<.05
p< α
Significant
meat 6.00 49.24 .0122<.05
p< α
.0071<.05
p< α
Significant
Ing PM
σ
CO
σ
- - -
tortilla 4.95 29.61 - - -
beans 5.71 41.63 - - -
meat 8.76 37.74 - - -
GraphGraphKitchen CO and PM concentrations with a traditional stove (Fogon)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000
Number of minutes
CO
(p
pm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
PM
(mg
/m3)
HOBO CO
UCB PM
Milk for children
Tortilla’s making
breakfastmeal
Tortilla´s making
Conclusions
• The present study considers that there is a significant contribution to indoor air pollution levels, caused by the cooking of different fdtypes
• There is variation in the concentrations of pollutants emitted, depending on the fdtype being cooked
Further Research Needed
• To examine the possibility of a diet modification in the population studied.
• Search to what extent the fdtypes that are cooked most of the time, contribute more or less to pollutant concentrations, vs. the fdtypes that aren’t cooked most of the time.
Acknowledgements
• Ph.D. candidate Michael A. Johnson• Professor & Adviser Ph.D. Rufus Edwards• Social Ecology Honors Seminar: Professor & Chair Ph.D. Valerie Jenness• Air Pollution Lab Team: Nick Lam, and
Erin Milner
CONTACT INFO
• Rafael Rodriguez-Leal Torres
• Undergraduate • Environmental Analysis & Design• University of California, at Irvine• Social Ecology
• [email protected]• mobile: 949 551 6484
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIMETHANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
YOU HAVE BEEN A TERRIFIC CROUDYOU HAVE BEEN A TERRIFIC CROUD YOUR PATIENCE IS APPRECIATEDYOUR PATIENCE IS APPRECIATED
GOOD LUCK AT THE SYMPOSIUM!!!!GOOD LUCK AT THE SYMPOSIUM!!!!
APL ROCKS!!!!!APL ROCKS!!!!!