Kidney Failure and Dialysis
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Transcript of Kidney Failure and Dialysis
Kidney Failure and DialysisBy: Gale MacDonald and Marie Helene Bond
Presentation Overview Kidney disease in Canada
Functions of the kidney
Anatomy and physiology
Kidney failure- Acute: categories; phases; causes; clinical manifestations; prevention; and nsg interventions and Chronic-stages; S/S; risk factors; prevention; nsg interventins
Screening procedures; labs test
Treatment for renal failure
Dialysis- hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: nursing management and equipment
Transplant- nursing management
Conservative care
Case study
Quiz
Questions
Kidney Disease in Canada An estimated 2.6 million
Canadians have kidney disease, or are at risk.
Each day, an average of 16 people are told that their kidneys have failed.
The two leading causes of kidney failure in new patients: 1. Diabetes – 35%2. Renal Vascular Disease (including high blood pressure) – 18 %.
The number of Canadians being treated for kidney failure has tripled over the past 20 years. 53% of new renal failure patients are 65 years of age or older. Among the 39,352 people being treated for kidney failure in Canada in 2010: 59% (23,188) were on dialysis 41% (16,164) had a functioning transplant.
Function of Kidneys• Production of urine
and elimination of waste
• Facilitates electrolyte balance
• Facilitates acid-base balance
• Manages water balance and maintain blood osmolality
• Influences blood pressure and blood volume
• Renal clearance• Secretion of
prostaglandins • Conversion of vitamin
D to it’s active form• Assists with red blood
cell production (erythropoietin)
(Day, Paul, Williams, Smeltzer, & Bare, 2010, p. 1405; Tortora & Derrickson, 2009, p. 1020 )
Anatomy of Kidney
The Nephron
Urine The formation of urine involves three major
processes:
1)Glomerular filtration in the renal corpuscles
2)Tubular reabsorption
3)Tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration in the Renal Corpuscles
“Filtration is a process by which blood pressure forces plasma and dissolved materials out of capillaries” (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 752)
“The blood pressure in the glomeruli is relatively high about 55mmHg. The pressure in Bowmen’s capsule in low and its inner layer is permeable, so approx 20% to 25 %of blood that enters the glomeruli becomes renal filtrate in bowmen’s capsule” (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 752)
“Renal filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that there is far less protein and no blood cells present” (Williams & Hopper, 2007 , p. 752).
“The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of renal filtrate formed by the kidneys in one minute; It averages 100 to 125mL/min” (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 752).
Tubular reabsorption
“Tubular reabsorption is the recovery of useful materials from the renal filtrate and their return to the blood in the peritubular capillaries” (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 753).
Takes place in proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 753).
“Mechanisms of reabsorption are active transport, osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and pinocytosis” (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 753).
Tubular Secretion
“In tubular secretion, substances are actively secreted from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate in the renal tubules” (Williams & Hopper, 2007, p. 753).
Ammonia, creatinine, excess water soluble vitamins, the metabolic products of medications and Hydrogen ions may be secreted into urine (Williams & Hopper, 2007).
What Happens in the Nephron
Definition: The kidneys failure to expel
wastes, maintain electrolyte balance, concentrate urine, and maintain chemicals in the bloodstream that are regulated by the kidneys (ex. Renin) (Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professionals, 2006).
Can be acute or chronic
Renal Failure
Acute Renal Chronic Renal
Failure Failure
Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure
“Acute renal failure (ARF) is a sudden and almost complete loss of kidney function over a period of hours to days” (Day et al., 2010, p. 1435).
Oliguria: urine output of less then 400mL /day. is the most common clinical manifestation (p.1435).
Anuria (less than 50 ml of urine a day)
Elevated BUN and creatinine
Reversible if treated promptly
Categories of ARF
1. Prerenal: Hypoperfusion of the kidneys.
2. Intrarenal: Acute damage to kidney tissue
3. Postrenal: obstruction to urine flow
Phases of ARF Initiation phase: “begins
with the initial insult and ends with oliguria”
Oliguria phase:” manifested by a rise in the concentration of substances usually excreted by the kidney (urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium and magnisium)”.
