KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)

8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)

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INDUSTRIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Course # KIBGE-707

AFSHEEN AMAN, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

Industrial Biotechnology Section

Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & GeneticEngineering (KIBGE)University of Karachi

Pakistan


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WHY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ?

Energy consumption increased dramatically

DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL usage of fuel increased

Resulted in UNBALANCED energy management

Petroleum crisis occurred in 1973, when the barrel price

was sky rocketing

In addition, the time for depletion of this energy source

(Fossil fuel) is nearing


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Need an alternative NEED-BASED

COMMODITYITY

Globally Environmental Concerns & Issues were

raise

Needed Power resources capable to sustain

operations over a long period of time

Interest diverted towards natural resources

(Renewable Resources).


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WHAT IS BIOFUEL?

Conversion of biomass or related natural resources

into fuel or energy by the use of BIOLOGICAL

AGENTS

Biologically generated:

Hydrogen/Methanol/Ethanol/Butanol

WHAT IS BIODIESEL?

An alternative fuel that can be produced from waste

vegetable oil & can be directly used in any diesel

engine


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BIOFUEL


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BIOETHANOL / ALCOHOL FUELS

Biologically produced alcohols producedby the action of microorganisms and

enzymes through the fermentation of

sugars or starches (easiest), or cellulose

(which is more difficult).

Most commonly: Ethanol (bioethanol)

Less commonly: Propanol and Butanol

(biobutanol)


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Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel

worldwide, particularly produced by

fermentation of sugars

Ethanol production methods used are:

Enzyme digestion (to release sugars from

stored starches)

Fermentation of the sugars

Distillation

Drying.


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Bioethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a liquid biofuel

produced from several different biomass

feedstocks and conversion technologies.

Bioethanol is usually obtained from the

conversion of carbon based feedstock.

Bioethanol, unlike petroleum, is a renewable

resource that can be produced from agricultural

feed stocks.


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VARIETY OF FEEDSTOCKS

FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Sugar cane

Bagasse

Sugar beet Sorghum & grain

sorghum switchgrass

Barley

Potatoes, Sweet

potatoes & Cassava

Sunflower

Molasses

Corn

Stover

Grain

Wheat

Straw

Cotton

Other biomass


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MICROORGANISM INVOLED IN

BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Saccharomyces uvarum

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fusarium oxysporum

Clostridium acetobutylicum

Kluyveromyces marianus

Candida pseudotropicalis

Klebsiella oxytoca

Pichia stipitis

Kluyveromyces masxianus

Zymomonas mobilis


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ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL

FOSSIL FUEL

Environmental friendly fuel as it does not

contribute to the CO2 burden

It is Non-Toxic & Biodegradable

Reduce greenhouse effect

Substantially reduce unburned hydrocarbons(93%), carbon monoxide (50%) & particulate

matter (30%)


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Today ETHANOL is used as a fuel.

Mainly as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is

widely used by flex-fuel light vehicles in Brazil, and as

an oxygenate to gasoline in the US.

In Brazil, the National Alcohol Program was launched

to meet the increasing demand for ethanol to fuel

vehicles, and to substitute tetraethyl lead in gasoline.

Brazil & US were responsible for 89 percent of the

world's ethanol fuel production in 2008.


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Ethanol is used in petrol engines as a

replacement for gasoline

It can be mixed with gasoline to anypercentage. Most existing car petrol engines

can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with

petroleum/gasoline.

Anhydrous ethanol (ethanol with less than 1%water) is blended with gasoline in varying

quantities

E100

E85

E10

Modern gasoline engines operate well with

mixtures of 10% ethanol


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BIODIESEL


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Biodiesel is prepared from waste vegetable oils or fat

by catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

Transesterification means taking a triglyceride

molecule, or a complex fatty acid, neutralizing the

free fatty acids, removing the glycerin, and creating

an alcohol ester.

This is accomplished by mixing methanol with sodium

hydroxide to make sodium methoxide. This liquid is

then mixed into the vegetable oil.


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This liquid is then mixed into the vegetable oil.

After the mixture has settled, Glycerin is left on

the bottom and methyl esters, or biodiesel is left

on top and is washed and filtered.

The final product Bio Diesel fuel, when used

directly in a Diesel Engine will burn up to 75%

cleaner then mineral oil Diesel fuel.

The Cost

The cost of Bio Diesel is largely dependent on

the choice of feedstock and the size of the

production facility.


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APPLICATIONS OF BIODIESEL

Biodiesel is the most valuable form of renewable

energy that can be used directly in any existing,

unmodified diesel engine.

Biodiesel fuel and can be produced from oilseed

plants such as rape seeds, sunflower, canola and

or JATROPHA CURCAS.

Biodiesel is environmental friendly and ideal for

heavily polluted cities.


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Biodiesel produces 80% less carbon dioxide and

100% less sulfur dioxide emissions. It provides a

90% reduction in cancer risks.

Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio

with mineral oil diesel fuel. The preferred ratio if

mixture ranges between 5 and 20% (B5 - B20)

Biodiesel is cheaper then mineral oil diesel

Biodiesel is conserving natural resources


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RECENT NEWS


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SPAIN to up biofuel mix in fuels to 6.1 pct by 2013

MADRID | Fri Oct 22, 2010 1:05pm EDT

MADRID (Reuters) - Spain's industry ministry said on

Friday it planned to increase the minimum proportions

of biofuels to be mixed with conventional fuels to 6.1

percent in 2013 from 5.83 percent in 2010. The increase in requirements to mix biofuels with

conventional fuels -- known as minimum blend -- will take

place gradually, reaching 5.9 percent in 2011, and 6.0

percent in 2012, the ministry said in a statement. The European Union wants renewable fuels to account for

10 percent of member states' transport fuel by 2020.(Reporting by Jonathan Gleave; editing by Keiron Henderson)


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Boeing Launches Aviation Biofuel

Research In China (October 22, 2010 )

U.S. aircraft maker Boeing has said that it will

to invest USD500,000 each year over the next

five years in its aviation biofuel research center

in Qingdao.

The center was jointly launched by Boeing and

the Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy andBioprocess Technology and is called the Joint

Research Lab for Sustainable Aviation

Biofuels.


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The company is focused on algal growth,

harvesting, and processing technologies

Boeing is planning to conduct a test of a

commercial-jet biofuel in China in May or

June 2011. The test will be the company'ssixth demonstration flight using biofuel.

The test will be made in conjunction with Air

China, the country's flagship carrier, and willuse fuel based on jatropha oil supplied by

PetroChina.


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THANK YOU

KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)

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