Diuresis:” gradual increase in urine output, which indicates GFR has started to recover.”
Recovery: “improvement of renal function may take 3 to 12 months. Lab values may return to normal. A permanent damage of 1% to 3% in GFR function is common, but not clinically significant”
(Day et al., 2010, p, 1437)
Causes of ARFPrerenal failure causes Intrarenal failure Postrenal failure
• Volume depletion resulting from: hemorrhage, diuretics, vomiting diarrhea nasogastric suction.
• Impaired cardiac efficiency resulting from: MI, dysthymias, cardiogenic shock.
• Vasodilation resulting from: sepsis, anaphylaxis, antihypertensive medications or other meds that cause vasodilatation.
• Prolong renal ischemia resulting from: trauma, crush injury, burns, transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia.
• Nephrotoxic agents such as: gentamicin, heavy metals- lead and mercury, NSAID’s, ACE inhibitors, radiopaque dyes.
• Infectious processes such as: acute pyelonephritis, Acute glomerulonephritis.
• Urinary tract obstruction, including: calculi (stones), tumours, BPH, strictures, and blood clots.
Clinical Manifestations Pt will appear critically ill
and lethargic, and confused
Skin and mucus membranes will be dry from dehydration
drowsiness, headache, muscle twitching, and seizures.
dyspnea, crackles, tachypnea,
(Day et al., 2010, p. 1436)
Comparing the categories of ARF
Characteristics Prerenal Intrarenal Postrenal
etiology hypoperfusion Tissue damage obstruction
BUN
creatinine
Urine output Varies but often
Varies-may be decreased, or sudden anuria
Urine sodium To <20mEq/L To >40 mEq/L Varies- often to 20 mEq/L
Urine specific gravaty
Low normal Varies
Prevention of ARF Provide adequate hydration to clients at risk of dehydration.
( surgical client) Prevent and treat shock- with blood and fluids Treat hypotension promptly Continually assess renal function (output, Labs) Avoid transfusion reactions (always check two RN, and Five rights
and three checks Prevent and treat infection promptly (good catheter care) and pay
special attention to wounds, burns, and other precursors to sepsis Toxic drug effects- monitor blood levels, and ensure safe does
Day et al., 2010, p. 1437
Nursing interventions
Monitor intake and output, including all body fluids
May need to stimulate production of urine with IV fluids, diuretics.
Daily weights Monitor lab results, CBC,
BUN, creatinine, urea, e’lyles Watch hyperkalemia
symptoms: malaise, anorexia, parenthesia, or muscle weakness, EKG changes
Maintain nutrition Mouth care – dry mucus
membranes Assess for signs of cardiac
involvement- dysthymias Skin integrity problems.
Edema, itching –from toxins Signs and symptoms of
infection May need dialysis, or
continuous renal replacement therapy.
Chronic Renal failure (CRF) Definition: “ Chronic Renal failure is a progressive,
irreversible deterioration of renal function in which the body ability to maintain metabolic, fluid and electrolyte balance fails, resulting in uremia or azotemia (retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood) (Day et al., 2010, p. 1440).
Stages of CRF
The normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 125ml/min/1.73m2 (Day et al., 2010, p. 1440)
The stages of renal failure is determined by the GFR (Day et al., 2010, p. 1440).
Stages of CRF Stage 1:
GFR>90ml/min/1.73m2 kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
Stage 2 : GFR = 60-89ml/min/1.73m2 mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3: GFR = 30-59ml/min/1.73m2 moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4: GFR = 15-29ML/MIN/1.73M2 Severe decrease in GFR
Stage 5: GFR<15ml/min/1.73m2 Kidney Failure (aka end stage renal failure)
Signs & Symptoms of CRF
Ammonia-like taste in mouth or urinous breath Edema of feet, hands, arms, face and around eyes Hypertension Extended neck veins Anemia Fatigue Neurologic disturbances Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia Headaches and blurred vision
Signs & Symptoms of CRF
Pruritus Shortness of breath Bone and joint problems Weakness, numbness, tremors, bone pain, and paresthesia Urine that is cloudy, tea-coloured, or bloody Decreased urine output or trouble urinating Foaming of urine Proteinuria
CRF Risk Factors
People at increased risk of developing kidney disease include people who have:
Diabetes
High blood pressure or blood vessel diseases
Glomerulonephritis and other systemic diseases
Family history of hereditary kidney disease
Certain ethnic groups such as Aboriginal, Asian, South Asian, Pacific Island, African/Caribbean and Hispanic origin
Nursing interventions CRF Assessing fluid status
Nutrition/Diet
Patient teaching
Assess emotional status and coping strategies
Assessing for complications
Administering Medications
Sum it up: major complications failure can affect almost every part of
your body. Potential complications may include:
Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's ability to function and may be life-threatening
Heart and blood vessel disease (cardiovascular disease)
Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
Anemia
Decreased sex drive or impotence Damage to your central nervous
system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
Pericarditis, an inflammation of the sac-like membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival
(Mayo clinic, 2012).
Screening for Renal Failure
Diagnostic Procedures Renal ultrasound CT MRI IVP Nephrotomogram Renal angiogram: Renal scan: Renal biopsy:
(Williams & Hopper, 2007)
Screening: Normal blood values to assess Kidney function
Urea 1.8 – 8.2mmol/L
Potassium 3.5 – 5.0mmol/L
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4mmol/L
Calcium 2.0 – 2.6mmol/L
Creatinine 60 – 110umol/L (female)
70 – 120umol/L (Male)
Hemoglobin 120 – 140g/L (female)
140 – 160g/L (male)
GFR 90 – 120ml/min
(1.5 – 2.0ml/sec)
Assessing renal functionBlood testsCreatinine
Blood urea nitrogenHemoglobinHematocritSodiumPotassiumChlorideCalciumPhosphorusMagnesium
Urine testsUric acidUrine protein
Urine creatinine clearance
Normal value0.6-1.3 mg/dl
10-20 mg/dl12-18 grams/dl40%-50%136-145 mEq/liter3.5-5.1 mEq/liter98-107 mEq/liter8.2-10.2 mg/dl2.7-4.5 mg/dl1.3-2.1 mEq/liter
Normal value2.5-8.0 mg/dlNone
GFR= 120–125 ml/min
Change with chronic renal failureIncreased. Over 1.2 mg/dl in women and 1.4 mg/dl in menmerits further renal assessment.IncreasedDecreasedDecreasedVaries with free waterIncreasedVariesDecreasedIncreasedIncreased or normal
Change with chronic renal failureIncreasedPositive test result dictates follow- up urinalysis. >3,500 mg indicates glomerular disease.Decreased
Screening: Urine Testing Creatinine clearance formula:
(Volume of urine [ml/min] X Urine creatinine [MMOL/L])
Serum Creatinine (mmol/L)
As renal function decreases, creatinine clearance decreases
Day et al., 2010, pp1410
Treatment of Renal Failure
MedicationProper DietDialysis (2 types: peritoneal & hemodialysis)TransplantationConservation Care
Treatment of Renal Failure Medication: Medication may be used to help
maintain or improve kidney function, as well as, treat complications of renal failure (eg. Antihypertensives, kayexalate, etc.) (Day et al., 2010, pp 1442).
Diet for CRF Low protein
Low sodium
Low potassium
Fluid restrictions
Vitamin supplements
High calorie
Dialysis
When the kidneys are not removing fluid and uremic waste from the body, dialysis can be used to do so
Dialysis can be acute or chronic
Acute dialysis is used for people with high levels of serum potassium, fluid overload, or impending pulmonary edema, increasing acidosis, pericarditis, and severe confusion
Acute dialysis may also be used to remove certain medications or other toxins from the blood
Dialysis
Chronic dialysis is used for chronic renal failure
Dialysis can be used for years to help maintain people with no renal function
Indications may include: uremic signs and symptoms affecting all body systems, hyperkalemia, fluid overload, pericardial friction rub, and lack of well being
Types of Dialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Removes metabolic wastes and toxin’s so the body’s normal fluid and electrolyte balance is re-established
The peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs acts as a semipermeable membrane that allows metabolic end products to be removed from the blood by means of diffusion and osmosis
Peritoneal Dialysis
An abdominal catheter allows sterile dialysate fluid to enter the peritoneal cavity
The metabolic waste products in the blood move from an area of high concentration (blood), across the peritoneal membrane, to an area of low concentration (peritoneal cavity with dialysate fluid)
Peritoneal Dialysis
The body’s excess fluid is removed by an osmotic gradient, because the dialysate fluid in the peritoneal cavity has a higher glucose concentration
the fluid is then removed from the peritoneal cavity and discarded
This process is repeated 4-6 times ever 24hrs
The most common complication from peritoneal dialysis is peritonitis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Equipment:
Peritoneal Dialysis Nursing management
Client and family education
Sterile technique (face mask, gloves, sterile field)
Signs and symptoms of peritonitis
Inspect site and dialysate solution for signs and symptoms of infection
Hemodialysis The most common type of dialysis
Purpose remains to remove toxins from the blood and excess water from the body
Usually patients receive Hemodialysis 3 times per week
Treatment takes about 3-8 hours per treatment
Hemodialysis
The blood is delivered from the patient and to the dialysis machine, where a dialyzer (artificial kidney) uses diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration to remove toxins from the blood, which is then returned to the patient
The metabolic waste products in the blood move from an area of high concentration (blood), to an area of low concentration (dialysate)
Hemodialysis
Dialysate is a solution composed of electrolytes, which concentration levels can be adjusted to accommodate the desired electrolyte level in the patients blood
Osmosis and ultrafiltration is used to remove the body’s excess water
Arteriovenous fistula- is made by sewing a vein and artery together under the skin. Fistulas may take 2 to 4 months to mature. A temporary access device is usually needed until It matures (Williams & Hopper 2007, p. 803).
Arteriovenous graft: uses a tube of systhetic material to attach an artery and a vein. Needles are inserted into the graft to access the clients blood (Williams & Hopper 2007, p. 803).Hemodialy
sis: Vascular Access Device
Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to add
Two tailed subclavian/ double lumen, cuffed hemodialysis catheter used for acute hemodialysis.
Red port: blood line
Blue port: return dialyzed blood to client.
Hemodialysis Equipment
Nursing Management for Hemodialysis
Consult with physician about medications to hold prior to dialysis
Obtain weigh before dialysis and after dialysis note changes.
Coordinate blood draws with the dialysis nurse to avoid unnecessary needle pokes
Get morning care done early and give breakfast before dialysis
Apply emla patch to numb fistula or graft area
When the client returns assess for signs and symptoms of bleeding
Assess vital signs and admin medications that were held in the AM unless contraindicated
Allow for rest. Clients often exhausted after dialysis
(Williams & Hopper 2007, p. 803)
Nursing Management for Hemodialysis
Listen for a bruit at the site by placing stethoscope gently on the site. A bruit is a swishing sound made as the blood passes through the access site.
Gently palpate for a thrill, which is a buzzing or pulsing feeling that indicates good blood flow
Do not take BP, draw blood, start IV, or use tourniquet, on affected arm. injections should also be avoided. (Place sign above bed).
(Williams & Hopper 2007, p. 803)
Teach client to keep site clean, not to bump, or cut.
Teach client to not lift heavy objects with affected arm
Teach client to avoid tight jewellery and restrictive cloths on affected arm.
Teach client to avoid sleeping or bending affected arm for long periods of time
Notify physician of signs of bleeding, reduced circulation, or infection, coldness, numbness, weakness, redness, fever, drainage, swelling
Hemodialysis V.S peritonealHemodialysis
Requires vascular access device. Either temporary (ARF) or permanent (CRF).
Requires a complex specialized dialyzer
Requires a skilled hemodialysis nurse
Intermittent (q3-4days)
Principals of osmosis and diffusion
Preferred for end-stage renal failure
Peritoneal Requires a insertion of a catheter
into the peritoneal cavity
Does not require specialized dialyzer
Can be done by client (sterile technique)
Continuous (4-6 q 24hr)
Principals of osmosis and diffusion
Have few cardio side effects can be used in unstable clients.
Kidney Transplantation
Surgically transplanting a functioning kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease
The donated kidney may be from either a living donor or a deceased donor
Kidney TransplantationNursing Management
Pre and postoperative teaching
Assessing patient coping and anxiety
Assessing for signs and symptoms of transplant rejection
Preventing infection
Monitoring urinary functioning
Psychological concerns
Monitoring and managing potential complications
Promoting home and community based care
Conservative Care
Some patients may view their quality of life as dramatically impaired by the renal replacement therapy, and consider it to be not worth the benefit of continued life.
Conservative Care offers physical and emotional comfort care to those patient who decide not to receive or continue with active treatment for renal failure. Allowing renal failure to take its natural course.
Conservative Care
The decision not to receive treatment for renal failure should only be made after serious consideration and assistance from the healthcare team.
The patient is supported by the healthcare team and efforts are made to manage symptoms until death occurs.
Quiz: true or false 1. Many of the body's organs need the kidneys to function properly and you could
die without healthy kidneys.
2. Kidney disease is a one-time acute illness that is strictly inherited.
3. There are no 'at risk' categories for kidney disease.
4. Usually, kidney disease starts slowly and silently, and progresses over a number of years.
5. There are 5 stages in kidney disease and everyone gets to Stage 5 sooner or later.
6. Chronic kidney failure is curable.
7. The gap between the need for kidneys and the number of available organs for transplantation is growing
Case study Mrs. Jacksons is a single, 56 year old women with a 20 Hx of type
two 1 diabetes, HTN, Hyperlipidemia, chronic anemia, and a total knee replacement. She has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. She was admitted to a medical unit for treatment of SOB and renal failure. She had increasing SOB, pitting edema, urine output of 300 mL per day and is having PVC’s as seen on her cardiac monitor. Her labs are: Na 131; K 6; Cl 97; ca 10; iron 64; WBC 4000; RBC 3.12; Hgb 10.1; Hct 32; creatinine 7; BUN 30. She is having a two tailed subclavian catheter place in for blood access. She is having an eco and chest x-ray. She is withdrawn and quite in her room alone.
(Williams & Hopper 2007, p. 809)
Potential Nsg Diagnosis Fluid volume excess R/T edema and failure of renal regulatory mechanism.
Electrolyte abnormalities R/T edema and failure of renal regulatory mechanism.
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements due to hyper catabolic sate
Urinary retention R/T neuropathy
Anxiety R/T illness/death
Infection R/T supressed immune system
Ineffective coping R/T loss of control
Noncompliance R/T apathy or denial
??Questions??
References References
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Cannon, J. (2004). Recognizing chronic renal failure...the sooner the better. Nursing. 34(1), 50-53.
Mayo clinic. (2012). Chronic renal failure: complications. Retrieved from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kidney-failure/DS00682/DSECTION=complications
Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professionals (8th Ed.). (2006). p. 1485 St.Louis, Missouri; Mosby Elsevier.
Power, A., Chan, K., Singh, S. K., Taube, D., & Duncan, N. (2012). Appraising stroke risk in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A large single-center cohort study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 59(2), 249-257. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy.stfx.ca/science/article/pii/S0272638611011917
The kidney Foundation of Canada (2012). Facing the facts. Retrieved from: www.kidney.ca/document.doc?id=1376
Sens, F., Schott-Pethelaz, A. M., Labeeuw, M., Colin, C., Villar, E., & Rein Registry. (2011). Survival advantage of hemodialysis relative to peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease and congestive heart failure. Kidney International, 80(9), 970-7. Retrieved from: www.nature.com.libproxy.stfx.ca/ki/journal/v80/n9/full/ki2011233a.html?WT.ec_id=KI-201111
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The Kidney Foundation of Canada. (2012). Retrieved From: www.kidney.caThe Kidney
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